Travel Cost Method Research Articles

VALUASI EKONOMI DAN DAMPAK WISATA ALAM BUKIT SAKURA TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN MASYARAKAT

The purposes of this study are to explore the travel costs incurred by visitors to Bukit Sakura, the factors that affect the number of tourist visits to Bukit Sakura, the economic value of Bukit Sakura and the impact of Bukit Sakura on the people's economy. The research location was chosen deliberately in Bukit Sakura Nature Tourism. Data collection was carried out in March-July 2020. The method used in this study was a case study with 76 visitor respondents, 15 worker respondents and 8 business unit respondents. The data analysis methods used are travel cost analysis, Poisson regression analysis, economic value calculation, and Keynesian multiplier effect. Travel expenses incurred by visitors to Bukit Sakura tourism are IDR 88,805 per person per visit. The factors that influence the number of visits to Bukit Sakura are the age and cost of the trip. The economic value of Bukit Sakura based on the travel cost method is IDR 13,111,054,718.63. The Income Multiplier Keynesian value is 0.45 while the Income Multiplier Ratio Type 1 value is 2.68 and the value obtained from Income Multiplier Ratio Type 2 is 5.18. The Income Multiplier Keynesian value of 0.45 indicates that Bukit Sakura tourism still has a low economic impact.Key words: economic impacts, economic value, number of visits, and travel costs.

Economic value of regional spearfishing competitions

Large-scale surveys have been used to estimate the value of recreational fishing over large areas and time periods in the past, but there is a lack of information regarding the value of smaller event based recreational fishing activities. Using the travel-cost method, we estimate the overall value generated by two regional spearfishing competitions in eastern Australia and the adjusted value per competitor. The 2021 Bluewater Classic was valued between $32,874 and $39,492 AUD, with past values up to $100,364. The 2021 Eden 3-way Championships was valued between $102,461 and $118,747. On a per-competitor basis, the adjusted mean expenditure was between $1,090 and $1,649. Both competitions generated substantial economic activity within the towns that hosted them, as we estimated that localised expenditure constituted 60 – 71% of a competition’s overall value. These estimates demonstrate the value of recreational competitions for regional areas and the importance for economic surveys to consider smaller events.

Assessment of Recreational and Cultural Ecosystem Services Value of Islands

With the gradual expansion of benefits provided by islands to human wellbeing, it has become increasingly important to quantify the cultural ecosystem service functions of islands. In this study, the zone travel cost method (ZTCM) and individual travel cost method (ITCM) are used to assess the recreational and cultural ecosystem services value of the island region of Changhai County, China, and the recreational value of Xiaochangshan, Dachangshan, and Guanglu Islands based on questionnaire survey data. The results are as follows: (1) The overall recreational and cultural ecosystem services value of Changhai County in 2019 was 533.14 million USD, including a traveling cost of 395.71 million USD and consumer surplus of 137.43 million USD. (2) Further, based on the choice and consumption behaviors of tourists, multiple recreational values of the county were also inferred: the aesthetic experience presented the greatest contribution, while educational knowledge accounted for a lower percentage. (3) The recreational and cultural ecosystem services value 294.16, 60.03, and 143.26 million USD for Xiaochangshan, Dachangshan, and Guanglu Islands, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, future research will focus on the planning and development of Xiaochangshan Island tourism to maximize consumer surplus.

Use and economic benefits of indigenous seasonal climate forecasts: evidence from Benin, West Africa

ABSTRACT Since immemorial times, farmers especially in Africa have built and transmitted orally from one generation to another a complex network of seasonal climate knowledge enabling them to lower climate variabilities and vagaries. Despite the prominent role of this knowledge system in smallholder farming, empirical studies relative to the production process, use and economic valuation of this knowledge to inform decision-making are scanty. Travel cost method, descriptive statistics and a two-step Heckman method are used to analyse the use and economic value of indigenous seasonal climate forecasts (ISCF) in Benin. ISCF were produced based on the observation of abiotic and biotic indicators in Kandi, Glazoué and Zè with the observations largely undertaken by local elders and professional traditional forecasters. Most farmers got ISCF either by travelling to visit a source of knowledge or by sacrificing their time. The use of ISCF increased a maize producer's net income by at least 3%, implying that ISCF are valuables goods. The main factors driving the use and value of ISCF were the use of fertilizer, large farm size, traditional African religions and access to market. Therefore, policy to promote the integration of indigenous forecasting knowledge with modern forecasting system should be taken.

