Travel In Spain Research Articles

Historyk w podróży, czyli Adolfa Pawińskiego wędrówki po Półwyspie Iberyjskim ("Hiszpania. Listy z podróży")

'Spain: Adolf Pawiński’s letters from his travels in Spain' was written in 1880. We are not dealing with a perieghesis in the nature of a scientific report or a sightseeing guide, but with a collection of texts written with the Polish reader in mind. The correspondence was to be published in the Warsaw press. This explains the volume’s character, content, and form. Pawiński wanted to give a complete picture of Spain, which he visited primarily as a historian, archivist, and tourist. Knowledge of the Spanish language allowed him to get closer to the Spanish world and understand it better. The description of the country is picturesque and, at the same time, historical. In Pawiński’s view, Spain is an “agglomerate”. The image of Spain is multi-faceted, based on knowledge and expressing his fascination with writing.

Korrida i karliści. Wspomnienia Piotra Falkenhagena-Zaleskiego z podroży do Hiszpanii (1843)

Among the accounts of travels in Spain in the 1st half of the 19th century, there is a rather unknown memoir of Piotr Falkenhagen-Zaleski, written on the basis of his 1843 experiences. This exceptionally capable and flexible emigrant began his career in international trade, having successfully tried his hand at journalism and politics in the past. He became an employee at the Henry Hall department store in London, and then opened his own company of the same sort, establishing contacts in many European countries. The travel to Spain aimed at securing another contract. It appears that he did not achieve this goal. On the other hand, the stay behind the Pyrenees, mainly in Barcelona and Madrid, and the very travel from France to Spain allowed the Polish traveller to become familiar with two elements of the Spanish (political and cultural) reality through an incident with the Carlists and the corrida spectacle. He put those experiences in an interesting, although brief report from Spain.

Mykhailo Bernov as a Pioneer of Hiking Tourism: Travel through Spain and Algeria (Part I. Spain. November 1893 — February 1894)

This article considers the formation of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe in the late 19th century. Its socio-cultural context is also defined. Particular attention is paid to the person of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe and his multifaceted activities in the development of communication between peoples, social actualization of knowledge about the world. Biography, information about popularization activity and publishing activity of Mykhailo Bernov are also given.In the first part of this study, the route of Mykhailo Bernov’s journey from France to Spain, and then through Spain, Algeria and the Sahara in 1892–1893, was reconstructed on the basis of his “travel notes” “Spain, Algeria and the Sahara” (St. Petersburg, 1899) and periodical data.Mykhailo Bernov left detailed descriptions of nature, countryside and major cities of Spain, monuments of history, culture and art, accompanied by historical excursions, interpretation of their own names. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of Spanish opera and theatrical life.It is concluded that sincere interest and respect for local traditions, thorough general training allowed Mykhailo Bernov to create in his notes a broad and colourful canvas of life of the country and people of Spain in the late 19th century, to capture the features of national culture and character. Bernov’s “travel notes” are based on direct communication with the Spanish common people, representatives of the elite and the administration, acquaintance with folk culture, examples of high art and literature. In his notes he makes comparisons of Spanish people with other nations. Bernov tried to understand Spain and its people, sought common socio-cultural features and values, and explained the features of “otherness” by nature, religion, state foundations, the course of history, and so on.Mykhailo Bernov’s notes on his travels in Spain as a source, in our opinion, contain a lot of useful and interesting information for researchers on the history of hiking, monuments, archaeology, ethnography, etc.

Risk of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among travellers visiting friends and relatives to continental Latin America.

