Trash Content Research Articles

Fiber and Yarn Quality Measurements in Relation to Short Fiber Content in Some Egyptian Cotton Varieties

This study was carried out at during 2019 and 2020 seasons on the laboratory at Cotton Technology Research Division, Cotton Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, to investigate the effect of six Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 92, Giza 96, Giza 86, Giza 94, Giza 95 and Giza 90) and three categories of short fiber content (5.50, 6.75 and 8.25 %) which obtained from three lint cotton grades, i.e. fully good, good and fully good fair respectively, from each cotton variety on fiber and yarn quality measurements under using the new technique of the ring spinning system. Extra long staple as Giza 92 and Giza 96 significantly recorded the maximum upper half mean length (UHML), fiber bundle strength (FBS), lea count strength product at yarn count of 40’s (LCSP40), lea count strength product at yarn count of 60’s (LCSP60), single yarn strength at yarn count of 40’s (SYS40), single yarn strength at yarn count of 60’s (SYS60) and yarn evenness at yarn count of 60’s (YE60) as well as gave the lowest short fiber index (SFI), fiber elongation percentage (FEP), micronaire value (MIC), trash area (TA) and trash content (TC) in both seasons. The greatest fiber uniformity index (FUI), MIC and fiber maturity (FM) as well as the minimum yarn evenness at yarn count of 40’s (YE40) and YE60 in both seasons were obtained from Giza 86 cotton variety. Giza 94 cotton variety recorded the highest fiber brightness degree (Rd) as well as the lowest linear density (LD), fiber yellowness degree (+b), LCSP60 and SYS60 in both seasons. The highest SFI and +b were obtained from Giza 95 cotton variety in both seasons. Giza 90 cotton variety gave the highest FEP, LD, TA, TC and YE40, as well as gave the lowest UHML, FUI, FBS, FM, RD, LCSP40 and SYS40 in both seasons. Increasing short fiber content from 5.50, 6.75 to 8.25 % caused significant increments in SFI, FEP, +b, TA, TC, YE40 and YE60. On the other hand, UHML, FUI, FBS, MIC, FM, LD, Rd, LCSP40, LCSP60, SYS40 and SYS60 were significantly decreased in both seasons. Giza 92 cotton variety at fewest short fiber content (5.50 %) gave the maximum FBS, SYS40 and SYS60, while at highest short fiber content (8.25 %) recorded the minimum MIC and the highest YE60 in both seasons. Giza 96 cotton variety at lowest short fiber content gave the highest UHML, LCSP40 and LCSP60, as well as gave the lowest SFI, FEP, TA and TC in both seasons. The maximum FUI, MIC, FM as well as the lowest YE40 and YE60 in both seasons were produced from Giza 86 cotton variety with lowest short fiber content. The maximum Rd and lowest +b were obtained from Giza 94 cotton variety at lowest short fiber content, while, with the same cotton variety with highest short fiber content recorded the lowest LD, LCSP60 and SYS60 in both seasons. The fibers which obtained from Giza 95 cotton variety with highest short fiber content significantly recorded the greatest SFI and +b in both seasons. The maximum FEP, TA, TC, YE40 as well as the minimum UHML, FUI, FBS, FM, Rd, LCSP40 and SYS40 were obtained from Giza 90 cotton variety when used highest short fiber content, while, under the same cotton variety at lowest short fiber content recorded the highest LD in both seasons. There were significant negative correlation coefficients between (SFI, FEP, +b, TA, TC and YE40) and (UHML, FUI, FBS, MIC, FM, LD, Rd, LCSP40 and SYS40).

