Transverse Width Research Articles

Quantitative Assessment of Condylar Remodeling After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation in Mandibular Condylar Head Fractures.

Open reduction and internal fixation (OR/IF) and closed treatments are viable options, with OR/IF gaining popularity in mandibular condylar head fracture (CHF). Sufficient research is lacking on long-term condylar morphologic changes. This study quantitatively evaluated the morphologic changes in the condylar head in patients who underwent OR/IF for CHF without the removal of osteosynthesis material. A retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent OR/IF for CHF between November 2010 and August 2022. The transverse/lateral condyle width and condyle height were radiologically analyzed using panoramic and reverse Towne view x-ray images at immediate (T0), short-term (T1), and long-term (T2) postoperative periods. The study involved 29 patients with 32 surgically treated CHF. Long-term condyle height decreased significantly from 18.9±0.8mm at T0 to 18.1±0.8mm at T1 (P=0.042), and further to 17.3±0.7mm at T2 (P=0.034). Transverse width slightly reduced from 18.7±0.7mm at T0 to 17.9±0.8mm at T1 (P=0.001) but remained stable from T1 to T2 (17.6±1.0mm, P=0.756). Following surgery, maximal mouth opening averaged 39.5±6.1mm, with one case of chin deviation and three cases of joint pain. The condyle undergoes long-term shortening without altering its width. Nevertheless, patients experience favorable functional outcomes, including satisfactory mouth opening and occlusion. In addition, it is advisable not to remove the osteosynthesis material, as the remaining material causes minimal functional impairment and bone resorption.

Changes in Foot Width in Minimally Invasive Bunionectomy.

Minimally invasive bunionectomy (MISB) has emerged as a popular approach to treat symptomatic hallux valgus deformity. Although previous studies focused on distal foot width changes postsurgery, this research introduces a novel midshaft measurement to evaluate proximal transverse midfoot width, aiming for a comprehensive understanding of foot changes post-MISB. A retrospective review of 44 HV patients from an institutional registry was conducted. Demographic data, surgical details, radiographs, and foot width measurements were collected. Changes in hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were also measured. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) demonstrated good to excellent interobserver reliability (all ICCs > 0.70) for all measurements. MISB resulted in a consistent reduction in distal foot width (P < .001). These reductions correlated with changes in HVA and IMA, suggesting that the extent of deformity correction influenced distal foot width: distal bone width decreased an average of 8 mm, P < .001). However, midshaft bony width increased an average of 4 mm, P < .001). Changes in midshaft foot width showed no correlation with HVA or IMA alterations. We found in this cohort of 44 patients that MISB for HV leads to an expected decrease in distal bony foot width but, on average, an increase in midshaft foot width.

Craniofacial Morphology and Knowledge of the Stability in Class III Malocclusion Growing Subjects

Introduction: to investigate the palatal and craniofacial relationship in Class III growing patients between successful and failed treated groups. Methods: Thirty-one patients treated with RME/FM/BB were enrolled (inclusion criteria: Caucasian ancestry, III Class malocclusion, maturation stage CS1-CS2, mixed dentition). Digital cast and cephalometric analysis were performed on pre-treatment and post-treatment records. Statistical analysis and a discriminant analysis was performed. GMM was used on digital dental casts with Procrustes analysis to assess the covariation between palatal and craniofacial morphology. Two groups (relapse, R, 19 and success S, 12) were identified. Results: R group showed a greater maxillary-anterior transversal width at T0. At T1 R showed a shorter maxillary-anterior length than S. A larger maxillary-anterior and posterior-transversal widths was found in both groups. S had greater maxillary-anterior and posterior-sagittal length. A larger mandibular-anterior and posterior-transversal widths was shown in R, while S showed no differences in mandibula. Maxillary-anterior and maxillary-posterior length were two predictive variables found by discriminant analysis. The PC1 showed significant changes in the palatal morphology and revealed differences for the craniofacial vertical components. Palatal and craniofacial shapes showed a significant covariation, linking the palatal width to skeletal divergence. Discussion: In Class III malocclusion increases in vertical divergence are correlated with a higher palatal vault and narrower width. A wider and shorter maxillary morphology could be a relapse factor for Class III orthopedic treatment, while the lack of mandibular modification could be predisposing for treatment success.

