Treated Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Synthesis and application of a cationic waterborne polyurethane fixative using quaternary ammonium diol as a chain extender.

In order to improve the stability of waterborne polyurethane fixative during the color-fixing treatment, a novel environment-friendly cationic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) containing quaternary ammonium groups was synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate, polypropylene glycol, butanone oxime, and N-methyl dihydroxyethyl allyl ammonium chloride (MDAAC) and dispersed in water by using diethylenetriamine as the post-chain extender. The structures of the MDAAC and CWPU were characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR. Effects of R-value, MDAAC content, post-chain extender and blocking agent on the properties of the waterborne polyurethane emulsion and the rubbing fastness of the treated dyed cotton fabrics were investigated. The investigation results showed that the R-value and the cationic group content of the cationic waterborne polyurethane had no significant effect on the color-fixing performance, but the content of DETA had a great influence on the wet-rubbing fastness. The wet rubbing fastness of the treated cotton fabrics was promoted from grade 1–2 to grade 3. Furthermore, the quaternary ammonium groups were able to provide the surface charges for the stabilization of the resulting polymer in alkaline electrolyte solution which met the requirements of practical applications.

Development of an Innovative Product from Plasma Treated Cotton Fabrics to Manage Incontinence

Development of an Innovative Product from Plasma Treated Cotton Fabrics to Manage Incontinence

Treatment of Cotton Fabrics by Ammonium Palmitate in a Supercritical CO2 Medium

Experimental results on the solubility of ammonium palmitate as a potential fabric water-repellent agent in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)—pure and modified with acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide—are presented. The measurements are performed at temperatures 318.2 and 328.2 K in the pressure range from 10.0 to 32.5 MPa in a dynamic regime. The experimental solubility data are described using the Peng–Robinson equation of state. The results of treatment of various types of cotton fabrics by ammonium palmitate in SC-CO2 are presented. The contact (wetting) angle of the treated samples is determined and the increase in their hydrophobicity is demonstrated.

Soft, Ecofriendly Functional cotton fabric using herbal oil incorporated with TiO2nano particles

Current research was undertaken to develop a new finishing formulation using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) homogenously suspended in mixture of cationic softener and herbal oil. Its utilization as multifunctional finishing formulation to cotton based fabrics was investigated. The properties of the treated fabrics were monitored and compared with the untreated one. These properties were include the effect of cationic softener concentration, form of TiO2 nano particles (mixture of rutile and anatase), type of cotton fabrics (bleached or pre-carboxymethylated) and presence of herbal oil on the properties of the treated cotton fabrics were monitored. Moreover, stability of TiO2 nanoparticles in such finishing formulation was also determined. The effect of using eco-friendly herbal oil within the same finishing formulation on the antibacterial activities of the treated fabric was also evaluated. The treated fabrics were monitored for UV-protection, self-cleaning and antibacterial properties. Morphology and structure of TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using XRD and TEM,. The antibacterial activities of the treated fabrics were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) strains and Escherichia coli (gram-negative), the results show significant antibacterial effect mainly against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the treated fabrics showed enhanced UV protection and self-cleaning properties with improving softness properties.

A reactive flame retardant ammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) for enhancing flame retardancy of cotton fabrics

In this study, a novel flame retardant (FR) for cotton fabrics was synthesized, namely, ammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) (ADTPMPA), using diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA) and urea, and its structure was comfirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR. The ADTPMPA reacted with the –OH groups of cellulose macro molecules to form P–O–C covalent bonds. LOIs of cotton fabrics finished with 70 and 90 g/L ADTPMPA reached to 40.0 and 41.5% respectively; after 40 laundering cycles, their LOIs were 26.5 and 26.7% respectively. The treated cotton fabrics still kept soft. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed –P–O–C bonds between ADTPMPA and cellulose, and X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of cellulose II structures in the finishing process. SEM suggested that ADTPMPA molecule permeates the inner space of the cotton fibers. TG result indicated that the treated cotton fibers retain more residue than the original fibers. Cone calorimetry test result showed that the treated cotton fabric had lower PHRR and THR than that of original cotton fabric. The results suggested that the ADTPMPA treated cotton fabrics had condense phase flame retardant mechanism.

