Trapping Model Research Articles

Evaluation of Musca domestica attractiveness for different baits in traps in milk production environments

This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of plastic bottle novel trap model for muscoids adults’ collection in dairy farms from Sinop, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, as well as evaluate the attractiveness of different baits for Musca domestica attraction. It was used four different baits. A total of 18,491 flies were collected in 30 days of study. The most efficient bait was made with fish viscera. These results show the efficiency of this novel model of proposed trap and a new destination for these packages.

A novel treatment of solute drag and solute trapping at a solid–liquid interface during rapid solidification of multicomponent alloys

AbstractIn response to the renewed interest in solute drag and solute trapping models fueled by their applications to additive manufacturing, a novel treatment is proposed to describe the diffusional behaviors of solute at a migrating solid–liquid interface during rapid solidification of multicomponent alloys. While the treatment is still built on irreversible thermodynamics and linear kinetic law, its novelty lies in breaking up the classical trans‐interface diffusional flux into two separate fluxes one is the transferred‐back flux with its ending point at the interface and the other is the bumping‐back flux with its starting point at the interface. This novel treatment entails three significant improvements in reference to the existing models. Firstly, it reveals that the degree of solute drag is dependent on the ratio of liquid diffusive speed over interface diffusive speed. Secondly, a novel relation between the distribution coefficient and interface velocity is derived. It amends the confusing behavior seen in Aziz’s without‐drag continuous growth model. Thirdly, the proposed treatment eliminates the need of prescribing the degree of solute drag parameter for the kinetic phase diagram calculation. The numerical solution to the proposed model is presented, and it is ready to be used for the kinetic phase diagram calculation.

Three-dimensional evaluation of the responses of two species of flies (Diptera) to an indoor light trap

Abstract We used the Photonic Fence Monitoring Device (PFMD) to evaluate orientation by Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to the Zevo Flying Insect Trap Model 3. The PFMD’s dual cameras record infrared light (IR) reflected from a wavelength-specific fabric; insects do not reflect IR at the same wavelength and are tracked in 3 dimensions as moving objects. The plug-in trap emits ultraviolet and blue light from behind an opaque shield; attracted insects enter the space between the shield and the wall and are trapped on a sticky cartridge facing the wall. An experiment (N = 10) with replicates of approximately 40, 1- to 7-day-old mixed-sex flies of each species was conducted in a 6.1 m3 arena. Prior to turning the trap on, the fly movement was not directed toward the trap on the back wall of the arena, regardless of whether the overhead light was on or off. When the overhead light was off, the mean first catch of both species occurred within 5 min after the trap was turned on, and 33.1% and 41.8% of M. domestica and C. vicina, respectively, were caught. House flies flew toward the trap, many approaching from below, while C. vicina apparently walked or flew outside the field of view of the PFMD until they appeared on the vertical reflective surface, and then walked toward the trap from all directions. Our results show that the Zevo Trap attracts and catches flies, and that the PFMD can be used to track flying and walking flies.

Steady and transient modeling of dye-sensitive solar cells: The impact of electrode thickness and dye specifications

Investigating the impact of dye compounds on cell performance is crucial for advancing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This research focuses on the sensitivity analysis of the effect of critical parameters to enhance DSSC efficiency using a thermo-electric numerical model. These parameters include dye types, trapping parameters, diffusion coefficients, and photoanode thickness. When the type of dye changes, in fact, both physical and chemical properties (molar absorption coefficient, etc.) Change, but to avoid the complexity of solving the equations and only to evaluate the effect of the absorption wavelength range on the cell performance only changes in physical properties are considered. The model calculates steady and transient currents under actual weather conditions and sunlight. It incorporates time/space-dependent relationships for increased accuracy and examines electron, iodide, and triiodide ion interactions under varying environmental conditions. Key concepts include the quasi-Fermi level and the multiple trap model, assuming that trapping processes are faster than electron transport and recombination. The results showed that increasing the trapping parameter can affect the transient current behavior, also increasing the thickness of the photoanode and the wavelength range of the dye increases the efficiency of the cell, so that the N749-BD provides the best performance. The findings provide insights into current–voltage characteristics, electron production, and the effects of photoanode thickness and dye types on cell performance, offering pathways for optimizing DSSC technology.