Experimental Determination of the Transverse Width and Position of the Virtual Images Produced by Thin Lenses and a Plane Mirror with Smartphone Photography

Experimental Determination of the Transverse Width and Position of the Virtual Images Produced by Thin Lenses and a Plane Mirror with Smartphone Photography

Intermittency analysis of charged particles generated in Xe-Xe~collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 5.44 TeV using the AMPT model

The multiplicity fluctuations are sensitive to QCD phase transition and to the presence of critical point in QCD phase diagram. At critical point a system undergoing phase transition is characterized by large fluctuations in the observables which is an important tool to understand the dynamics of particle production in heavy-ion interactions and phase changes. Multiplicity fluctuations of produced particles is an important observable to characterize the evolving system. Using scaling exponent obtained from the normalized factorial moments of the number of charged hadrons in the two dimensional (\eta,\phiη,ϕ) phase space, one can learn about the dynamics of system created in these collisions. Events generated using Xe-Xe collisions at $ = 5.44 $ TeV with string-melting (SM) version of the AMPT model are analyzed and the scaling exponent (\nu)(ν) for various p_TpT intervals is determined. It is observed that the calculated value of \nuν is larger than the universal value 1.304, as is obtained from Ginzburg-Landau theory for second order phase transition. Here we will also present the results of the dependence of the scaling exponent on the transverse momentum bin width.

Utility of Adult-Based Discoid Lateral Meniscus Diagnostic Criteria in a Pediatric Population.

Commonly cited discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) imaging definitions are based on adult magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements. This pathology commonly presents in pediatric populations; however, whether accepted adult measurements reliably apply to children and adolescents is unknown. This purposes of the study were to determine (1) the utility of applying adult-accepted MRI definitions of DLM to pediatric patients, (2) whether sex differences affect the applicability of the criteria, and (3) whether MRI magnet strength and/or tear presence affect MRI measurements for diagnosing DLM in pediatric patients. It was hypothesized that MRI criteria for DLM would be similar in adults and pediatric patients. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A total of 100 consecutive MRIs from pediatric patients with DLM were evaluated, with 91 scans included. Two study authors independently reviewed the MRIs, evaluating meniscal height and width on sagittal and coronal images, "bow tie signs" on sagittal images, tibial sagittal and coronal width, and tear presence. For analysis, MRI magnet strength was dichotomized into high (>1.5 T) and low (<1.5 T) groups. The mean age of the patients at MRI evaluation was 12.3 ± 3.4 years; 51% of the patients were male, and 56% of the scans were of left knees. Included patients with DLM showed a mean of 3.68 bow tie signs, a sagittal total anterior to posterior meniscal width/tibial width ratio of 73%, a coronal meniscal width/tibial width ratio of 30%, and a coronal, transverse width of the lateral meniscus at the midportion of the meniscal body of 20.6 ± 7.7 mm. The MRI tesla strength of the images included in this study ranged from 0.3 to 3. It was determined that high- versus low-resolution MRI scans did not affect the inter- or intraobserver reliability of the MRI measurments (P > .05). However, several measurements showed improved intraclass correlation coefficients with increased tesla strength. This study confirms that pediatric patients with DLM, diagnosed by board-certified pediatric sports medicine orthopaedic surgeons, have measurements on MRI consistent with adult DLM diagnostic criteria. This finding held true regardless of sex or MRI tesla strength. Pediatric patients with DLM had >3 bow tie signs, >70% sagittal tibial plateau coverage, >14 mm coronal width, and >20% coronal tibial plateau coverage on MRI.