BackgroundChagas disease (CD) is regarded as a possible risk for travellers to endemic areas of continental Latin America (LA). The aim of the study is to determine the risk of Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) infection among travellers to CD endemic areas and to identify risk factors for acquiring TC infection.Methods/Principal findingWe designed a multicenter cross-sectional study among travellers in Spain (Badalona, Barcelona and Madrid). All available adults with laboratory confirmed proof of absence of TC infection from January 2012 to December 2015 were contacted. Participants referring a trip to LA after the negative TC screening were offered to participate. We performed a standardized questionnaire of travel related factors and measurement of TC antibodies in serum. A total of 971 participants with baseline negative TC serology were selected from the microbiology records. After excluding participants not meeting inclusion criteria, eighty participants were selected. Sixty three (78.8%) were female, and the median age was 38 (IQR 34–47) years. The reason to travel was visiting friends and relatives in 98.8% of the participants. The median duration of travel was 40 (IQR 30–60) days, with 4911 participants-day of exposure. Seventy seven cases (96.25%) participants had two negative TC serology tests after the travel, two cases (2.5%) had discordant serology results (considered false positive results) and one case was infected before travelling to LA. According to our data, the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the incidence rate of TC acquisition in travellers is 0.8 per 1000 participant-days.Conclusions/SignificanceAmong 79 non-CD travellers to TC endemic areas, we found no cases of newly acquired TC infection. The incidence rate of TC acquisition in travellers to endemic countries is less than or equal to 0.8 per 1000 traveller-days.

The Boutelou Brothers: From Gardening to Agronomic Practices, Education, and Travels in Spain at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century

At the turn of the nineteenth century, agriculture in Spain was seen as an empirical know-how that was transmitted from generation to generation through practice. However, at the royal gardens the idea that agriculture was a scientific branch of knowledge was already germinating. Focusing on the two brothers—Claudio (1774–1842) and Esteban (1776–1812) Boutelou—this paper argues that these gardeners, profiting from their positions at the Spanish royal gardens, promoted agronomic development and education. In spite of the importance of the Boutelou family, a five-generation dynasty of gardeners, historiography has paid scant attention to them, as well as to the importance of agronomic travels and their reports. This paper aims at interweaving the boundaries between the history of science, history of agriculture, and gardens and landscape studies. Through the lenses of history of science and the application of Long's conceptual framework of ‘trading zones’ and Baldassarri and Matei's ‘gardens as laboratories’, we focus on the position of the Boutelou brothers in the gardens of the royal estates and the new Sanlúcar acclimatization garden. We then demonstrate how they were influenced by travels abroad and how Arthur Young, a Briton, became their role model. Moreover, we establish a relation between the Boutelou's network of experts and the rise of translations of English and French books and the appearance of the first agricultural teaching manuals in Castilian, often published in the context of agricultural societies. Finally, we show how this was fundamental to the renewal of agronomic practices and education in Spain.

СИСТЕМНЫЙ ПОДХОД К РАЗВИТИЮ ТУРИЗМА ЛИЦ ТРЕТЬЕГО ВОЗРАСТА

The world tourism organization (UNWTO) highlights an increase in the number of older tourists among the trends in the tourism industry. This segment is very important for the development of the entire industry, since every year the number of people of retirement age who have a sufficient number of characteristics that are conducive to travel is growing. An unprecedented change in the demographic structure of the population will lead to changes in the tourist services market. This article discusses the main factors that affect tourism for older people, the state of the modern market for tourism of the third age, the problems of development of this type of tourism in Russia, as well as the prospects for this direction in the tourism industry. From the position of comparative analysis of foreign experience, the authors consider the system of social travel in Spain and Germany. Based on the results of the research, the article substantiates a number of practical recommendations based on a systematic analysis of the current situation in the industry under study. Based on the study of the current situation in the domestic market of tourist services, the conclusion is made about the economic attractiveness of studying, investing and developing this segment.