Lignocellulosic nanofibers for the reinforcement of brown line paper in industrial water systems

The addition of nanofibrillated cellulose in paper production requires attention to its dispersion and retention during the paper forming process, and this is commonly facilitated by the use of retention agents. The performance of retention agents, which commonly have a cationic charge, is affected by the presence of dissolved and colloidal substances in the process water. In the process of paper production at an industrial level, especially when using recycled paper, there are a large amount of dissolved and colloidal substances in the water. A high proportion of these substances are negatively charged and are commonly referred to as anionic trash. Its presence increases the conductivity and charge density of the water, and this has a negative influence on the retention of cellulose nanofibers. In brown line paper production, some fibers have already been refined in at least one previous papermaking cycle. In this sense, recycled fibers have a reduced capacity to benefit from refining as they have suffered morphological damage. On the other hand, the addition of lignocellulosic nanofibers in the production of brown line paper has been found helpful to improve its properties and extend its lifespan. In this work the influence on the retention of nanofibers of different anionic trash levels in the water has been evaluated. The results showed its viability as a reinforcing agent in waters with high anionic trash content, through the addition of an anionic trash catching system.

Strategi Pemanfaatan Youtube Dalam Bidang Dakwah Oleh Ulama Aceh

The development of information technology is very influential in the delivery of information to the public, especially social media youtube which is used to convey the message of da'wah. At this time the development of communication technology has many impacts on humans including changes in behavior, ranging from lifestyles, ways of learning, ways of shopping, and also methods in studying also use models that fit the current era. And so also with the way someone found his God, can be found via the sophistication of communication tools like today. The author in this case studies Youtube as an object that is now increasingly becoming a creative medium that is used by many people in conveying ideas through creativity. That way, the use of youtube by using the right strategy will provide good information for the community. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods with content analysis techniques (content analysis) using the Harold D. Lasswell approach. In this study using content analysis techniques is in-depth discussion of the contents of information and sampling is done through certain considerations, adjusted to the formulation of the problem and the ability of researchers. In this era where good and bad messages were presented and then virtualized with virtually no filtering done today. Therefore, the role of religion and of course in this case teungku dayah and santri should be able to be filters as well as perpetrators of dakwah content in terms of video message delivery channels, if not then the virtual universe will be dominated by trash content that continues to undermine the faith of the people.

Effects of non-lint material on heritability estimates of cotton fiber length parameters

Fiber length is an important parameter to spin cotton fibers. Cotton breeders work to improve length, and research samples may be machine-harvested, resulting in variability for trash content between samples within the same experiment. There is evidence that trash may directly or indirectly affect the measurement of some fiber quality parameters like micronaire and strength. We hypothesize that the presence of trash particles in the samples may compromise the quality of the length measurement and screening decisions in breeding programs. In order to test this hypothesis, we developed an experiment to evaluate the heritability of length parameters for entries with the same genetic background and affected by the same environment with different trash content. The heritability estimates for samples with high trash content are different from the estimates for samples with native low trash content. Cleaning trashy samples with a laboratory-scale lint cleaner brings the heritability estimates closer to the calculated values for samples with native low trash content. Although the values are similar, the types of variation are not the same. These results indicate that breeders must avoid making decisions based on samples with high trash content. Breeders should base their decisions on samples with low original trash content because this type of sample provides research results closer to the native length distribution.

The Effect of Various Processing Stages During Ginning on Fiber Quality

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness, in terms of cleaning efficiency and fiber quality, of the seed cotton cleaning stages installed in cotton gins that process predominately spindle-harvested, irrigated Upland cotton and to determine the effect of the various processing stages during ginning on gin turn out and fiber quality. The study showed that the average amount of trash content present in seed cotton was typically < 10%. The seed cotton cleaning process was able to remove 20 to 40% with the remainder of the trash removed by subsequent lint cleaning stages. The study also showed that the gin stand has no influence on fiber quality provided that the gin stand was not overloaded, maintained to manufacturers recommendations, and moisture levels maintained within the recommended levels. Flow-through air lint cleaners had no significant effect on fiber quality with minimal reduction in trash. The controlled-batt saw lint cleaners had positive and significant effects on color and trash; negative effects on length, length uniformity, short fiber and nep content, elongation; and no effect on strength, micronaire, fineness, maturity, number and size of SCN and fiber nep size. The batt-less saw lint cleaners had similar effects on fiber quality, although not as severe. The controlled-batt saw lint cleaners were more aggressive than the batt-less saw lint cleaners and removed more trash and hence achieved a better color grade, with this improvement resulting in notable reductions in lint turn out, fiber length, and increased short fiber and nep content.