Nanocomposites based on chitosan/silver/clay for durable multi-functional properties of cotton fabrics

The present work addresses an innovative approach for benign development of environmentally synthesis of chitosan-based nanocomposite. The synthesis involves the inclusion via interaction of AgNPs and clay with chitosan (Cs) giving rise to Cs/AgNPs and Cs/AgNPs/clay nanocomposites which when applied independently induce super functionalities. Comparison is made among the two nanocomposites with respect to their intimate association with the in depth cotton fibre-fabric surfaces and the onset of this on the multi-functionalization of cotton fabrics. It is as well to emphasize that Cs/AgNPs/clay nanocomposites prove unequivocally that its use in one–step treatment process for cotton fabrics results in imparting very appreciable good technical properties which, in turn, are reflected on all the gained functionalities of cotton fabrics. Of these functional performance properties, mention is made of cotton fabrics which exhibit high strength, uniform morphology, increased thermal stability, successful deposition of the composite on the surface of cotton fabrics, high water absorption, antimicrobial activity, flame retardant, controlled release of fragrance and UV protection. The obtained data indicate that the treatment for cotton fabrics with these nanocomposite is stable against washing even after 20 washing cycles. Based on encourage data, the environmental benign synthesis of Cs/AgNPs/clay nanocomposites is considered as a promising nanocomposite for the multifunctional finishing textiles.

Pyrazole-based compounds in chitosan liposomal emulsion for antimicrobial cotton fabrics

The chemistry of pyrazoles has gained increasing attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties such as antiviral, antagonist, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-prostate cancer, herbicidal, acaricidal and insecticidal activities. 1-Phenyl pyrazole-3, 5-diamine, 4-[2-(4-methylphenyl) diazenyl] and 1H- pyrazole-3 (1), 5-diamine, 4-[2-(4-methylphenyl) diazenyl] (2) were synthesized, characterized and encapsulated into liposomal chitosan emulsions for textile finishing. The chemical modifications of cotton fabrics were demonstrated by infrared analysis. Retention of the fabric mechanical properties was investigated by reporting the tensile strength values. Synthesized pyrazole-based compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against skin fibroblast cell line and showed very limited toxicity for both compounds. Antimicrobial potentials of the treated cotton fabrics were tested against bacterial strains E. coli ATCC 8379 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Preparation of antibacterial textile using laser ablation method

A facile in situ laser ablation synthesis of Copper nanoparticles on cotton fabric is reported in this paper. This synthetic method is a laser ablation based fabrication of Cu nanoparticles on cotton fabric for improved performance and antibacterial activity. The treated cotton fabric was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopic techniques and antibacterial counting test.Very good antibacterial behavior of treated fabrics achieved. This fabric can be used as medical and industrial textiles.

Benign development of cotton with antibacterial activity and metal sorpability through introduction amino triazole moieties and AgNPs in cotton structure pre-treated with periodate

The research work presented herein was undertaken with a view to develop, characterize and highlight modified cotton fabrics that acquire durable antibacterial activity in concomitant with high metal sorption capacity. The development is based on reacting cotton cellulose previously oxidized by sodium periodate-with 4 amino-1,2,4 triazole in presence and absence of silver nano particles (AgNPs). The idea behind the periodate pretreatment is to convert (via oxidative cleavge) the 2,3-vicinal diol of the anhydroglucose units of cotton into aldehyde groups. The latter are easily reacting with the triazole groups in the modified cotton. On the other hand AgNPs were fabricated as per the reduction method using bio-material extracted from the root of licorice. By virtue of its reducing action, the bio-material converts Ag+ ions to Ag0 atom which is also stabilized Ag the bio-material in the form of cluster which is the agregate of about 5 Ag0. The clusters are cropped with the stabilizer thus forming silver nanoparticles.Measurement of the particle size displays a value of 8.7nm. Charactrisation of triazole treated cotton fabrics reveals the presence of the triazole moieties inside the structure of cotton. Furthermore, Fabrictreated with triazole in presence and absence of AgNPs exhibits a relatively high antibacterial activity against gram-negative tested bacteria (E. coli) as compared to that of gram-positive tested bacteria (S. aureus). The metal sorption of triazole treated cotton fabrics was higher than those of untreated or periodate pretreated fabric due to the increase in nitrogen centers created along the cellulose chains. Experimental data were accomplished through Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin sorption isotherm models. It was shown that sorption follows Langmuir isotherm model and suggests that the innovative fabric in question can adsorb metal ions from polluted dye bath.