The Libertine Carmen, a Female Don Juan

For the psychoanalyst Andre Green, there is a link between the creations of a writer and his life. The creators can be totally unconscious or partially conscious of the material arising from the depth of their unconscious. My goal is to show that creations like dreams are a royal path to reveal unconscious. I will try to show it with Merimee‘s short story and then with the Bizet’s opera. Merimee’s Carmen was inspired during a travel in Spain by a news item from the Countess of Montijo and a gypsy met in a cabaret near Valencia. Merimee is a bachelor, a libertine. He falls in love with a beautiful, brown-haired, sensual, married woman, Valentine Delessert. After a passion-love of four years she breaks for another lover. The short story was written five years later, a mourning work. His Carmen is a gypsy who steels and lies, a non-moral prostitute, a narcissistic pervert. The Carmen of Bizet and his librettists is a mythic character created for the Comic opera in Paris, a seductress and a manipulator. Don Jose’s passion will lead him to a love crime. Bizet in his twenties has been a seducer, rejected by Celeste Mogador. Celestine Galli-Marie will sing his Carmen. She seduces him and rejects him just before the first performance of Carmen. Bizet died a few weeks later, a drama on stage and in life. A writer or a composer don’t choose the subject of a novel or an opera by chance. The success of the opera Carmen is related to the capacity of the creators to give life and emotion to their characters. Carmen’s destiny expresses Merimee and Bizet’s death wishes and those of men seduced and abandoned by such a woman.

Food habits and tourist food consumption: an exploratory study on dining behaviours of Chinese outbound tourists in Spain

ABSTRACTLocal food as a tourism attraction has been well recognized and studied by many tourism scholars. However, the phenomenon that tourists prefer food other than local food has not gotten much attention. This article attempts to explore how the eating habits of tourists can hinder their consumption of local food by studying the food consumption behaviours of Chinese tourists in Spain. Qualitative methods were employed to interview fifty-two Chinese tourists in Barcelona, and field notes of participant observations taken during thirteen familiarization trips for Chinese market were also used to help understand the dining behaviours of Chinese tourists. The results show that due to different food habits, Chinese tourists only sampled local Spanish food during their travels in Spain. The challenges to Chinese food habits included unfamiliar ingredients, strange tastes, different quantities of food, different dining times and duration, and different cultural concepts of healthy food. The research also reveals that Chinese tourists chose many strategies to deal with the unaccustomed eating situations, such as enduring the cultural differences, eating familiar fast food, eating just Chinese food, or bringing food from home. In long-haul Europe travels, Chinese tourists often switch among these strategies in order to eat healthily and comfortably.

Forecasting travellers in Spain with Google’s search volume indices

We examine whether Google’s search volume indices help economic agents with real-time predictions about the checked-in and overnight stays of travellers in Spain. Using a dynamic factor approach and a real-time database of vintages that reproduces the exact information that was available to a forecaster at each particular point in time, we show that the models, including Google’s query volume indices, outperform models that exclude these leading indicators. In this way, we are the first in finding conclusive evidence that tourism-related queries help to improve tourism forecast in Spain. Our finding is of significance in this literature, since Spain is one of the world’s top tourism destinations and extremely depends on tourism.

The Representation of Francoist Spain by Two British Women Travel Writers

Abstract This article offers a discussion of two books by British women which describe travels in Spain during the post-war period, that is, during the dictatorship of General Franco. The aim is to analyse how Spanish culture and society are represented in these texts, and to what extent the authors engage with questions of the ethics of travelling to Spain in this period. Two different forms of travel - by car, and by horse - also influence the way the travellers can connect with local people; and the individual’s interest in Spain as a historical site, or as a timeless escape from industrial northern Europe, similarly affect the focus of the accounts. The global politics of travel writing, and the distinction between colonial and cosmopolitan travel writers, are important elements in our understanding of the way a foreign culture is articulated for the home market. Women’s travel writing also has its own discursive history which we consider briefly. In conclusion, texts involve common discursive and linguistic strategies which have to negotiate the specificity of an individual’s travels in a particular time and place. The authors and books referred to are Rose Macaulay’s Fabled Shore: From the Pyrenees to Portugal (1949) and Penelope Chetwode’s Two Middle-Aged Ladies in Andalusia (1963).