Cost & Coal Management of a CFBC Boiler in a Power Station

India, being the world's third most observable customer and third most essential power producer with relentless presented generally sensational of 364.17 GW, contributing 68% of warm Capacity as of 31st October 2019. The dependable report of the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that general coal use is on the trip again +1.79% showed up contrastingly in relationship with 2018. Consequently, Thermal power passing on stations is essential. For the Simhapuri Thermal Power Station (the one considered in the present assessment), it is seen that, for a progress in Magnetic substance by 2%, the particular coal use expands by about 8%. Suffering, regardless, the trash content is associated by 2%, the particular coal use expands by about 5%. It is in like way observed that, for a 4% improvement in fixed carbon; the particular coal use diminishes by about 25%. Starting now and into the not all that far off it is proposed to present an interfacing with separator at the bed material stacking point. With this foundation of pulling in separator gear saw a yearly electrical vitality sparing farthest point of 116.14Lakh kWh and coal experience resources of 12730 MT. Seen electricalenergy speculation accounts works out to be 5.3 % of the yearly electrical centrality ate up (2158.9 Lakh kWh) during the year Sep 2018 – Aug 2019. Assessed yearly centrality cost sparing point of confinement of Rs. 769.54 Lakhs (counting coal hold saves) works out to be 8.9 % of the yearly significance cost (Rs. 8635.8 Lakhs) for the year Sep 2018 – Aug 2019. The Proposed issue is attempted with MATLAB condition and cost appraisal of warm power plant is disengaged and existing making data. The test results exhibited that the proposed structure gives a feasible system beast experience additional items and essential for suffering assignments.

Use of Pressured-Air for Cotton Lint Cleaning

Saw-type lint cleaner (STLC) was most efficient lint cleaner in cotton ginning. However, STLC damaged fiber quality. An air-bar lint cleaner (ABLC) was developed and evaluated to preserve cotton fiber quality. The ABLC used pressurized-air to remove non-lint materials from cotton fiber. During lint cleaning process, non-lint materials attached to the fiber were blown off the fiber without the fiber making aggressive mechanical contact with a grid bar in conventional saw-type lint cleaner (STLC). It was expected using this concept that the fiber quality could be preserved by reducing the damage from mechanical impact of the fiber against the grid bar. Preliminary testing of the ABLC prototype showed that ABLC generated less lint waste and had a higher turnout rate than STLC. Use of ABLC could save 2.8 kg of lint in each 225 kg bale of cotton. The High Volume Instrument (HVI) analysis indicated the fiber properties in fiber length, uniformity, short fiber content, and color were not significantly different between ABLC and STLC. However, the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) tests showed STLC had better performance than ABLC in fiber length and short fiber content while the trash and dust content with ABLC was lower than the STLC. More research was necessary to further prove the concept of ABLC and improve its performance in preserving cotton fiber quality.

Influence of spindle material and surface texture on trash content for picking of cotton under variable conditions

Influence of spindle material and surface texture on trash content for picking of cotton under variable conditions