Disentangling the ecological value of tree hollows to wildlife along elevation gradients: The case of southern temperate forests

The ecological importance of tree hollows relies on environmental factors that influence microhabitat requirements for wildlife. Thus, the value of hollows as thermal microhabitats should increase with elevation, but understanding this phenomenon involves a separate assessment of hollow use and site occupancy. Here, we evaluated the use of tree hollows by vertebrates and invertebrates along elevational gradients in southern Chilean temperate forests. Camera trap and Bayesian models were used to analyze separately hollow use and site occupation. Four of seven invertebrate taxa and 21 of 25 vertebrate species used hollows. All lizard and mammal species (rodents, bats, kodkods, and opossums) were found using hollows, while 13 bird species (77 %) did it. The hollow occupation of only two species responded to elevation, with Chilean opossums being more likely to use hollows as elevation increased, while black-throated huet-huets exhibited the opposite pattern. Chucao and Magellanic tapaculos increased their occurrence probability as elevation increased while that of jewel and blue-bellied lizards increased with elevation. Giant bumblebees, austral thrushes, and Chilean opossums preferred hollows in evergreen (non-Nothofagaceae) tree species while huet-huets preferred hollows in Nothofagus trees. A strong positive association between hollow density and elevation was also found. These results suggest Chilean opossums benefit from using hollows at high altitudes due to their sensitivity to low temperatures while the lower availability of tree hollows at low altitudes causes black-throated huet-huets to be limited by hollows. Thus, wildlife conservation in these forests requires the maintenance of hollows in different tree species along elevational gradients.

The generalized method of separation of variables for diffusion-influenced reactions: Irreducible Cartesian tensor technique.

Motivated by the various applications of the trapping diffusion-influenced reaction theory in physics, chemistry, and biology, this paper deals with irreducible Cartesian tensor (ICT) technique within the scope of the generalized method of separation of variables (GMSV). We provide a survey from the basic concepts of the theory and highlight the distinctive features of our approach in contrast to similar techniques documented in the literature. The solution to the stationary diffusion equation under appropriate boundary conditions is represented as a series in terms of ICT. By means of proved translational addition theorem, we straightforwardly reduce the general boundary value diffusion problem for N spherical sinks to the corresponding resolving infinite set of linear algebraic equations with respect to the unknown tensor coefficients. These coefficients exhibit an explicit dependence on the arbitrary three-dimensional configurations of N sinks with different radii and surface reactivities. Our research contains all relevant mathematical details such as terminology, definitions, and geometrical structure, along with a step by step description of the GMSV algorithm with the ICT technique to solve the general diffusion boundary value problem within the scope of Smoluchowski's trapping model.

Variable-order fractional diffusion: Physical interpretation and simulation within the multiple trapping model

The physical interpretation of a variable-order fractional diffusion equation within the framework of the multiple trapping model is presented. This interpretation enables the development of a numerical Monte Carlo algorithm to solve the associated subdiffusion equation. An important feature of the model is variation in energy density of localized states, when the detailed balance condition between localized and mobile particles is satisfied. The variable order anomalous diffusion equations under consideration can be applied to the description of transient subdiffusion in inhomogeneous materials, the order of which depends on the considered spatial and/or time scale. Examples of numerical solutions for different situations are demonstrated. Considering variable-order fractional drift, we calculate and analyze the transient current curves of the time-of-flight method for samples with varying density of localized states.

Disorder-Induced Anomalous Mobility Enhancement in Confined Geometries.

Strong, scale-free disorder disrupts typical transport properties like the Stokes-Einstein relation and linear response, leading to anomalous diffusion observed in amorphous materials, glasses, living cells, and other systems. Our study reveals that the combination of scale-free quenched disorder and geometrical constraints induces unconventional single-particle mobility behavior. Specifically, in a two-dimensional channel with width w, under external drive, tighter geometrical constraints (smaller w) enhance mobility. We derive an explicit form of the response to an external force by utilizing the double-subordination approach for the quenched trap model. The observed mobility enhancement occurs in the low-temperature regime where the distribution of localization times is scale-free.