Comparaciones (no odiosas) entre la (Royal) Irish Constabulary y la Guardia Civil Española en los relatos de viajeros de habla inglesa por la España de los siglos XIX y XX

During the last decades of the 19th century and the first of the 20th century the Spanish Guardia Civil received multiple appraisals from English-speaking travellers in Spain at the time – all of them British– as regards this body’s efficiency, professionalism and incorruptibility. The comparison of this Spanish military corps with the (Royal) Irish Constabulary, a police corps of similar professional prestige, is constant in the English travel literature of the period, to the extent of becoming a recurrent literary cliché. The time span during which both corps collect such laudatory comparisons in the travel accounts of the age coincides almost exactly with the life of the Royal Irish Constabulary, that is, from 1867, the year when the Irish corps was awarded the adjective of “Royal” as a recognition of their loyalty and meritorious work in the repression of the popular and pro-independence riots and their support to the colonial interests of the metropolis, up to its final disappearance in 1922. From then on the Guardia Civil was more frequently compared to other famous and prestigious foreign police forces such as the French Gendarmerie, the Italian Carabinieri, the F.B.I., the New York Police and the Canadian Mounted Police.

Disertaciones y descubrimientos en Viaje en España de Rafael Sanhueza Lizardi

Travel in spain, Rafael Sanhueza Lizardi text, appears in the year 1884. It offers a tour of Catalonia, Valencia and finally comes to Andalusia, where he visits Granada, Cordoba and Seville. The article discusses its char- acteristics as a travel book, and numerous cultural and intertextual references that appear in it.

Sidney's "mongrell tragicomedy" and Anglo-Spanish Exchange in the New Arcadia

In 1586, Sir Philip Sidney died fighting the Spanish in the Netherlands.1 His death marked one episode during the conflict between Spain and England that would reach its apex with the launching of the Armada in 1588. Yet political and personal records give us ambivalent rather than strictly oppositional views of Sidney's dealings with the Elizabethans' most formidable enemy. Fulke Greville relates that the Spanish ambassador, upon learning of Sidney's demise, could not but lament to see Christendome depriv'd of so rare a light in those cloudy times; and bewail poor widow England-so he term'd her-that having been many years in breeding one eminent spirit, was in a moment bereaved of him, by the hands of a villain (36). Despite his own anti-Spanish political leanings, Greville acknowledges an Anglo-Spanish connection that transcends Christian and national divides to include Sidney in a community that encompassed the Spanish nobility. Fascinated by Spanish accomplishments, Sidney recommended that his brother travel in Spain to learn good and grave proceeding, their keeping so many provinces under them, and by what means, with the true points of honour (Major Works 286). Though Sidney never traveled to Spain, and though much of his career was dedicated to quelling Spanish power, his Hispanophilia manifests itself in his New Arcadia. This essay contends that Sidney's view of Spain was equivocal, marked by admiration and envy as well as by distaste and fear. With intertextual and topical references to Spain in his New Arcadia, Sidney opens a counterdiscourse to the English extremes of anti-Spanish sentiment in the 1580s. Attending to generic politics in the storylines of Miso, a celestinesque bawd, and Philisides, Sidney's aristocratic Iberian alter-ego, discloses textual borrowings from Spanish literature and ambivalent representations of Spanish identity. Sidney's equivocal stances toward the mixed generic model of tragicomedy and toward Spain come to the fore in his romance, where tragicomic admixture tempers the melancholic humor of Anglo- Spanish discord. Thus the presence of these suspect forms and cultures in the New Arcadia ultimately works to defuse generic and political tensions.Tragicomic organizes Sidney's New Arcadia, which has been called the supreme Elizabethan example of . . . the mixed mode (Greenblatt 269). The generic mixture of the romance's is characterized by the alternation of exposition and action, of tragic and comic, but the huge structure of the romance is controlled by narrative patterns and echoes based on parallel or contrasting sequences of action which form a commentary on each other and underline the common moral issues (Evans 41). While adding variety to the romance, Sidney balances contrasting tragic and comic elements through systematic structural control. The resulting juxtapositions harmonize and amplify underlying themes, such as the depiction of Spanish identity, a technique that echoes tragicomedy's workings.2 It is not surprising to find tragicomic elements in the Arcadia, because, like tragicomedy itself, romance is generically mixed. In grappling with new genres that did not fit into classical poetics, Renaissance theorists often extrapolated rules about long narratives from precedents for drama, which were more clearly defined in antiquity. Alonso Lopez Pinciano, for example, calls the epic genre un monton de Tragedias (a heap of tragedies; 1: 240), and when speaking of the Aethiopica, an ancient romance that Sidney imitates in the Arcadia, Martinus Crusius believes [t]otam vero Historiam, veluti Tragicocomoediam dicentes, haud errauerimus (truly, if we treat the whole History as if it were a Tragicomedy, we wouldn't err; 8). Romance could, I suggest, be considered the long version of tragicomedy. In this case, generic mixture sheds light on social tensions. Viewing Sidney's Spanish connections from the perspective of theories of generic mixture alongside English estimations of Spain illuminates their implications for Anglo Spanish exchange. …