Optimization of a Whole-Stalk Operating System after Sugarcane Base Cutting

Abstract. Leaf stripping and top breaking are the key procedures in whole-stalk sugarcane harvesting. In this study, a whole-stalk operating system after sugarcane base cutting was developed and tested to improve the leafy trash cleaning performance and adaptability of a whole-stalk harvester. A leaf shredding procedure was proposed before leaf stripping, and an anti-float top breaking device was developed for breaking cane tops. The rotational speeds of the leaf shredding (RL), leaf stripping (RS), and top breaking (RT) rollers were regarded as experimental factors, and the leafy trash content (including leaves, leaf sheaths, and tops in this study), top breaking rate, abrasion rate, and non-fracture rate of the middle or bottom parts were selected as indices. Central composite design combined with response surface methodology and comprehensive evaluation method were employed to conduct experiments and explore the interaction effects of factors on indices. The optimal operating parameters were nonlinearly optimized and determined to be RL of 512.9 rpm, RS of 418.8 rpm, and RT of 307.0 rpm. Under these conditions, the predicted values of leafy trash content, top breaking rate, abrasion rate, and non-fracture rate were 4.98%, 88.39%, 5.19%, and 96.21%, respectively. Verification experiments indicated that the observed values were in agreement with the predicted values. Results suggested that the leaf shredding device and anti-float top breaking device developed in this study were effective for improving the leafy trash cleaning performance and adaptability of the whole-stalk operating system, and there was a good potential for performance improvement of whole-stalk sugarcane harvesters. Keywords: Central composite design, Leaf shredding, Leaf stripping, Response surface methodology, Top breaking, Whole-stalk harvester.

English

The large scale cultivation of cotton in the Cerrado areas was made possible by large investments in technology, particularly in mechanized harvesting, which makes the business viable. However, the use of harvesters causes qualitative and quantitative losses to the final product, reducing the profitability of production. This study aimed to evaluate the fiber characteristics of narrow row cotton using harvesting Pro-12 VRS picker and stripper. The experiment was conducted on a farm in the municipalities of Sorriso in the 2014 agricultural season. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven replicates. The treatments consisted of five harvesting systems: Pro-12 VRS picker, finger stripper with and without field cleaner and brush stripper with and without field cleaner. The efficiency of the harvester was quantified by determining the yield and total loss. Impurities in the harvested cotton were quantified by determining the percentage of bark and stem present in the sample. The following technological fiber characteristics were analyzed through the HVI tool: Trash, UHM, SFC, Elg, Mic, +b, Rd, UI and STR. Cotton in hardened management system has less trash content when harvested with the Pro-12 VRS picker. The Pro-12 VRS picker, however, failed to preserve the intrinsic quality of the fiber. Key words: Harvester’s cotton, platforms picker, fiber cotton characteristics. &nbsp

Effects of Dosage and Spraying Volume on Cotton Defoliants Efficacy: A Case Study Based on Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) consist of light and small UAVs with pesticide spraying equipment. The advantage of UAVs is using low-volume spray technology to replace the traditional large-volume mass locomotive spray technology. Defoliant spraying is a key link in the mechanized cotton harvest, as sufficient and uniform spraying can improve the defoliation quality and decrease the cotton trash content. However, cotton is planted at high density in Xinjiang, with leaves in two adjacent rows seriously overlapped, making the lower leaves poorly sprayed. Thus, the defoliation effect is poor, and the cotton quality is degraded. To improve the effect of defoliation and reduce the losses caused by boom sprayer rolling, the effect of defoliant dosage on defoliation, boll opening, absorption and decontamination in cotton leaves and the effect of spraying volume on absorption and decontamination in cotton leaves sprayed by UAVs are studied. The pooled results indicate that plant protection UAVs could be used for cotton defoliants spraying with a twice defoliant spraying strategy, and the defoliant dosage has no significant effect on seed cotton yield and fiber quality in Xinjiang. The residue of thidiazuron in cotton leaves reaches the maximum at four days after spraying, the residue of diuron in cotton leaves reaches the maximum at one day after second spraying. The thidiazuron and diuron residues are increased with spraying volume at rang of 17.6–29.0 L/ha. When the spraying volume is less than 17.6 L/ha, the residue of thidiazuron and diuron is reduced. The research results could provide a reference for further optimization of the spraying parameters of cotton defoliant by plant protection UAVs.