A Physics-Based Model for Slow Gate-Induced Electron Trapping in GaN HEMTs

A Physics-Based Model for Slow Gate-Induced Electron Trapping in GaN HEMTs

Binding Affinity Determination in Drug Design: Insights from Lock and Key, Induced Fit, Conformational Selection, and Inhibitor Trapping Models.

Binding affinity is a fundamental parameter in drug design, describing the strength of the interaction between a molecule and its target protein. Accurately predicting binding affinity is crucial for the rapid development of novel therapeutics, the prioritization of promising candidates, and the optimization of their properties through rational design strategies. Binding affinity is determined by the mechanism of recognition between proteins and ligands. Various models, including the lock and key, induced fit, and conformational selection, have been proposed to explain this recognition process. However, current computational strategies to predict binding affinity, which are based on these models, have yet to produce satisfactory results. This article explores the connection between binding affinity and these protein-ligand interaction models, highlighting that they offer an incomplete picture of the mechanism governing binding affinity. Specifically, current models primarily center on the binding of the ligand and do not address its dissociation. In this context, the concept of ligand trapping is introduced, which models the mechanisms of dissociation. When combined with the current models, this concept can provide a unified theoretical framework that may allow for the accurate determination of the ligands' binding affinity.

Are phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) really attracted to UV-light sources?

Phlebotomine sand flies are the sole confirmed vector of leishmaniosis, a group of endemic and re-emerging diseases in southern European countries such as Spain. Light traps are the major surveillance method currently being employed. Nevertheless, color light attraction by sand flies remains mostly unknown. Following prior research, the effect of UV-LED light sources, and its synergic effect with different color lights has been evaluated employing a modified Flebocollect (FC) light trap model. Results suggest that female Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies are more attracted to a FC trap lured with the combination of blue and UV LED light sources than commercial CDC (Center for Disease Control and prevention) traps (Bonferroni post-hoc test; p < 0.08; blue/UV mean = 0.50; CDC mean = 0.13), while the combination of red and UV modified-traps excel in capturing Sergentomyia minuta sand flies (Bonferroni post-hoc test; p < 0.04; blue/UV mean = 1.19; CDC mean = 0.66). However, based on our prior studies, incorporating UV light sources into sand fly traps does not seem to enhance their attractiveness, as it has not resulted in higher capture rates. These findings contribute to understanding how sand flies’ vision and light color detection is. Further research is recommended to standardize trap construction procedures and explore variations in different endemic regions according to different sand fly species.

Influence of extensional strike-slip fault systems on hydrocarbon accumulation: case studies from Huanghekoudong and Miaoxi’nan sub-sags

Extensional strike-slip basins have unique structural features that influence both sub-sags and traps. Despite previous investigations into the extension-strike-slip fault system, there remains a gap in the comprehensive analysis of its influence on sub-sag formation and trap development. The Huanghekoudong and Miaoxi’nan sub-sags within the Bohai Bay Basin, intersected by the Tan-Lu Fault Zone, offer exemplary cases for examining the interplay between strike-slip and extensional tectonic regimes. The neotectonic strike-slip movements along the Tan-Lu Fault Zone have given rise to various extensional strike-slip overlap zones in these sub-sags, rendering these locales ideal for investigating the dynamics of strike-slip and extensional tectonic processes. Employing three-dimensional seismic data, well logs, and a newly constructed sequence stratigraphic framework, our research delineates the geometric and kinematic phenomena characteristic of the extensional strike-slip fault system, including the dynamics of extensional fault deformation and interaction through time. By scrutinizing the fault system’s vital role in shaping sub-sag evolution and trap genesis, we present a comprehensive model that significantly contributes to our understanding of structural trapping dynamics. This model not only fine-tunes existing trapping models but also offers invaluable insights for future exploration strategies within the Bohai Bay Basin and other similar extensional strike-slip basins worldwide. Our findings highlight the novel and significant implications of the extensional strike-slip fault system in controlling sub-sag and trap features, thus bridging a notable gap in existing geotechnical knowledge.

Modeling of a linear ion trap with driving rectangular waveforms.