‘The colour of the country’: English travellers in Spain, 1604–1625

The travel writings produced by English travellers to early modern Spain reveal complex and contradictory attitudes to a country that was at once exotic and little known, subject of considerable cultural interest and translation activity, a former ally and yet before the Treaty of London in 1604 the subject of 20 years of hostilities. Travellers’ accounts reflect the cultural baggage they took with them, made up of both anti-Spanish propaganda and literary images. The desire to challenge Spanish imperial might and political authority was often expressed through invoking religious difference and by associating Spain with the Ottoman Turks and racial miscegenation. While English travellers represented the common people as deluded by Jesuits and attacked Catholic superstition and veniality, they also lavished praise on cultural achievements like the Escorial. These ambivalences and contradictions underline the extent to which in the early seventeenth century Spain played an integral part in how the English defined themselves and constructed their own identity.

Ethics and "Night Thoughts": "Truer Than the Truth"

Ethics and "Night Thoughts":"Truer Than the Truth" Miriam B. Mandel Hemingway's posthumous texts constitute a veritable library: A Moveable Feast (1964), Islands in the Stream (1970), "African Journal" (Sports Illustrated, 1971-1972), The Nick Adams Stories (1972), Complete Poems (1979), Selected Letters (1981), The Garden of Eden (1986), The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition (1987), The Dangerous Summer (1985), and True at First Light (1999) all gave us previously unpublished materials. Because Hemingway was constantly experimenting, each one of these texts offered new challenges and raised important questions—matters of identity, aging, race, gender, genre, structure, sources, and the compositional process, among others—that often invited us to revisit earlier work. But these texts, having been cut, emended, reorganized, and otherwise distorted by editorial intervention, could only yield tentative and uncertain analyses and interpretations. As Debra Moddelmog notes, "Only the full manuscript can provide the answers" (57). We rejoice that Under Kilimanjaro gives us the full text of the "African book" manuscript. For those of us who need precise textual information, however, the rejoicing is muted, because some of the things we need are missing. Although the editors include "all substantive marginal notes and queries" (UK ix) in an appendix, they don't indicate how they decided what was "substantive" and what (and how much) wasn't. Under Kilimanjaro also differs from the original manuscript because "minor errors such as repetitions and missing words" as well as errors "of spelling, grammar, and punctuation" were silently corrected, and because missing material was silently inserted, "when we were able to do so with some certainty" (ix). Because the editors' aim was "to produce a complete reading text […] that contains as few distracting [End Page 95] elements as possible" (ix), and not a text that is accurate to the original manuscript, textual critics will simply have to hope that a separate publication will give us all the not-substantive marginal notes, list all the textual emendations, and provide the documentation that Under Kilimanjaro lacks.1 Until then, however, those of us who require precise textual detail will have to work with the original manuscripts—which are, by the way, housed at the Hemingway Collection at the John F. Kennedy Library, Columbia Point, Boston (Items 223–223b, 534.5, and 674b).2 I recognize, of course, that Under Kilimanjaro is a big text that did not leave the editors much room for scholarly apparatus. But