Economic Valuation of Marina Beach, Bantaeng Regency

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the frequency of tourist visits and to determine the economic value of Marina Beach based on the analysis of travel costs using the Travel cost method. This research was carried out at Marina Beach, Bantaeng Regency from February to March 2021 with a sample of 38 people. The research location was chosen purposively with the consideration that Marina Beach is one of the tourism objects whose exact economic value is not known based on the Travel Cost Method, while the sampling is by non-random sampling or non-random sampling/non-probability sampling. Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression and analysis of economic value based on travel costs. Factors that have a significant influence on the intensity of visits at Marina Beach are the attractiveness of the beach, the location of the beach. While the factors that do not have a significant effect on the intensity of visits at Marina Beach are travel costs, facilities, accessibility, distance from houses, and the level of cleanliness of Marina Beach attractions. Meanwhile, based on the calculation results, it is known that the consumer surplus based on the individual travel cost method (Individual Travel Cost) is a minimum income of Rp. 42,570.65.- per individual per year, and then the economic value of the Marina Beach tourist attraction is Rp. 1,393,484,222 -/year.

Valuation of Awash National Park, Ethiopia: An Application of Travel Cost and Choice Experiment Methods

Ethiopia has more than 55 protected areas that have endemic wildlife species. Of the protected areas, 21 of them are national parks. This makes the country to have natural ecosystems and wildlife heritage with huge potential to attract tourists. Nevertheless, the contribution of the tourism sector to the national economy is far below its potential. Awash National Park is one of nature-based recreational sites in Ethiopia for its impressive landscape and diversity of fauna. However, the Park has been unable to improve the qualities of ecotourism experience and expand the types and variety of its recreational services because of lack of sustainable income from internal sources. The value of the Park in terms of its recreational service to the society is not known. The valuation of the Park is important so as to inform the site managers extract internal revenues that help them improve the qualities of the national park and expand the types and variety of the services. To assess the on-site recreational benefit of the Park, the study adopted a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional survey design in which primary data were collected from a sample of 195 on-site visitors of the Park. The valuation of the Park was done by adopting the travel cost and choice experiment methods. The Travel Cost Method of valuation revealed that the aggregate annual recreational economic benefit generated by visitors of the site is ETB 4,987,965.14. Of which, the site authority captured only about 12.1% of the true economic recreational benefit of the site. On the other hand, the results of the Choice Experiment Method of valuation revealed that all the attributes (namely, wildlife population, afforestation and additional service to visitors and a monetary attribute, i.e, the gate fee) significantly affected the probability of choosing an improvement scenario. The results of this study indicated that the economic value of recreation benefit from Awash national park is very big, even under conservative estimates. It also indicated that the domestic recreation demand to the Park is high. Therefore, it is suggested that the major problems that reduce the quality of the site should be alleviated and improvement and expansion projects of the Park should be designed and implemented.

NILAI EKONOMI KEGUNAAN WISATA ALAM SITUGUNUNG TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG GEDE PANGRANGO

The Situgunung area has direct usability value as recreation place and natural tourism. This study aims to determine the perception of visitors and the economic value usability on the natural tourism of Situgunung. This research method uses descriptive methods as well as traveling expenses or the Travel Cost Method (TCM). Testing the perception of visitors using validity and reliability tests were analyzed descriptively using a Likert scale and the economic value use was analyzed using the concept of travel cost (TCM). This result of the study indicates the index of visitors’ perceptions of Situgunung Nature Tourism from the beauty is 89,25% very beautiful, the security aspect is 83,5 % very safe, the hygiene aspect is 77,5% very clean, the accessibility aspect is 77,75% very easy, the facility aspect is 74,25% complete. And the economic value of the use of Situgunung Nature Tourism is Rp.49.197.122.816/year, with the average traveling expenses calculated based on the zone or distance from the area from which the visitor came to the tourist location. With the high perception of visitors and the value of economic use of Situgunung Nature Tourism objects, a more professional management is needed without reducing the concept of natural sustainability.

Economic Valuation of Lejja Natural Tourism Park - Soppeng District, South Sulawesi Province