Development of thermally stable and hygienic colored cotton fabric made by treatment with natural coconut shell extract

As far as the value addition of textile is concerned, flame retardancy of textile materials is considered to be one of the most important properties in textile finishing by both industries as well as academic researchers. Flame-retardant property with thermal stability was imparted to cotton by using green coconut ( Cocos nucifera Linn) shell extract, a natural waste source of coconut. Coconut shell extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and its phytochemical analysis was also carried out. The coconut shell extract (acidic after extraction) was applied in three different pH (acidic, neutral, and alkaline) conditions to the cotton fabric. Flame-retardant properties of the untreated and the treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by limiting oxygen index and vertical flammability. The study showed that all the treated fabrics had good flame resistance property compared to that of the untreated fabric. The limiting oxygen index value was found to increase by 72.2% after application of the coconut shell extract from alkaline pH. Pyrolysis and char formation behavior of the concerned fabrics were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and coconut shell extract treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, treated cotton fabric showed natural brown color and antibacterial property against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The durability of the flame-retardant functionality to washing with soap solution has also been studied and reported in this paper.

Simultaneous coloration and functional finishing of cotton fabric using Ag/ZnO nanocomposite

In this study, colored cotton fabric with special functions, including self‐cleaning, anti‐bacterial, and ultraviolet (UV) blocking were prepared by applying zinc oxide as a photocatalyst and using silver nanoparticles as both a novel class of colorant for coloration and an agent capable of modifying the zinc oxide nanoparticles. The homogenous distribution of Ag/ZnO nanocomposite on the fibre surface was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X‐ray mapping. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed the presence of the nanocomposite on the treated cotton fabric. The results indicated that adding silver nanoparticles to zinc oxide led to better self‐cleaning properties, even the photocatalytic activity of ZnO had no negative effect on fabric colour. Moreover, this process imparted proper anti‐bacterial properties and UV‐blocking activity to cotton fabrics.

Development of antimicrobial medical cotton fabrics using synthesized nanoemulsion of reactive cyclodextrin hosted coconut oil inclusion complex

Reactive cyclodextrin (RCD) based nanoemulsion and loaded with coconut oil in presence of Tween 80 emulsifying agent for development of antimicrobial medical cotton fabrics is the subject of current research. RCD based nanoemulsion was prepared at different stirring duration, viz, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h in presence of Tween 80. This was done in order to induce varieties in size and morphology of the nanoemulsion. The coconut oil encapsulated RCD based nanocomposite was precipitated as powder using centrifugation technique for 60 min at 4500 rpm and the resulted powder was investigated using TEM and SEM techniques. The images that provided by these techniques confirmed the nano-sized scale of the coconut oil loaded RCD nanocomposite. In addition, the entrapment efficiency of coconut oil loaded RCD based nanoemulsion after centrifugation was calculated and was found to more than 93 %; this is a proof for the successful inclusion of the coconut oil inside the cavity of RCD molecules. Moreover, the obtained RCD based nanoemulsions were applied to bleached cotton fabrics as per the pad-dry-cure method. The as treated cotton fabrics were monitored for nitrogen content, add-on, mechanical properties and morphology vis-a-vis those similarly treated fabrics but using the as prepared microemulsion of RCD loaded with coconut oil in absence of Tween 80. The morphological structure of cotton fabrics treated with the nanoemulsion in question was also examined using SEM technique. Moreover, the biological activity of the nanoemulsion finished fabrics before and after being submitted to 20 washing cycles was investigated against different types of bacteria and fungi as per the inhibition zone method. Results obtained signify: (i) deposition on the fabric of coconut oil loaded RCD nanoemulsion; (ii) the add-on of the nanoemulsion on the surface of cotton fabric is a manifestation of the stirring duration, proofing the formation of ultrafine oil nanoemulsion which penetrates the fabric surface; (iii) the finished fabrics display antimicrobial activity with clear excellent inhibition zone even after 20 washing cycles, indicating the protection of these fabrics for human beings from harmful microbes. In conclusion, the cotton fabrics treated with nanoemulsion of RCD loaded coconut oil is considered as an effective super antimicrobial medical textile against pathogenic microorganisms of both bacteria and fungus species.

