Travel Packages Research Articles

A PESTEL Analysis of The Impacts of COVID-19 Crisis on Air Transportation Sector's Future

In this study, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has significantly impacted the aviation industry, is examined from six external factors including political, economic, sociological, technological, environmental, and legal using a PESTEL analysis. Initially, flight restrictions were implemented due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and airline companies were also affected by government-imposed social distancing measures. Economically, the Covid-19 pandemic has been particularly damaging to passenger transportation, with some countries experiencing a recovery but others facing employment issues in the industry. Sociologically, there has been an increase in reluctance to fly and changes in consumer behavior and habits, with a decrease in demand for unnecessary products. This process has also led to a number of positive developments from a technological standpoint, such as the rapid development and deployment of new vaccines and health monitoring technologies, as well as a decrease in emissions from the industry. This study is original in its examination of the Covid-19 pandemic impacts on the aviation industry using a PESTEL analysis. Based on the study's findings, strategies should focus on restructuring the aviation industry for Covid-19 pandemic readiness and recovery, including promoting restructured travel packages, low-cost flights, and popular routes. Emphasis on energy efficiency and environmental sustainability is crucial.

Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Pariwisata Berbasis Web Dengan Pendekatan Fuzzy AHP Sebagai Fitur Utama Dalam Rekomendasi Paket Wisata di Kabupaten Badung

Badung Regency, Bali is one of the famous tourist destinations in Indonesia that offers a variety of attractive tourist attractions. However, the lack of organized information access and the deficiency in selecting travel packages that suit user preferences can be obstacles in maximizing the tourism potential in the region. This research aims to develop a web-based tourism information system with a Decision Support System (DSS) feature using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in Badung Regency, Bali. The system is developed using the SDLC development method with a waterfall approach, which functions to provide information access about tourism objects, including their names, categories, photos, and descriptions. The main feature is the DSS that assists users in selecting travel packages based on their preferences, using five criteria: price, number of attractions, duration, popularity, and rating. The system also supports multi-level access for regular users and admin users responsible for creating posts and travel packages.

Antecedents and Consequences of Personal Selling, Price and Product Quality on Buying Incentive Packages Tour Travel Post- Covid-19 Pandemic

The development of the world of tourism, which continues to increase is certainly a support for the Tour and Travel business. One of the attractions of a tourist is a tourist attraction. Therefore, tourists need in their tour to travel to places that are interesting and able to provide comfort, serenity, and joy in itself. The purpose of this study to find out the relationship of personal sales service, price perception, and quality product to the package purchase of the travel package incentives. The object of this study is all customers of Preferred Tours Management Jakarta. The sample in this study are Preferred Tours Management customers in Jakarta, with 155 respondents. Purposive sampling method was used and the sample were selected based on its characteristics. Data were processed using Smart PLS (partial least square) 3.0. The results of hypothesis testing in this research explain that service quality influences purchasing decisions, but price has a negative and significant effect. Besides, product quality also has a significant influence. Therefore, considering the existing market, the company requests an increase in purchases by paying attention to service quality and product quality through the application of attractive prices.
 Keywords: service quality, price, product quality, purchasing decisions

KEPUASAN WISATAWAN TERHADAP PAKET WISATA GASTRONOMI DI DESA BAKAS, KLUNGKUNG-BALI

The purpose of this study is to measure tourists' satisfaction with Bakas village's gastronomic tour packages. Observation, interviews, documentation and distribution of questionnaires were used as data collection methods in this study. Descriptive qualitative as well as quantitative data analysis on a Likert scale is used as a data analysis method. In this study, it is known that gastronomic tourism here meets the definition. In addition, tourists are also offered other activities that are not listed in the travel packages sold. Through this study, it is also seen that tourists who buy gastronomic packages from Bakas Village are satisfied with what they get.

A Multi-Task Graph Neural Network with Variational Graph Auto-Encoders for Session-Based Travel Packages Recommendation