Lejja Natural Tourism Park (Lejja-NTP) is a conservation area managed by the South Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Agency. Lejja NTP is a natural tourist attractions located in Marioriawa Sub-District, Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The natural potential of Lejja NTP’s among others, as a hot springs, waterfall, flora-fauna, and the beauty of the natural panorama. The purpose of this study are (1) to determine the characteristics of visitors to Lejja NTP, (2)to identify the factors that influence the tourism demand, and (3) to calculate the economic value of environmental service-based tourism. Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) was used to estimate the potential economic value of tourism activity, and linear regression analysis was used to determine the influence factors of tourism demand. Sampling method was carried out by using a purposive convenience by interviewing visitors who came to the Lejja NTP. The results showed that the variable of travel costs, and distance of the residence from Lejja NTP had a significant effect on the level of tourist visits. The value of Lejja NTP for each visitors per year was Rp..464.476.00 and the total benefits derived by were Rp.838.232.00. The economic value of Lejja NTP for visitors in year 2013 of at least Rp.92.582.825.754.00. The value of economic benefits generated from Lejja NTP is expected to be considered by relevant stakeholder to participate in preserving the area, so it is necessary to coordinate and collaborate with stakeholders in managing of ecotourism in Lejja NTP

Integrating Economic Value of Environmental Services and Carbon Stock: A Case Study from Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park

As a conservation area, national parks play essential roles in environmental services provision and have the potential to support the REDD+ program. This study aims to estimate appropriate incentives for national parks based on carbon units by integrating the economic value of environmental services and carbon stock provided by the lowland dry forest ecosystem in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (BNWNP) consisted of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo areas. Carbon stock was estimated by establishing sample plots, including five carbon pools. While the economic valuation of environmental services includes biodiversity using the market approach, ecotourism using the zonal travel cost method, and water service using simulation water regulation services method and market approach. The total ecosystem carbon stock in BNWNP is estimated at 73.67 Mton. Meanwhile, the estimation of the economic value of environmental services is about IDR 70.57 trillion. Based on these results, the appropriate carbon values are IDR 683,308 and IDR 1,304,238 per ton carbon for the lowland dry forest ecosystem in Gorontalo and North Sulawesi areas. This result indicates that given its essential environmental services, the incentive for protecting national parks may exceed the carbon value used in result-based payment scheme in REDD+ initiatives that have been implemented.

Visitor’s Willingness to Pay for Cultural Ecosystem Services in Bangladesh: An Assessment for Lawachara National Park, a Biodiversity Hotspot

The valuation of natural ecosystems helps policymakers to allocate adequate resources for the provision of ecosystem services they provide. Cultural ecosystem services are the non-material benefits we obtain from nature, which include but are not limited to recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, physical and mental health benefits. They are essential for a proper sense of a place, human health, and wellbeing. We quantified the recreational and other non-material benefits of Lawachara National Park (LNP), one of the oldest and most diverse forest protected areas and tourist attractions in northeast Bangladesh. A Modified Travel Cost Method (MTCM) was applied for quantifying the recreational and other non-material values of LNP. Altogether 309 respondents were interviewed, covering both peak season and slack season. In our MTCM, we considered several additional factors, unlike the commonly used Travel Cost Method (TCM). The value of cultural ecosystem services of LNP was estimated to be Taka 476.70 million and Taka 476.44 million per annum using MTCM and TCM, respectively. The value estimated using MTCM was marginally higher than the value estimated using TCM and was due to the additional variables we considered in our modified approach. We believe our estimates using MTCM will guide policymakers to properly value natural ecosystems and facilitate adequate resource allocation for ecotourism in LNP and elsewhere.

The challenge for Aik Nyet Nature Tourism in the new normal era

Good knowledge of the economic value of a tourist location is the main basis for formulating an effective management policy. In the conditions of the Covid 19 pandemic, Aik Nyet Nature Tourism, which covers an area of approximately 9.4 ha, was closed. The new normal era makes it possible to reopen with some conditions that have to be met. Starting from determining the optimal paid entrance fee to some new normal rules that must be implemented, this article aims to provide an overview of what KPHL Rinjani Barat should do. This article investigates this issue by employing a two-phase study: quantitative and qualitative. The first phase used primary data from the visitor survey whose results were analyzed using travel cost methods. The second phase used secondary data from Kompas.com reporting interconnected themes on the new normal era. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results showed that in the new normal period, KPHL Rinjani Barat should reduce the entrance fee to Aik Nyet, which is currently IDR 5,000 to IDR 3,000, and implement COVID-19 health and hygiene protocols properly.