Preparation and properties of cotton fabrics treated with a novel antimicrobial and flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components

A novel antibacterial and flame-retardant agent, monochlorotriazine triethylphosphite guanidine (MCTPG) was synthesized successfully. The chemical structure of MCTPG was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The flame retardancy of treated cotton fabric was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical burning test and cone calorimeter, respectively. The treated cotton fabric obtained good flame retardancy with a LOI value of 31.2%, and the char length decreased to 8.5 cm. The ignition time increased, and the values of total heat release, heat release rate, mass loss decreased. The thermal stability and surface morphology of treated cotton fabric were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The results showed that MCTPG played a protective role in the degradation of cotton fabrics, hindered the formation of volatile species and favored the formation of char. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of treated cotton fabrics was tested. And it showed that the inhibition zone of the treated cotton fabrics base to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached to 2.9 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively.

Synthesis and application of magnesium peroxide on cotton fabric for antibacterial properties

An antibacterial agent (MgO2) was synthesised using 0.2 and 0.4 M concentrations of MgCl2·6H2O and H2O2, which was subsequently applied to cotton fabric using a conventional pad-dry-cure method in order to achieve antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. Coli microorganisms. The antibacterial effect against these microorganisms was investigated using a zone of inhibition test and the percent reduction method. The outcomes of these measurements showed that when the cotton fabric was treated with the reaction product of MgCl2·6H2O and H2O2, it retained 90–93% antibacterial activity against S. aureus and 89–91% against E. coli bacteria. This antibacterial effect against these microorganisms was attributed to the presence of reactive oxygen species and Mg ions on the treated cotton fabric. Long term antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli microorganisms were recorded for up to 70 laundering cycles, and the amounts of retained bound peroxide and Mg ions on the finished specimens were measured using iodimetric titration and MP-AES measurements. Additionally, the properties of synthesised MgO2 crystalline powder and treated cotton fabric were studied using UV–Vis, EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM measurements. The influence of the MgO2 application on mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, whiteness index, and crease recovery angle of the treated cotton fabric was also analysed. The results obtained clearly confirmed that the treated cotton fabric possessed antibacterial effects for up to 70 laundering cycles. This is likely due to the presence of the required amount of oxidative species and Mg ions on the treated cotton fabrics. The FTIR and EDX results showed that the presence of these key elements (oxygen containing groups) was responsible for the antibacterial property of the finished fabrics. The whiteness index and tensile strength were improved after treatment with MgO2, although tear strength and flexibility of treated specimens were decreased after treatment.

Study of K/S, Anti-bacterial, UV-protection, Anti-odor and SEM on Chemical Treated Cotton Fabrics

In this research work cotton fabrics were treated with sodium hydroxide, morpholine and cellulase enzyme. The treated fabrics were then dyed with some selected natural dyes such as annatto, onion, pomegranate, indigo, myrobalan, bar berry; and synthetic dyes such as reactive and sulphur dyes. These treated samples were tested for their dyeing characteristics (K/S value, fastness properties, washing, light, rubbing and stain resistance), antibacterial, uv-protection, anti-odor behaviors and SEM study. Among the treated fabrics, sodium hydroxide treated cotton fabric exhibited the best properties.