Effect of Instrumental Leaf Grade On HVI Micronaire Measurement In Commercial Cotton Bales

The high volume instrument (HVITM) instrumental leaf grade index has been accepted in both domestic and international cotton fiber trading. There is interest in how trash content in cotton samples impact the HVI measurements. In this investigation, HVI micronaire attribute was measured on commercial cotton bales representing instrumental leaf grade categories one to six, pre- and post- Shirley Analyzer (SA) cleaning process. The SA system was used since it is a traditional gravimetric cotton trash reference method, and also plays a role as a small-scale cotton trash cleaner. This study first examined the variations of five repeated HVI micronaire measurements within one pre-SA or post-SA cleaned cotton, and it revealed an insignificant effect of trash presence in high instrumental leaf grade cottons on HVI micronaire measurement repeatability. A comparison of HVI micronaire between pre-SA and post-SA cleaned cottons indicated a good agreement, suggesting minimal effect of cotton trash presence in commercial cottons on their HVI micronaire determination. Meanwhile, higher instrumental leaf grade cottons were observed to show lower micronaire values.

IMPACTS OF BALING PRESS AT GINS ON COTTON QUALITY

the performance of cotton baling press used (bale press type HUTA KROL model NP. 30) in Egyptian scutchers was evaluated. This bale press was determine the influence of bale weight (kg), bale volume (m³), bale density (kg/m³), bale press capacity (bale/h), power requirement (kw), total bale press cost requirement were investigated. Also, all of staple length 2.5%(mm), staple length 50%(mm), strength(g/tex), elongation (%), lint grade(degree) and trash content (%) were evaluated and tested at four levels of lint moisture content of 11.2, 9.8, 8.7 and 7.3% d.b, three levels of tramper strikes of 7, 10 and 14 stroke/bale and four levels of piston compressor of 1422, 1765, 2206 and 2600 N/cm². The obtained results show that, the highest value of bale weight and bale volume were 400 kg and 0.757m³, the highest value of bale density was 552.5 kg/m³ and the maximum value of productivity was 1400kg/h. also, minimum value of power required was 11.9kw and minimum value of total bale press cost requirement was 141L.E/h. On other hand, results found that studying the characteristics of lint cotton quality at bale press was clear that all the qualities were good to production bales of cotton press when moisture content was less than 11.2% d.b, and more than 7.3% d.b.

Elite Fiber Quality Germplasm Lines of Upland Cotton: TAM 11K‐13 ELSU, TAM 11T‐08 ELSU‐ESU, and TAM 11L‐24 LSU

Premium prices are paid to US upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producers based on the US Commodity Credit Cooperation loan value for cotton having micronaire values between 3.7 and 4.2, upper half mean length (UHML) of 27.0 mm or greater (depending on leaf trash content and color grade), fiber bundle strength (Str) equal to or greater than 290 kN m kg−1, and uniformity of fiber lengths greater than 82.0. Cotton produced in the United States is predominately exported, and international markets demand UHML of 27.8 mm. Since the severe drought and heat year of 2011, an increasing portion of upland cotton hectarage in Texas is grown without supplemental irrigation. The majority of US upland cotton is exported, and since lack of adequate moisture affects not only yield potential but also raw product quality, especially UHML and fiber maturity, breeders must continually improve fiber quality in order for the United States to remain competitive, especially under dryland culture. TAM 11K‐13 ELSU (Reg. No. GP‐1030, PI 684656), TAM 11T‐08 ELSU‐ESU (Reg. No. GP‐1032, PI 684658), and TAM 11L‐24 LSU (Reg. No. GP‐1031, PI 684657) possess the potential to produce cotton fibers with UHML greater than current cultivars adapted to Texas and equal to or exceeding the minimum requirement for pima grade 1, 34.9 mm. TAM 11T‐08 ELSU‐ESU produces raw cotton fibers with Str exceeding all current cultivars available to Texas producers. All three will produce UHML and Str that exceed the minimum requirements for nondiscount and/or premiums within the current marketing structure.