Session-based travel packages recommendation aims to predict users’ next click based on their current and historical sessions recorded by Online Travel Agencies (OTAs). Recently, an increasing number of studies attempted to apply Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to the session-based recommendation and obtained promising results. However, most of them do not take full advantage of the explicit latent structure from attributes of items, making learned representations of items less effective and difficult to interpret. Moreover, they only combine historical sessions (long-term preferences) with a current session (short-term preference) to learn a unified representation of users, ignoring the effects of historical sessions for the current session. To this end, this article proposes a novel session-based model named STR-VGAE, which fills subtasks of the travel packages recommendation and variational graph auto-encoders simultaneously. STR-VGAE mainly consists of three components: travel packages encoder , users behaviors encoder , and interaction modeling . Specifically, the travel packages encoder module is used to learn a unified travel package representation from co-occurrence attribute graphs by using multi-view variational graph auto-encoders and a multi-view attention network. The users behaviors encoder module is used to encode user’ historical and current sessions with a personalized GNN, which considers the effects of historical sessions on the current session, and coalesce these two kinds of session representations to learn the high-quality users’ representations by exploiting a gated fusion approach. The interaction modeling module is used to calculate recommendation scores over all candidate travel packages. Extensive experiments on a real-life tourism e-commerce dataset from China show that STR-VGAE yields significant performance advantages over several competitive methods, meanwhile provides an interpretation for the generated recommendation list.

ANALISIS LINGKUNGAN EKSTERNAL DAN INTERNAL TRAVELOKA DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING

Traveloka has effectively implemented a competitive strategy that has led it to become a successful company, especially in the field of travel and lifestyle. To understand the competitive strategy implemented, it is important to analyze Traveloka's internal and external environment. Internal analysis emphasizes the strengths of the company, while external analysis emphasizes the opportunities and threats faced by the company. The writing of this article uses the literature review method with Traveloka as the research subject. The results show that Traveloka's internal and external environments have successfully created a competitive strategy that differentiates it from competitors and appeals to the millennial market. Traveloka expands its reach to various tourist destinations, especially Indonesia, utilizes technology to offer better services and speed up the reservation process, unites various services such as flights, accommodation, and local transportation into one platform that can be easily accessed by customers, offers safe and healthy travel packages, and provides accurate and up-to-date information on health and safety measures at tourist destinations.

A Novel Approach to Service Design within the Tourism Industry: Creating a Travel Package with AHP-TRIZ Integration

Creating a suitable travel package has become increasingly difficult for businesses within the tourism industry because of various factors affecting tourists’ decision-making behavior and businesses’ desire to make profits. This paper proposes a novel approach to service design within the tourism industry by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) to design a suitable travel package while taking into account both consumer and business perspectives. Through a case study application, we identify the most important consumer and business factors with AHP and the Delphi method and then solve the existing contradiction with TRIZ. We collect both qualitative and quantitative data from experts and visitors through a survey approach consisting of 56 fully completed responses for a target of only 35 responses as required by AHP. We analyze these data using Super Decisions software to obtain the necessary results. AHP helps weigh and rank the 4 criteria and 16 sub-criteria, whereas TRIZ provides recommendations to resolve the contradiction, based on the 40 inventive principles, to create a cost-effective travel package to Belize in Central America. The main contradiction was feasibility versus cost, and the most applicable corresponding principles were dynamization, self-service, local quality, and prior action. Overall, this paper gives vital insights into the tourism sector to anyone interested in this topic and provides a precise AHP-TRIZ application framework with clear procedures. The results and methodologies could also help scholars and academics with future AHP-TRIZ applications in other research fields or possible expansions of this new approach.

Pengaruh Digital Marketing terhadap Keputusan Pembelian dan Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Jasa Online Travel Agent

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of digital marketing strategies on Online. Travel Agents on purchasing decisions based on the AISAS method and its implications for customer satisfaction. Online Travel Agent (OTA) is a website that sells travel products and services through digital marketing to customers. These OTA products include hotels, flights, travel packages, and car rentals. OTAs here are third parties that resell services on behalf of other businesses. This study used descriptive statistical data analysis method. The presentation of descriptive statistical data is usually done in the form of graphs or tables. Descriptive statistics include mean, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation. Digital Marketing OTA expressed in (X) has a strong correlation with the dependent variable: Purchase Decision expressed in (Y1) which has an index correlation of 0.663 or 66.3%. The correlation of the influence of the Purchase. Decision variable (Y1) on the Customer Satisfaction variable (Y2) is significant because it has an index correlation of 0.633 or 63.3%, so it is stated that the correlation of the Y1 variable to the Y2 variable is strong. This research concludes that customers decide to purchase OTA products after verifying that certainty about the benefits in transactions such as prices, promotions and reservation fees are in line with expectations. Certainty of benefits and convenience when transacting based on information successfully tracked on the OTA website is the reason customers make purchasing decisions. Product purchase transactions at selected Online Travel Agents (OTA) in terms of price, promotions and facilities are very profitable and customers are satisfied because their expectations have been met. The ease of accessing information about the benefits, benefits and transaction prices facilitated by the customer's preferred OTA digital marketing service has met his expectations.