Eco –friendly flame retardant via self assembly coating

Limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the most of the textiles in use have lower than 21%, while cotton has 18.4%, which means that they can burn easily once the fire has started. Currently, there is some difficulty in making durable flame retardant (DFR) treatments for cotton fabric using an ordinary one step wet process, which is nontoxic to the humans and the environment. This research has also aimed to investigate the optimum treatment conditions that allow controlled deposition of zinc oxide onto carboxymethylated cotton fabric using sodium hypophosphite (SHP) /citric acid (CA). In this regards, the influence of the process parameters on the physicochemical and performance properties of treated cotton fabric will elucidate. The treated fabric was monitored for carboxylic content, LOI, char length, char residue, whiteness index, retained tensile strength and elongation at break. The formation of zinc oxide was verified using UV-Visible spectrum at wavelength of 325nm. Also, the zinc oxide in nano scale was monitored and observed in the range of 19-41nm by transition electron microscope (TEM). The treated cotton fabrics show LOI value and char length 25.3%, 3cm respectively, compared with 18.4 and 11cm for untreated fabric. The existence of zinc oxide particle interaction and other functional groups introduced into cotton fabrics were promoted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Surface micro-dissolve treatment of cotton fabrics with sodium hydroxide/urea to impart crease-resistance properties

In this study, cotton fabric samples were treated by the surface micro-dissolve process to improve their crease-resistance properties. The surface micro-dissolve treatment was conducted in the presence of sodium hydroxide/urea as an effective cellulose solvent at low temperature. The treated cotton fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Crease-resistance, tearing strength, breaking strength, whiteness degrees and moisture sorption values of the fabrics were also studied. The results indicated that the surface micro-dissolve treatment could effectively improve the crease-resistance properties of cotton fabrics. Moreover, the mechanical properties and whiteness degrees of fabric samples were retained well.

A novel phosphoramidate and its application on cotton fabrics: Synthesis, flammability and thermal degradation

A novel phosphoramidate named 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) (DPDA) was successfully synthesized and used to reduce the flammability of cotton fabrics through flame retardant finishing method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H-, and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were adopted to characterize the chemical structure of DPDA. The flame retardancy and fire behavior of neat and treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetric tests. To further investigate the flame retardant action of DPDA for cotton, the char layers of treated and controlled cotton fabrics after combustion were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX); then the pyrolysis products released from DPDA and cotton fabric samples were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The enhanced fire retardancy for cotton fabrics by the introduction of DPDA was mainly due to the phosphorylation which promoted the formation of phosphorus-rich compact char layer and restrained release of flammable gases in the condensed and gaseous phase, respectively.

Tragacanth nanocapsules containing Chamomile extract prepared through sono-assisted W/O/W microemulsion and UV cured on cotton fabric

Encapsulation is the best method to protect the plant extracts against volatility and instability in the presence of air, light, moisture and high temperatures. Nevertheless, application of encapsulated plant extracts on the textiles requires a low-temperature and high rate processing to avoid from breaking or destroying of capsules. The present paper represents application of nanocapsules prepared by ultrasound irradiation assisted W/O/W microemulsion method on the cotton fabric through UV curing method. The surface and structure of nanocapsules and treated cotton fabric using FESEM and FT-IR indicated the spherical nanocapsules with size of 60–80nm stabilized on the fabric surface in a film layer feature. Also, the treated cotton fabric showed a good release behavior of 96h, a high stability against washing and rubbing tests and a relative good antimicrobial activity with 91, 89 and 94% reduction against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans, respectively.

Producing colored cotton fabrics with functional properties by combining silver nanoparticles with nano titanium dioxide

In this study, functional cotton fabrics were prepared by applying titania as a photocatalyst and using silver nanoparticles as both a novel class of colorant for coloration and an agent capable of modifying the TiO2 nanoparticles. Silver colloids with different colors were primarily synthesized through reduction of silver nitrate and then coloration of cotton fabrics and synthesis of Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite on fabric surface was performed by adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P25) in an ultrasonic bath. The treated cotton fabrics were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and UV–Vis reflectance spectroscopy. The color effect, self-cleaning property, antibacterial efficiency, ultraviolet (UV) blocking activity and hydrophobicity of the samples were also studied. The results indicated that all properties of the treated cotton fabric with Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite were superior compared to the treated sample with TiO2 alone. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide has no negative effect on fabric color and the color variation of treated fabric after UV irradiation was negligible.