still, of the nine pages devoted to the introduction, only two discuss editorial methodology. Thirteen pages are devoted to appendices, but only six of them offer textual notes; and one page is given to a rudimentary map which does not even mark Laikokitok, where the characters shop and chat with Mr. Singh, nor the area where the characters set up camp and hunted. Compare that, for example, to the map provided in The Dangerous Summer, which traces the characters' travels in Spain. When pages are scarce, they must be used efficiently. Now for the things that gladden the heart, even of this fussy textual scholar. It is a thoroughly wonderful thing indeed to have the complete text of Hemingway's second African book, and I am grateful to the editors, Robert W. Lewis and Robert E. Fleming, for presenting it. Their remarks about the text they worked with—that it was a "part-typed text" and that it was "heavily edited in Hemingway's hand" (UK viii)—suggest that when Hemingway put his text in a bank vault as "insurance" for his heirs, he had revised it and worked it over until he was more or less comfortable that it was good enough for them to publish.3 Thus, we can consider Under Kilimanjaro to be a fairly mature text. Not a perfectly crafted and polished text, perhaps, but mature enough not only to be published but also to support scholarly analysis and to answer questions in a way that the other, incomplete posthumous texts could not. The book's careful structure testifies, I think, to its ripeness. The many characters fall into significant patterns and groups. The narrator mentions wives and sort-of wives who are easily recognizable portraits drawn...

Le pittoresque et la couleur locale dansLe Voyage vers les Pyrénéesde Victor Hugo

Victor Hugo wrote Le Voyage Vers les Pyrénées in 1843, during his travel in Spain. This work is analysed by the author from several aspects. First, taking the ancient archetypes of travelogue and story-telling as points of departure, the author discusses the characteristics of the genre in the 19th century. Then she goes on and inserts the work in the process of paradigm change typical of the century, when the notions `pittoresque', `couleur locale' and `the exotic' were all present in the texts; nevertheless, the emphasis was increasingly shifted towards the need for presenting reality. Basing her arguments on quotes, the author argues that in the case of Victor Hugo, the notions mentioned basically have the same workings in travelogues written in prose as well as in poems.

El Barón Davillier, viajero y coleccionista

Charles Davillier is one of the most insteresting persons among the travellers in Spain during the XIXth century. Also Davillier had an important collection of art, and at the same time was a protector of artists, so his news of our country are basic.

Escribano, J. G. and S. Escribano. Entertainment in Spain. London: Harrap, 1977; Tames, R. Buildings in Spain. London: Harrap; Jump, J. R. Andalusia. London: Harrap, 1977; Jump, J. R. New Castile. London: Harrap, 1977; Newcombe, N. W. Education in Spain. London: Harrap, 1977; Newton, Michael. Travel in Spain. London: Harrap, 1976; Jump, J. R. Old Castile. London: Harrap, 1977

Escribano, J. G. and S. Escribano. Entertainment in Spain. London: Harrap, 1977; Tames, R. Buildings in Spain. London: Harrap; Jump, J. R. Andalusia. London: Harrap, 1977; Jump, J. R. New Castile. London: Harrap, 1977; Newcombe, N. W. Education in Spain. London: Harrap, 1977; Newton, Michael. Travel in Spain. London: Harrap, 1976; Jump, J. R. Old Castile. London: Harrap, 1977

A Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain and Readers at Home

A Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain and Readers at Home

Travels in Spain

Travels in Spain