We consider the operation of a digital linear ion trap with resonant radial ejection. A sequence of rectangular voltage pulses with a dipole resonance signal is applied to the trap electrodes. The periodic waveform is piecewise constant, has zero mean, and is determined by an asymmetry parameter : one value is taken on interval and another on , where is the RF period. Ion mass scanning is performed by varying the asymmetry parameter and amplitude of the negative pulse part with time. The ion oscillation frequencies and acceptance of the linear trap are calculated. The dependence of the ion mass to charge ratio on the parameter is . The maximum value is about kDa for typical parameters of the linear trap: frequency 0.5 MHz, rod radius 4 mm, and negative pulse amplitude 1 kV. The dipolar excitation frequency is 0.125 MHz at which the LIT acceptance is maximal.

Mosquitex, a new tool for capturing Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae)

The species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) is of great importance for human health, as it is responsible for the transmission of viruses that can cause dengue, chikungunya, zika and urban yellow fever. The proposal of this study is to test the efficiency of a new trap model in capturing and trapping Ae. aegypti based on favoring the insect's ecology. This trap model was analyzed regarding the attractiveness for egg-laying, and the trapping of larvae and consequently the adults. The tests were carried out using white traps (original version) and black traps (adapted from the original), both in field and laboratory conditions. In the field, the black traps showed 100% effectiveness compared to white traps, showing more positive results for the attractiveness of Ae. aegypti mosquito and adult imprisonment. According to the results for this trap model, from both test in the field and in the laboratory, it was concluded that this new product is effective in capturing Ae. aegypti and it guarantees mosquito trapping safety, also low-cost production, practicality, logistics and possibility of its use by the local population. After the validation and effectiveness of the trap “drinking-fountain like”, the definitive trap called Mosquitex was developed, which is brand new for this mosquito, with patent registration INPI - BR2020190112226 - 2019, and with the possibility of assisting in the control and monitoring of Ae. aegypti in urban areas.

Fractional multiple trapping model of time-of-flight transient photocurrents in amorphous semiconductors

Fractional multiple trapping model of time-of-flight transient photocurrents in amorphous semiconductors

Fractional multiple trapping model of time-of-flight transient photocurrents in amorphous semiconductors

Модель многократного захвата оказалась весьма эффективной для понимания переноса неравновесных носителей заряда в аморфных полупроводниках. При определенных условиях эта модель описывается аномальными уравнениями диффузии с производными дробного порядка по времени. Это свидетельствует о полезности модели многократного захвата при интерпретации уравнений переноса дробного порядка, задании начальных и граничных условий и разработке численных методов решения кинетических уравнений дробного порядка. Представлен краткий обзор применения уравнений многократного захвата дробного порядка во времяпролетных экспериментах. Этот метод позволяет лучше понять связь между моделью многократного захвата и обобщенными кинетическими уравнениями дробного порядка. Найдены аналитические приближенные решения уравнения диффузии дробного порядка, включающего в себя многократный захват и преобразование Лапласа. Этот метод можно использовать для анализа пре- и постпролетных режимов переходного тока в аморфных полупроводниках с либо недисперсионным, либо дисперсионным переносом. Эффективность метода проиллюстрирована численным моделированием переходного тока с использованием обратного преобразования Лапласа и аппроксимации Паде. Результаты расчета хорошо согласуются с экспериментальными данными для тонких пленок аморфного селена. Полученные результаты открывают многообещающую перспективу. Во-первых, использование дробного исчисления для решения уравнений многократного захвата является новым по сравнению с имеющимися в литературе подходами и дает основания для включения в дробное исчисление эффектов памяти, когда на решение влияют предыдущие временны́е шаги. Во-вторых, численные результаты демонстрируют хорошее согласие с экспериментальными данными. Таким образом, дробное исчисление может помочь получить новые знания о поведении носителей заряда в аморфных полупроводниках.