Influence of Mechanical Harvesting Process on Productivity and Quality of Cotton Fiber

The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of two different types of cotton pickers, namely the John Deere model 7260 and the Pamuk brand cotton harvesting machine model ptm2. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of four mean forward speeds of 1.32 ,1.66, 1.87, and 2.15 km h-1, three fiber moisture contents of 13.3, 10.8, and 8.7% d.b, and three inter-row spaces of 0.70, 0.76, and 0.85 m. on the picking losses, machine productivity, specific energy consumption and fiber physical properties. The results showed that the minimum values of the picking losses were 0.8 and 4.5 % for the John Deere and Pamuk cotton pickers respectively recorded at a forward speed of 1.32 km/h, a fiber moisture content of 10.8% d.b., and an inter-row spacing of 0.85 m. The maximum values of machine productivity of the John Deere and Pamuk cotton pickers were 2.1 and 0.995 Mg h-1, respectively, at a forward speed of 2.15 km h-1, a fiber moisture content of 10.8%, and an inter-row spacing of 0.76 m. The lowest values for the specific energy consumption were 23.07 and 30.69 kW h Mg-1 for the John Deere and Pamuk cotton pickers, respectively, at a forward speed of 2.15 km/h, a fiber moisture content of 8.7 % d.b., and an inter-row spacing of 0.85 m. Also, At a forward speed of 1.32 km/h, fiber moisture content of 13.3% and an inter-row spacing of 0.76 m. both cotton pickers achieved the maximum values of 2.5% span fiber length, 50 % span fiber length, fiber length uniformity ratio and reflectance and minimum values of seed cotton trash content and yellowness.

The relationship between instrumental leaf grade and Shirley Analyzer trash content in cotton lint

With the increasing acceptance of high volume instrument (HVI™) instrumental leaf grade index in both domestic and international trading, there is a continued interest in the relationship between instrumental leaf grade and equivalent trash gravimetric content (% percent by mass) from cotton customers and regulators. Due to the complexity of not only trash type, size, and its weight distribution but also the nature of HVI and gravimetric methods, it is an on-going challenge to examine such a relationship. In this study, the Shirley Analyzer (SA) was used to determine the gravimetric cotton trash in percent by mass (%). This system is the traditional cotton trash reference method that is still utilized as a routine tool in the cotton industry, despite being a destructive process that is both labor-intensive and time-consuming. This study first investigated the correlations between three SA trash readings ( SAvisible, SAinvisible, and SAtotal) and respective leaf grade categories, and it revealed a general trend of increasing SAvisible and SAtotal trash content with elevating leaf grade. Then, comparison of SAvisible trash content in the current study to that in separate studies indicated a good agreement for low leaf grade cottons (<4). Next, the principal component analysis of near infrared spectra from SAvisible trash portions revealed a different pattern in PC1 score between low leaf grade (1–4) and high leaf grade (5 and 6) SA visible trash remains, implying a general change of more leaf-related trash in low leaf grade cottons to more non-leaf-related trash in high leaf grade cottons.

Designing local solutions for emptying pit latrines in low-income urban settlements (Malawi)

A lack of effective options in local technology poses challenges when onsite household sanitation facilities are eventually filled to capacity in unplanned settlement areas within Mzuzu City, located in northern Malawi. Vacuum trucks currently dominate the market but focus on emptying septic tanks in the more easily accessible planned settlement areas, rather than servicing the pit latrines common in unplanned settlement areas. As a result, households in the unplanned settlement areas within Mzuzu rely primarily on manual pit emptying (i.e., shoveling by hand) or digging a new pit latrine. These practices have associated health risks and are limited by space constraints. This research focused on filling the technological gap through the design, development, and testing of a pedal powered modified Gulper pump using locally available materials and fabrication. A modified pedal powered Gulper technology was developed and demonstrated to be capable of lifting fecal sludge from a depth of 1.5 m with a mean flow rate of 0.00058 m3/s. If the trash content was low, a typical pit latrine with a volume of 1–4 m3 could be emptied within 1–2 h. Based on the findings in our research Phase IV, the pedal powered Gulper modification is promising as a potential emptying technology for lined pit latrines in unplanned settlement areas. The success rate of the technology is about 17% (5 out 30 sampled lined pit latrines were successful) and reflects the difficulty in finding a single technology that can work well in all types of pit latrines with varying contents. We note that cost should not be the only design criteria and acknowledge the challenge of handling trash in pit latrines.