Economic valuation of area management Latuppa Nature Tourism Palopo City

The Latuppa Nature Tourism Area of Palopo City is an area designated as a tourist destination for the community, both local and from outside the Palopo City area. Various tourist objects are available in this area, both naturally formed such as the Latuppa River flow with several tourist spots, as well as natural panoramas in the form of forests and other landscapes, which are spread in 3 villages, namely Latuppa Village, Murante Village and Kambo Village, Mungkajang District, Kota Palopo. The existence of this area provides added value to the regional income of Palopo City. However, this added value has not been measured quantitatively so that research efforts are needed on the economic assessment of this natural tourist area. The methodology used in this research is quantitative descriptive by observing every tourist spot in the Latuppa natural tourism area, including the Water Boom Hotel Agrowisata, Kambo Highland Inn, Babak Waterfall, and the Natural Baths of the Jodoh River. The factors that influence the number of visits to the Latuppa Nature Tourism location are travel costs, and socio-economic factors of the community. The calculation of the economic value for the natural tourism area uses the Travel Cost Method (TCM), from the analysis results obtained the Economic Value of the Latuppa Nature Tourism Area is Rp. 311,574,900. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference for the local government of Palopo City in the context of developing and preserving the Latuppa nature tourism area.

Economic value analysis of Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera

Indonesia’s natural potential is very diverse, one of which is the natural tourism potential of the provinces in Indonesia. Sumatra, especially North Sumatra, is currently developing its natural potential, namely the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area. This area is a magnet for tourists, because the hill is one of the ideal locations to see the landscape of Lake Toba. This study is aimed to analyze the total economic value with the travel method (Travel Cost Method) and the factors that influence tourists’ visits to the Simarjarunjung Natural Tourism Area. The method used to estimate the economic potential of tourism activities in the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area is the individual travel cost method, while to determine the factors that affect the intensity of tourist visits to the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area, it is determined by multiple linear regression analysis. The research data were obtained by asking questions on the questionnaire to the visitors. The results showed that the economic potential of the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area reached IDR. 6,207,894,000/year, and the variables that had a significant effect on the intensity of tourists’ visits to the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area were travel costs, age, and distance variables.

VALUASI EKONOMI WISATA PULAU RUPAT KABUPATEN BENGKALIS, PROVINSI RIAU DENGAN METODE TRAVEL COST METHOD

The research was conducted in July 2021 on Rupat Island, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. This study aims to estimate the economic value obtained from the value of consumer surplus by using the travel cost method. The data required includes primary and secondary data. The population used is tourists who visit Rupat Island tourism. Determination of respondents by accidental sampling with a total of 33 people. Data were analyzed by regression model. The results of the analysis show that the regression model obtained is Y= 3,0562 – 0,4068X 1 + 0,5273X 2 – 0,6815X 3 – 0,3971X 4 – 0,6056X 5 – 0,0290X 6 , meaning that the demand for tourist visits to Rupat Island is positively influenced by X2 (income). The variables that have a negative effect are X1 (travel cost), X3 (age), X4 (distance), X5 (education) and X6 (gender). The average travel cost per visitor is IDR533,636.00,- per visit. The economic value of Rupat Island tourism is IDR1,507,554,457.51,- with a consumer surplus of IDR427,140.43,- per indivisual per visit

Tourism Economic Value of Bukit Pangonan Urban Forest, Lampung, Indonesia

The quite high community activities in urban areas have caused the Bukit Pangonan Urban Forest to become an alternative tourism spot easily accessible by urban communities. There is, however, the need for natural tourism development in regional planning and conservation towards increasing the economic value of these urban forests. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the economic value of nature tourism in Bukit Pangonan Urban Forest and its role in environmental conservation. This involved the selection of 100 respondents as samples through incidental sampling techniques. Data was collected using interviews and analyzed quantitatively with the travel cost method and descriptively. The results showed the economic value of the Bukit Pangonan Urban Forest is Rp 4,557,944,880 per year, with visitors having a surplus of Rp 119,433 per visitor per visit and spending Rp 96,630/person/visit with the highest on transportation. The role of urban forests in environmental conservation is quite significant in preventing environmental damage, and it is possible to enhance this through the addition and diversification of tree species, protection of biodiversity, selection of appropriate tree species, development of environmentally friendly tourism facilities, providing conservation education to visitors, and policy support from the government. Moreover, it is also possible for the government to use Bukit Pangonan Urban Forest as a model to develop urban forest tourism in other areas.

The Strategy of Coastal Eco-Tourism Based on Cultural Ecosystem Services Approach: A Case Study in Ciletuh Bay

Ciletuh Bay has a natural magnificence that attracts local and foreign tourists. Tourist interest was reflected by the many visits demanding the government manage it properly to achieve social, economic, and ecological sustainability. Research on the assessment of cultural ecosystem services in Ciletuh Bay has not been carried out. At the same time, this is necessary for policymakers to maintain sustainable Ciletuh Bay coastal ecotourism. This study aims to estimate the value of cultural ecosystem services in Ciletuh Bay in two ways. The first method is assessing the balance of supply and demand for cultural ecosystem services that adopt the Burkhard Model, namely through individual preferences for the beauty of several types of landscapes in Ciletuh Bay. The second assessment is an economic valuation using the travel cost method (TCM). The results showed that the balance of supply and demand for cultural ecosystem services in Ciletuh Bay contained several types of landscapes in unstable conditions. The economic value of Ciletuh Bay coastal ecotourism is IDR 862,640,124,311.00/year or IDR 77,911,861.00/ha/year.