Why do Japanese people visit hot springs during a pandemic? A psychographic segmentation analysis

An increasing number of tourism studies are focusing on travel anxiety, fear, and worry, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explored the impact of worry on individuals' intentions to visit Japanese hot springs (onsen) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A market survey (N = 1042) was conducted in Tokyo. Psychographic segmentation based on exploratory factor analysis was used to group Japanese respondents. Three separate segments emerged as a result: Concerned Visitors, Carefree Visitors, and Trusting Visitors; these segments were based on perceived threat intensity, perceived infectability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and crowded perception and attitude. These segments were then profiled using factors based on demographic information and visit intention under three criteria: a) without external travel incentives, b) with an attractive travel package, or c) discounts provided by the national Go to Travel campaign. Both attractive package prices and discounts provided by Go to Travel had a small effect on boosting visit intention. Notably, a carefree attitude toward COVID-19 did not increase visit intention and should not be considered a factor that may increase the number of people visiting onsen. Meanwhile, marital status and household composition significantly impacted intention to visit. The segments differed significantly by age, marital status, and family composition, but not gender. A better understanding of market segments is critical for hot spring destinations. Trusting visitors can be motivated to visit through external incentives. Although visiting onsen is not the main travel motive of Carefree Visitors, they might be encouraged to visit if campaigns contain vouchers for visits at their selected travel destination. The risk perceptions of Concerned Visitors might be lowered by the limiting visitor numbers, providing discounts during off-peak hours, or to onsen towns in remote locations are encouraged. Promotional material can highlight if rooms offer private pools or tubs. The motivation of visiting onsen for social activities has been lost significantly among all respondents, and offering group discounts is discouraged.

Heterogeneity in consumer preference toward mega-sport event travel packages: Implications for smart tourism marketing strategy

Consumers’ decision-making processes and behaviors are often considered heterogeneous depending on various factors (i.e., decision strategy, spatial location, and individual characteristics). To better understand consumers’ decision-making process in the context of mega-sport events, the current study explores two potential decision biases inducing consumers’ heterogeneity – 1) a simplified decision rule model and 2) spatial variability. More specifically, this study conducted two sequential analyses that explore spatially varying preferences toward the mega-sport event travel package considering the effect of the simplified decision rule. Results revealed that the simplified decision rule model, including a selective evaluation of product attributes, explained better than the full model, considering all product attributes. This study also observed spatially varying preferences toward mega-sport event packages without any meaningful differences in psychological constructs. The findings contribute to the literature on consumer decision bias and spatial variability in tourists’ behaviors. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided in the conclusion.

Extraordinary and Unavoidable Circumstances in Tourism under COVID-19 and Post Pandemic Times—Casus Poland as Example of Sustainability Management

The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be taken as reflecting the position of any authority, entity or institution. This article presents the legal status as of 25 June 2022. In accordance with the Directive (EU) 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on package travel and linked travel arrangements, amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 90/314/EEC, tour operators registered in Poland are required to refund payments to travelers in the case of cancellation of their travel package due to extraordinary and unavoidable circumstances within 14 days of its termination. The traveler has the right to terminate the package travel contract before the start of the trip without paying any termination fee in the event of unavoidable and extraordinary circumstances occurring at the destination or its immediate vicinity and which significantly affect the implementation of the package or the transport of passengers to their final destination. In the case of termination of the package travel contract due to unavoidable and extraordinary circumstances, the traveler is entitled to a full refund of any payments made for the package travel but is not entitled to any additional compensation. The tour operator makes the return within 14 days from the effective termination of the travel contract. In the article we will describe the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic and post-COVID times. The significance and implications of our findings and arguments show how important this is in designing a state’s tourism policy. Targeted aid can be designed well in advance of extraordinary and unavoidable circumstances. In our opinion and the opinions of business practitioners, extraordinary and unavoidable circumstances in tourism occur on average every ten years, e.g., the1992 Yugoslavia war, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center, 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption, and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the research show the effectiveness of legal instruments enacted by the Polish government during the COVID 19 crisis and the war in Ukraine. In the article we use two methods—empirical, related to the authors’ own experience, and dogmatic–exegetical. The empirical research was based on the authors’ experience as those responsible for the implementation of statutory regulations (director in the Ministry of Sport and Tourism and Ministry’s advisor) and on the concept of law as one of the normative systems in society—the operation of law in the sphere of social and economic life, which is tourism. A dogmatic–exegetical method was also used, which allowed for the study of the literature on the subject and the review of legal regulations. In our research, we also used the method of the economic analysis of law (law and economics method). Graphical presentation of the research results and the impact of the introduced support mechanisms on supply and demand indicate the desirability of solutions in this area.