Performance evaluation of knapsack type portable engine operated cotton picker

In India entire cotton is handpicked by human labour. It is not only a slow process but is extremely tedious work. Manual picking of cotton is labour intensive, requiring 1565 manhours per hectare. The knapsack cotton picker was required to suit one-man operator. It was tested in the laboratory in terms of fuel consumption, picking efficiency, trash content, pressure at the tip of pick-up pipe and pressure of the collection drum for speed of blower (2500, 3500, 4500 and 5500 rpm), diameter of pick-up pipe (20, 25 and 30 mm) and opening of blower bowl (50, 75 and 100 %). Fuel consumption (l/h), picking efficiency (%), trash content (%), pressure at the tip of pick-up pipe (kg/cm2) and pressure of the collection drum (kg/cm2) ranged from 0.72 to 1.31, 94.42 to 96.85, 8.16 to 11.33, 0.035 to 0.076 and 0.023 to 0.047, respectively. From the results laboratory performance the cotton picker was tested in the field at 5500 rpm of speed of blower, 25 mm diameter of pick-up pipe and 100 per cent opening of blower bowl. The mean fuel consumption (l/h), picking efficiency (%), trash content (%) and output capacity (kg/h) was 1.29, 96.47, 10.22 and 4.95, respectively for first and second picking. The cost of picking was 10.88 Rs. /kg when operated by kerosene. Saving in cost and time compared to conventional method was 12.96 per cent and 69.85 per cent, respectively.

Effect of trash content on the measurements of fiber quality in Egyptian cotton.

Effect of trash content on the measurements of fiber quality in Egyptian cotton.

Spindle Speed Optimization for Cotton Pickers

Abstract. There is concern that changes to the operating speed and size of spindles on cotton picker harvesters over the years have resulted in a general decrease in cotton fiber quality, especially spindle twists, preparation, and neps. Previous research showed that spindle speeds of 3000 and 4000 rpm had more detrimental effects on picker stalk loss, trash levels in seed cotton, and cotton fiber quality than a spindle speed of 2000 rpm. This study was conducted to check fiber quality effects between 2000 and 2800 rpm in order to further define the optimum spindle speed range. Field tests were conducted for the 2008 and 2009 crop years by the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southwestern Cotton Ginning Research Laboratory in Mesilla Park, New Mexico. Three cotton varieties were grown under furrow-irrigated conditions in southern New Mexico and harvested with a modified one-row cotton picker each year using a ground speed of 0.85 m s-1 (1.9 miles h-1) and spindle speeds of 2000, 2200, 2500, and 2800 rpm. The tests were replicated four times. No significant differences in stalk losses in the field were found. Significantly more trash was present in seed cotton picked with spindle speeds of 2200, 2500, and 2800 rpm than in seed cotton picked with a spindle speed of 2000 rpm. Differences in trash content were eliminated by seed cotton cleaning (same for all treatments). HVI classing data showed no significant differences among spindle speed treatments. Differences due to spindle speed for AFIS nep count, short fiber count, trash count, dust count, and seed coat nep count were non-significant at each of the four locations tested in the yarn preparation process. Results from open-end spinning tests, including opening and cleaning waste, total card waste, ends down, yarn strength, yarn elongation, neps, thick places, and thin places showed no significant differences due to spindle speed. Based on these results, the 2000 rpm spindle speed is optimal because trash in the seed cotton is reduced which reduces ginning costs; however; only minimal differences are present at spindle speeds up to 2800 rpm.