A crowd-sourced valuation of recreational ecosystem services using mobile signal data applied to a restored wetland in China

The travel cost method is the main technique used to evaluate the monetary value of recreational cultural ecosystem services of wetlands. While questionnaires still provide an important way to obtain tourist travel distances, salary rate coefficients, and travel rate data, but they are restricted by the data scale and the need for long-term monitoring. Therefore, the present study introduces mobile phone signal data into the travel cost method and establishes an evaluation model for recreational ecosystem services. By mining mobile phone signal data, the visitors' duration of stay, starting and ending coordinates, age, and gender data were collected in order to estimate the potential costs. Data from 25,087 recreationists were sampled at Pan'an Lake Wetland Park, Xuzhou, China, in 2018. Data mining found that (1) mobile phone signal data have unique advantages in determining the travel distance and cost of overnight accommodations; (2) recreationists were distributed among 229 cities, although 87.2% came from cities located within 500 km of Pan'an Lake Wetland Park, while 72.04% of all recreationists were Xuzhou locals; (3) the consumer surplus associated with visiting Pan'an Lake Wetland Park was 129.79 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person and the average recreational value was 448.11 CNY. The evaluation results showed that the recreational value of Pan'an Lake Wetland Park was about 836 million CNY in 2018. This suggests that mobile phone signal data can be used as a new data source when assessing the recreational value of wetlands via the travel cost method.

A Model for the Economic Evaluation of Cultural Ecosystem Services: The Recreational Hunting Function in the Agroforestry Territories of Tuscany (Italy)

Cultural ecosystem services (CESs) are non-material benefits generated by natural and human ecosystems that substantially contribute to human wellbeing. Estimating the monetary value of CESs is challenging because there is no real market for these services and therefore there is no actual market price. This study seeks to define an economic evaluation method for these services, with special reference to a recreational CES that has so far received little discussion: hunting. We conducted an online survey in the province of Siena (Tuscany, Italy). The Consumer Surplus estimate of hunters was made using the travel-cost method with a detailed analysis of the annual expenditure on hunting activities, and a negative binomial statistical regression. The results reflect the nature of hunting activity and show the dynamics that have occurred over recent decades. In fact, whereas hunting used to be strongly connected to the rural world as it was an income supplement for local communities, nowadays it has turned into an elitist and almost exclusively recreational activity. In any case, knowing the economic value of ecosystem services constitutes an essential background for planning effective land management and development policies in the short and long term.

Menaksir Nilai Ekonomi Objek Wisata Taman Manneken Manokwari : Aplikasi Individual Travel Cost Method

Economic assessment of a tourist attraction, both natural and artificial, is very important for planning sustainable environmental management. The plan aims to maintain the development capital so that it can be managed as a source of regional income and also to improve the welfare of the community. On the other hand, the management of tourism objects can be used to improve the regional economy without the need to exploit its natural resources. This research was conducted at Manneken Park, an artificial tourism object located in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency. The study focused on the number of individual travel costs and the economic value of the tourism object using descriptive research methods with survey techniques involving 100 respondents as resource persons. By using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM), the results show that the average travel cost is Rp. 692,120, - and the economic value of tourism objects is Rp. 6,925,795.703,-. This indicates that the economic benefits received by tourists to travel to the Manneken Park attraction are greater than the costs incurred. The intended economic benefits are in the form of benefits in the form of comforts such as getting peace, beauty, and satisfaction.

English

The Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) of Bangladesh provides tourism services to local and international visitors. Indeed, tourism is one of the major ecosystem services that this biodiversity-rich mangrove forest provides. Through a convenient sampling technique, 421 tourist respondents were interviewed to assess their willingness to pay for the tourism services of the Sundarban, using the Zonal Travel Cost Method (ZTCM). The estimated annual economic contribution of tourism in the Sundarban mangroves to the Bangladesh economy is USD 53 million. The findings of this study showed that facilities for watching wildlife and walking inside the forest can increase the number of tourists in the SRF. The findings also show that the availability of information like forest maps, wildlife precautionary signs, and danger zones would increase the number of tourists as well. Thus, the government of Bangladesh should consider increasing visitor entry fees to fund improvements and to enhance the ecotourism potential of the Sundarban mangroves.