Consumer Purchase Intention Towards Online Travel Packages Available on E-Marketplace

The tourism industry has recently been affected by worldwide Covid-19 Pandemic. One of the fundamental aspects of developing the tourism sector through the e-marketplace is a digital technology and mobile phones. The factor that influences purchase intention toward online package available on E-Marketplace during new normal. To evaluate the hypotheses, Partial Least Squares Smart Software (PLS) was created. In a survey of 221 Internet users, the empirical findings indicate that travel plans online are decided primarily by the Online Word of Mouth (WOM), Subjective Norm, Perceived Relative Advantage, Attitude, Perceived Risk, Destination Trust, Perceived Behavioural Control. The theoretical frameworks and the practical consequences of this study are explored, and further research guidelines are discussed.

The impact of price transparency of bundled vacation packages on travel decision making: An experimental study.

Price transparency is a vital factor in consumers' judgements and decisions. When selecting a bundled vacation package, travelers are often influenced by transparency in the prices of individual elements of the package. However, because of the diversity of elements bundled in a vacation package, it is a challenge to research the impact of price transparency. To try to overcome this challenge, our study used five experiments to examine the primary impact of element price transparency on travelers' purchases, along with the moderating effects of consumer involvement and the vertical position of element prices in product descriptions. For the primary effect, we found that tourists preferred vacation packages with low transparency in element prices. We also found that the primary effect of price transparency remained consistent and robust across both revised and actual vacation packages. For moderating effects, we found that tourists with low involvement attached greater importance to price transparency than those with high involvement when the element price was presented higher in the product description of the travel package. The findings of the five experiments have theoretical implications for price transparency and Heuristic-systematic Model and practical implications for tourism professionals designing and marketing vacation packages.

Influence of E-Tourism Policies on Travel Business Profitability in Nairobi City County, Kenya

The new information era has grown drastically overtime with key stakeholders giving considerable attention to adoption of e-commerce. Travel and Tourism businesses have increasingly adopted e-commerce, which has helped to link key market participants thus enabling easy gathering of information for both consumers and suppliers. E-commerce has brought about a revolutionary change in the way Travel and Tourism business is being conducted away from brick-and-mortar operations. This has changed the way consumers make decisions on personalized travel packages using websites to obtain roadmaps, accommodation, activity programming, air fares, restaurants, entertainment and calendars of local events. This study explored to establish the influence of e-tourism policies on travel business profitability in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study adopted descriptive research design, which employed mixed method of collecting quantitative and qualitative primary data. The study was conducted in Nairobi City, Kenya’s capital due to its robust economy. The study targeted 172 travel agents that use e-tourism in their travel businesses. The study also targeted travel agent professionals whose docket is marketing, ICT and management of travel businesses. Slovin’s formula was used to calculate the sample size of 120 travel agents. Simple random sampling using the list of registered travel agents under the Kenya Association of Travel Agents as the sample frame was used to select the travel agents to be enrolled in the study. Purposive sampling was employed to select three (3) managers from each sampled travel agent giving a total of 360 managers. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data primary data from the sampled managers. A pre-test of the questionnaires was carried out involving travel agents that were not sampled for the main study to determine its reliability. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, modes, means, variances and standard deviations was used to analyse quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22. Hypothesis testing using Chi Square test analysis revealed that the significance value 0.484 is greater than 0.05, and hence the null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected. This implies that measures e-tourism policies do not influence travel business profitability. The study concluded though e-tourism policies do not influence travel business profitability is critical in the development of e-tourism in Kenya. Keywords: E-commerce, e-tourism, Travel and Tourism business, Tourism Policy, & Profitability

Analysis of the Relationships of Industrial Work Practices, Knowledge, and Entrepreneurship Readiness: A Study of Tourism Vocational School Student Competency in Developing Tour Travel Packages

Study aims to describe and analyze the factors that influence the entrepreneurial readiness of Tourism Vocational Schools in East Java in the skills to arrange travel packages for overland routes and for more than one day. This type of research is ex post facto research with path analysis testing techniques. Data collection techniques using observation methods, giving written tests and questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive, measurement model, and structural analysis. To stakeholders in entrepreneurship learning and travel business expertise competencies to further improve the quality and quantity of their learning so that vocational students have a more reliable quality of work readiness. The importance of teaching entrepreneurship in the SMK curriculum and its relevance in the subject curriculum. A review of the current provision for entrepreneurship in subject programs suggests that despite the substantial inclusion of the topic in the program, there may be potential for course teams that currently do not offer this aspect to consider reasons for its inclusion in their curricula.