Diel vibrational activity of Halyomorpha halys and its implications for enhancing bimodal traps

AbstractThe brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive insect pest that has caused significant economic losses in a myriad of agricultural crops in Europe and the USA. The communication as well as the control of this pest largely rely on semiochemicals (e.g., pheromones) and semiophysicals (e.g., substrate‐borne vibrations). Nevertheless, the nocturnal activity of H. halys is still largely unknown. In the present study, the diel vibrational communication of H. halys was investigated in controlled laboratory and semi‐field conditions. Moreover, the relevance of this ecological trait for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies was assessed by extending playback periods of bimodal (i.e., pheromones + vibrational playbacks) traps to 24 h, and comparing it to the current trap model (solar panel, about 12 h of playback) and a control (no playback, only pheromone). We found that H. halys did not exhibit discernible differences of vibrational activity between photophase and scotophase, with the exception of signal type 2 that in laboratory conditions was predominately emitted within nocturnal and morning hours (i.e., 20:00–12:00). Additionally, the calling activity was negatively affected by warmer (&gt;32 °C) and windier (&gt;7 m s−1) conditions in semi‐field settings. Bimodal traps that were power‐supplied for 24 h captured significantly more males than the other groups, and more females than the control group. Results suggest that the nocturnal vibrational activity of H. halys should be accounted for within IPM strategies by activating the bimodal traps also during the scotophase.

Understanding the trap-induced frequency dispersion in the C–V curve of AlGaN/GaN hetero-structure

This article investigates the trapping mechanism in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. For our study, the traps within the AlGaN layer are introduced at the interface and near the interface of AlGaN/GaN, in the SILVACO TCAD tool. Frequency-dependent capacitance-Voltage (CVF) curves are obtained to study the impact of traps on device performance. From the CVF curve, it is found that the existence of interface traps introduces a shift in capacitance along the gate voltage axis. These traps introduce the threshold voltage ( VTH ) shift. Furthermore, a detailed study of near-interface traps (NITs) is done based on tunneling mechanisms. For our investigation, the NITs are positioned at 0.5 nm, 1 nm, and 1.5 nm away from the AlGaN/GaN interface. The response of the NITs reduces the capacitance value in the accumulation region. The response of the NITs is explained through the capacitance charge model and border trap model. For NITs placed 0.5 nm away from the interface, the frequency dispersion in the accumulation region becomes evident. On the contrary, the dispersion reduces significantly, as the NITs goes deeper upto 1.5 nm. The results indicate that the NITs nearer to the interface respond to high frequencies. Further, the temperature dependent capacitance–voltage analysis is done for both interface and NITs, to understand the effect of temperature on frequency dispersion.

Modeling of Charge-to-Breakdown with an Electron Trapping Model for Analysis of Thermal Gate Oxide Failure Mechanism in SiC Power MOSFETs.

The failure mechanism of thermal gate oxide in silicon carbide (SiC) power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), whether it is field-driven breakdown or charge-driven breakdown, has always been a controversial topic. Previous studies have demonstrated that the failure time of thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO2) on SiC stressed with a constant voltage is indicated as charge driven rather than field driven through the observation of Weibull Slope β. Considering the importance of the accurate failure mechanism for the thermal gate oxide lifetime prediction model of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), charge-driven breakdown needs to be further fundamentally justified. In this work, the charge-to-breakdown (QBD) of the thermal gate oxide in a type of commercial planar SiC power MOSFETs, under the constant current stress (CCS), constant voltage stress (CVS), and pulsed voltage stress (PVS) are extracted, respectively. A mathematical electron trapping model in thermal SiO2 grown on single crystal silicon (Si) under CCS, which was proposed by M. Liang et al., is proven to work equally well with thermal SiO2 grown on SiC and used to deduce the QBD model of the device under test (DUT). Compared with the QBD obtained under the three stress conditions, the charge-driven breakdown mechanism is validated in the thermal gate oxide of SiC power MOSFETs.

Heat kernel fluctuations and quantitative homogenization for the one-dimensional Bouchaud trap model

We present on-diagonal heat kernel estimates and quantitative homogenization statements for the one-dimensional Bouchaud trap model. The heat kernel estimates are obtained using standard techniques, with key inputs coming from a careful analysis of the volume growth of the invariant measure of the process under study. As for the quantitative homogenization results, these include both quenched and annealed Berry–Esseen-type theorems, as well as a quantitative quenched local limit theorem. Whilst the model we study here is a particularly simple example of a random walk in a random environment, we believe the roadmap we provide for establishing the latter result in particular will be useful for deriving quantitative local limit theorems in other, more challenging, settings.