Analysis of the Thigh Aesthetic Profiles: One of Physical Ideal Body Proportions

BackgroundThe contour of the thigh is increasingly being recognized as crucial component of the ideal human physique, giving rise to heightened interest in attaining the perfect thigh profile. Notwithstanding, the contemporary landscape of cosmetic surgery appears to be bereft of efficient and precise objective methodologies to evaluate the outcomes of thigh contouring treatments. The present study is aimed to investigate the aesthetic appeal of varying thigh contours, employing specialized software as an indispensable instrument for quantitative and qualitative analysis.MethodsStandardized photographs of the lower body were obtained from a sample of 200 healthy volunteers. A linear analysis was conducted, examining aspects such as the vertical length and transvers width of the thigh, as well as angular measurements including the posterior gluteal angle (PGA) and lateral angle thigh (LAT). Variables relating to thigh measurements and body mass index (BMI) were documented, with the relationships between them ascertained through Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis.ResultsIn males, the LAT was measured at 168 ± 3.9, and the PGA at 170 ± 3.4, while in females, these measurements were 166 ± 2.8 ve 166 ± 2.8, respectively. Linear analyses, including the vertical length of thigh (VLT), transverse width of thigh (TWT), lateral width (LW), and posterior width (PW), were conducted. Based on the LW inferior/LW superior ratio values, the most commonly observed thigh types were Type III (0.90) at 45% and Type II (0.85) at 24.75% while the least common was Type V at 4% (0.99). PW inferior/PW superior was 84.7%. The PWI/PWS ratio was highest for Type V, at 0.99, accounting for 84.70% of the total. Furthermore, an increase in the LWI/LWS ratio leads to an increase in the PWI/PWS ratio. The frequency of the VLT/TW1 ratio 0.31-0.35 (Type 3) was found to be on the left side and Type 4 on the right side. A strong correlation was found between BMI and all thigh indexes, with a significant positive correlation between the index and factors tied to the buttocks and upper thigh.ConclusionsThe concept of an ideal thigh may vary based on an individual’s gender, race, country of residence, and self-esteem, aiming to achieve a more natural silhouette. Focusing on the different ratios of hip and thigh varieties in the study is quite intriguing. Further inquiry and rigorous exploration are warranted to delineate the optimal techniques and methodologies for attaining ideal thigh proportions.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Ocular biometry in rabbits using computed tomography.

To describe a repeatable method of measuring ocular structures and to establish ocular biometry reference ranges in adult domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) without medical history or imaging findings consistent with ophthalmic disease using a 64-slice multidetector computed tomography scanner. In this retrospective and observational anatomic study, 100 eyes from 50 rabbits without medical history or imaging findings consistent with ophthalmic disease who received a head computed tomography scan were selected for measurement of globe length, width, and height using 3D multiplanar reconstruction. Lens width and length, the anteroposterior length of the anterior and vitreous chambers, and attenuation of the lens and vitreous chamber were collected. These parameters were compared against age, sex, weight, body condition, and ear conformation. A reference guide was established, with globe width being the largest dimension (18.03 ± 0.81 mm), followed by height (17.18 ± 0.69 mm) and then length (16.64 ± 0.66 mm). Increased weight was associated with an increase in globe height (p = 2.43 × 10-5 ), length (p = 1.63 × 10-4 ), and width (p = 7.0 × 10-3 ). Increased age was associated with increased lens attenuation (p = 1.28 × 10-7 ) and increased transverse lens width (p = 1.64 × 10-3 ). Inter- and intra-observer agreement was excellent. CT is a reliable modality for measurement of ocular biometry dimensions in rabbits. These reference values can be applied to aid in identifying diseases that affect the dimensions of the ocular structures in rabbits over 18 months of age.

Comparison between basal arch width in normal occlusions and class Ⅱ malocclusions by using cone-beam computed tomography

ObjectiveThe purpose of this research was to investigate the measurements of maxillary and mandibular basal arch width in male and female with normal occlusion, and to compare dental arch width difference between normal occlusion and ClassⅡ malocclusion groups could be helpful in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. MethodsCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from 133 individuals (76 males and 57 females) with normal occlusion and 64 (25 males and 39 females) with skeletal Class II malocclusions were evaluated. The distances between canines, first molars (basal arch widths: BAW) and second molars were measured from CRs (center of resistance) of the teeth and the projection of first molars on buccal bones (WALA distance) were measured. ResultsThere were significant differences in male and female maxillary and mandibular dental transverse widths. The normal range of the maxilla and mandible basal bone widths differences were −2 mm–2 mm (−0.05 ± 2.17 mm). The normal occlusion and Class Ⅱ groups exhibited significant differences in the width of the intercanine and first molars. Sella-nasion-A point angle (SNA) and Sella-nasion-B point angle (SNB) in the Class Ⅱ male group were positively correlated with the width between the maxillary canines. For individuals with normal occlusions, the width of the mandible at the second molar was greater than that of the maxilla, so more attention should be paid to the width of the second molar when considering clinical treatment. ConclusionMeasuring the width of the maxilla and mandible basal bones from the resistance center of the first molar was a feasible and repeatable method can be used in clinical practice. The data could serve as a reference for orthodontic treatment planning. More consideration should be paid to the horizontal dental problems of the treatment plan for Class Ⅱ patients. And the width of the mandible at the second molar was greater than that of the maxilla, so more attention should be paid during treatment.