Factors that Influence Consumer Purchase Intention towards Online Travel Packages Available on E-Marketplace during New Normal

The tourism industry has recently been affected by worldwide Covid-19 Pandemic. One of the fundamental aspects of developing the tourism sector through the e-marketplace is a digital technology and mobile phones. The factor that influences purchase intention toward online package available on E-Marketplace during new normal. To evaluate the hypotheses, Partial Least Squares Smart Software (PLS) was created. In a survey of 221 Internet users, the empirical findings indicate that travel plans online are decided primarily by the Online Word of Mouth (WOM), Subjective Norm, Perceived Relative Advantage, Attitude, Perceived Risk, Destination Trust, Perceived Behavioural Control. The theoretical frameworks and the practical consequences of this study are explored, and further research guidelines are discussed.

KEDAH TUA KINGDOM ANCIENT RIVER JETTY ARCHITECTURE AS AN ICONIC TOURISM PRODUCT OF KUALA MUDA DISTRICT, KEDAH, MALAYSIA

Archaeological studies conducted at one of the sites located on the river banks of the Sungai Batu aim to reveal the architecture of the ancient river jetty structure. In order to obtain primary data related to the architectural appearance of this jetty, field research consisting of survey, mapping, excavation and analysis of artifacts was conducted to enable the final interpretation to be submitted. Based on the study has revealed the discovery of a monumental structure built entirely of brick directed and sloping towards the ancient river clearly suggests its function as a ancient jetty. The chronometric dating of the jetty was determined using the OSL method which was built since 582 BCE. Based on Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) data revealed by the world-impact jet site, it allows iconic travel packages to be created and offered to tourists in the district.

Age differences in option choice: Is the option framing effect observed among older adults?

Previous studies reported that consumers choose a higher number of options in subtractive framing (-OF), which delete the unnecessary options from the full model with all options chosen than in additive framing (+OF), which adds options to a simple base model. The purposes of this study are to examine the effect of age on option framing and the differences of product type on the option framing effect using two product scenarios (travel package and medical examination). Participants were 40 younger and 40 older adults. We measured the number of options chosen, total price, choice difficulty, and choice satisfaction. In addition, cognitive functions (coding, symbol search, digit span, arithmetic, and information) were assessed. Results revealed that older and younger adults chose more options in the -OF condition for both the scenarios. For the medical examination, older adults chose more options than did the younger adults in both -OF and +OF conditions. Developmental shift in goals and motivation related to life-span may explain the differences between the age differences.

A fuzzy content-based group recommender system with dynamic selection of the aggregation functions

Recommender systems are currently software tools that are focused on providing users with the best choices in an overloaded search space of possible options. Hence, group recommender systems have recently become an important trend in recommendation, because they aim at recommending a special type of items so-called social items, that tend to be consumed in groups such as TV programs, travel packages, etc. Among the different types of algorithms applied for group recommender systems, this paper is focused on content-based group recommender systems, as a novel group recommendation paradigm that exploits item features in the recommendation generation process. Specifically, our goal is to introduce a new content-based group recommendation approach, based on the recommendation aggregation paradigm whose main novelty is the development of a dynamic selection process of the aggregation scheme. Such an approach is centered on the identification of group's characteristics that are matching with the most appropriate function to use in the individual recommendation aggregation step. To perform such a matching, it is proposed a fuzzy decision tree induction process. The experimental evaluation shows that this scheme improves the recommendation performance of previous content-based group recommendation approaches, as well as it serves a starting point for further research based on this dynamic selection paradigm.

BOOKING TICKETS ONLINE AT PT CBB USING THE LARAVEL FRAMEWORK

This web-based travel tour ticket booking application is a software application designed in general to process data related to travel ticket booking at PT Cahaya Berkah Bersama. The problem faced at PT Cahaya Berkah Bersama today is that travel ticket booking is not effective because customers have to contact or come directly to the office to book travel packages and know the details of travel packages that they want, calls from customers are often attached because the service admin is only one person, admins are often late to send travel tickets to customers. The method used in data collection in this research is the method of observation and interview. The program was developed using the PHP Programming Language of the Laravel Framework and the MySQL database. The design is built using HTML CSS and BOOTSTRAP 4. The expected result of the creation of this application is the creation of a travel ticket booking application that can make online bookings, does not take much time, is easily accessible to customers, and makes it easier for owners to view reports of booking transactions.