Consistent Reconstruction of Sacrococcygeal Pressure Ulcers using Modification of En Bloc Sliding Gluteus Maximus Myocutaneous Flap Technique

Background: The en bloc sliding gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap was introduced to preserve the vasculature, muscular integrity, sensory innervation, and normal gluteal contour with a midline scar in sacrococcygeal pressure ulcer reconstruction. However, its critical disadvantages include incomplete detachment of the origin of the gluteus maximus and central tension of the closed wound due to round ulcer excision. Therefore, we reviewed the surgical anatomy and applied modifications to achieve sufficient flap mobilization and to decrease complications.Methods: After fusiform or rocket-shaped ulcer excision, submuscular flap elevation was initiated by completely detaching the origin of the gluteus maximus, including the posterior iliac crest, followed by comprehensive lateral submuscular dissection in the gluteal space while preserving the neurovascular pedicles. Bony protrusions were tangentially resected from the lower sacrum and upper coccyx. After en bloc medial advancement of the bilateral flaps, defects were closed in layers, with muscle ligament fixation at the midline.Results: Twenty-nine patients underwent surgery for sacrococcygeal pressure ulcers (primary, n=22; recurrent, n=7). Transverse width of the excised ulcers was 5–12 cm (final defect, 7–15 cm). During the follow-up period (6 months to 7 years), no early postoperative complications or late aesthetic or functional discomfort occurred; however, intermittent skin sloughing occurred in four cases and one coccygeal sore recurrence occurred. The recurrent ulcer was treated using the same surgical method, with no recurrence after 2 years.Conclusion: This modification can be successfully used for the reconstruction of primary and recurrent sacrococcygeal pressure ulcers.

Evaluating anchorage loss in upper incisors during distalization of maxillary posterior teeth using clear aligners in adult patients: A prospective randomized study.

: To evaluate the effect of clear aligner treatment and differential sequence distalization of maxillary posterior teeth on anchorage loss in the upper incisors (U1s). : This study used lateral cephalometries and digital models of 12 patients treated with 33% sequential distalization (group 1, mean age: 22.9 ± 0.7 years, five males, seven females) and 12 treated with 50% sequential distalization (group 2, mean age: 25.83 ± 0.5 years, three males, nine females) acquired before and after distalization of upper second premolars (U5) and upper first molars (U6) and upper second molars (U7). The amount of distalization was determined as 2.5 mm in both the groups. Independent Samples t test was used to compare normally distributed parameters. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare parameters that were not normally distributed. : In both groups, the posterior teeth significantly moved by tipping distally and the U1s were displaced anteriorly. Increase in maxillary posterior transverse width (P < 0.001) and distopalatal rotation were observed in U5, U6, and U7 after distalization. It was also observed that U1 was significantly more proclined (1.82°; P < 0.001) and protruded (0.62 mm; P < 0.001), and the overjet (0.45 mm; P < 0.001) increased more in group 1 than in group 2. : After sequential distalization of maxillary posterior teeth, more anchorage loss was observed in the anterior region in group 1 than in group 2.

Self‐organization of plasma edge turbulence in interaction with recycling neutrals

AbstractExperimental results from several tokamaks suggest a strong impact of divertor density regimes on turbulent transport in the edge plasma. Reciprocally, the change in transverse transport and SOL width affects the access to density regimes, making it a fundamental topic for heat exhaust issue. Such phenomenology is highly nonlinear and can only be approached quantitatively using numerical simulations treating turbulence and neutrals recycling physics self‐consistently. In this study, the SOLEDGE3X edge multi‐fluid code is used to investigate the mutual interaction between edge plasma turbulence and neutrals recycling. A fluid neutrals model based on the assumption of a charge‐exchange‐dominated plasma‐neutral interaction has been implemented. Two simulations in circular geometry are compared: one without neutrals, where the particle flux is driven by a constant in flux from the core region, and the other one with neutrals recycling included in which the particle input to the system is self‐consistently injected by a gas puff from the midplane. The presence of the neutrals triggers three types of perturbations on the plasma: a local and non‐axisymmetric one driven by the gas puff, a global perturbation affecting both profiles and turbulence properties in the whole domain, and a local one in the vicinity of the limiter where recycling occurs. The largest effect of the inclusion of self‐consistent neutrals recycling is a large‐scale reorganization of the plasma profiles and turbulence properties due to the dissociation of particle and energy fluxes. These effects are expected to be more important at higher densities regimes or in diverted configuration.

Atomic soliton transmission and induced collapse in scattering from a narrow barrier

We report systematic numerical simulations of the collision of a bright matter-wave soliton made of Bose-condensed alkali-metal atoms through a narrow potential barrier by using the three-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation. In this way, we determine how the transmission coefficient depends on the soliton impact velocity and the barrier height. Quite remarkably, we also obtain the regions of parameters where there is the collapse of the bright soliton induced by the collision. We compare these three-dimensional results with the ones obtained by three different one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations. We find that a specifically modified nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation is able to accurately assess the transmission coefficient even in a region in which the usual nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation collapses. In particular, this simplified but very effective one-dimensional model takes into account the transverse width dynamics of the soliton with an ordinary differential equation coupled to the partial differential equation of the axial wave function of the Bose–Einstein condensate.

Clinical predictors of syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with chiari-like malformation based on owners’ observations

BackgroundSyringomyelia (SM) is a prevalent inherited developmental condition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with Chiari-like malformation (CM), accompanied by a variety of clinical manifestations, including signs of neuropathic pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard in SM diagnosis. However, it is desirable to establish clinical predictors that can identify CKCSs with a large clinical syrinx that needs treatment, as some owners cannot afford or lack access to MRI. The aims of the study were to investigate owner-reported clinical signs of SM and clinical predictors of a large clinical syrinx, using predictive values of significant signs, individually and in combinations. Eighty-nine CKCSs participated in this retrospective study. Based on MRI diagnosis, dogs were distributed into three groups: CM without syrinx or with a maximum transverse width < 2 mm (n = 13), CM with small syrinx 2.00-3.99 mm (n = 26) and CM with large syrinx ≥4 mm (n = 50). A structured investigator-owner interview using a standardized questionnaire was used to collect data regarding clinical signs of CM and SM. The statistical tests Pearson’s chi-square, Fisher’s Exact and Spearman’s rank order were used to assess the difference in owner-reported signs between groups. For signs with significant differences, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated.ResultsFollowing clinical signs were reported significantly more frequent in dogs with a large syrinx: phantom scratching, bilateral scratching of the neck or shoulder, aversion when that area is touched, or exacerbation of clinical signs when the dog is emotionally aroused. Each individual sign had a high PPV, indicative of a large clinical syrinx. The PPV increased further when the signs phantom scratching, aversion to touch to the head, neck or shoulder, and a preferred head posture during sleep were present in combination.ConclusionsSpecific clinical signs can be used individually and in combination as clinical predictors of a large clinical syrinx in CKCSs with CM and SM. General practitioners can utilize this information to identify CKCSs with a large syrinx to initiate necessary treatment. This is particularly useful in cases where access to or affordability of an MRI diagnosis is limited.

Distribution of intensity and M2 factor for a partially coherent flat-topped beam in bidirectional turbulent atmosphere and plasma connection

This study investigates the bidirectional transmission of a partially coherent flat-topped beam in a turbulent atmosphere and plasma. Analytical formulas for the intensity distribution and M2 factor are derived based on the optical transmission matrix, Collins formula, and second moment theory with Wigner distribution function. Numerical results show that the beam order and transverse spatial coherence width can be selected appropriately to mitigate turbulence and plasma induced evolution properties. The partially coherent flat-topped beam propagation through a turbulent atmosphere and plasma of the forward transmission effect on the intensity distribution and M2 factor are smaller than that of the reverse transmission. Under the same conditions, the M2 factor of a partially coherent flat-topped beam is smaller than the Gaussian beam in bidirectional transmission. Our results can be used in long-distance free-space optical communications.

Comparative analysis of the linear dimensions of the ovary, determined using sonography, in an age aspect

Aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the linear size of the right and left ovaries, determined using sonography in women in adolescence, the elderly, and old age.Material and methods. The study was based on the results of ultrasound examination of 84 women with normal pelvic dimensions who were examined at the gynecology department of the Perm Krai Clinical Hospital during the period 2021–2022 in order to exclude probable pathology of the reproductive system. Measurement of longitudinal (length), transverse (width), and anteroposterior (thickness) dimensions of the ovary was performed using transvaginal access. Women were divided into three groups: the first consisted of 28 adolescents (16 to 20 years old), the second – 29 elderly persons (56 to 74 years old), the third – 27 seniors (75 to 85 years old).Results. When comparing the indicators of ovarian size, their statistically significant decrease by old age was revealed. Right ovary length from adolescence to the old age decreased by 20.56 % (p &lt; 0.01), left – by 28.62 % (p &lt; 0.01). Right ovarian width becomes smaller by 20.87 % (p &lt; 0.01) in elderly age and by 26 % (p &lt; 0.01) in senile age, left – by 20.8 % (p &lt; 0.01) and by 28.32 % (p &lt; 0.01), respectively, the anteroposterior dimension of the right ovary – by 23.2 % (p &lt; 0.01) and by 38.8 % (p &lt; 0.01), of the left ovary – by 31.19 % (p &lt; 0.01) and by 39 % (p &lt; 0.01), respectively.Conclusions. The results obtained allow us to expand our understanding of the features of the age-related structure of the ovaries and further continue their detailed study, since new knowledge is needed to develop modern methods for the prevention of pathology of the female reproductive system and the timely provision of quality medical care.

Morphometric Analysis of Distal End of Dry Human Radius in Northern India and Its Clinical Implications in Relation to Wrist Joint and Inferior Radioulnar Joint Arthroplasty: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The lower end of the radius is involved in the formation of the wrist joint and inferior radioulnar joint. Its morphometry is crucial for surgical procedures related to wrist arthroplasty. Aim: To measure the various morphometric parameters of the distal end of the radius and the distal articular surface of the radius. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, from April 2023 to July 2023. The following parameters were measured: Length (LR) and Weight of Radius (WR), Length of Styloid Process (L-SP), Anteroposterior Length (APL-UN), Height (H-UN) and Depth (D-UN) of Ulnar Notch, Transverse Width (TW-DR), Oblique Width (OW-DR) and Anteroposterior Diameter (APD- DR) of the Distal Radius, Dorsal Tubercle Distance from the styloid process (DTD-SP) and from the Ulnar Notch (DTD-UN), Anteroposterior Length (APL-SF) and Transverse Length (TL- SF) of Scaphoid Facet, Anteroposterior Length (APL-LF) and Transverse Length (TL-LF) of Lunate Facet, Radial Inclination (RI) and Palmar Tilt (PT). Statistical analysis was performed using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. The values of the right and left sides were compared with a Student’s t-test. Results: Various morphometric parameters were measured on 80 dry adult radii (44 right and 36 left). The mean LR was 23.27±2 cm, WR was 39.24±9.84 gm, and L-SP was 10.9±2.40 mm. APL-UN, H-UN and D-UN were 14.29±1.80 mm, 7.75±2.07 mm and 1.68±0.63 mm, respectively. TW-DR, OW-DR and APD-DR of the distal end of the radius were 27.22±3.55 mm, 29.17±3.09 mm and 18.29±2.36 mm, respectively. The mean DTD-SP and DTD-UN were 20.66±2.40 mm and 16.29±2.53 mm, respectively. Mean values of the scaphoid facet and lunate facet were 11.75±1.44 mm (APL-SF), 15.16±2.165 mm (TL-SF), and 15.96±1.92 mm (APL-LF), 10.20±1.52 mm (TL-LF), respectively. The mean angles of RI and PT were 24.48±5.06˚ and 10.91±3.179˚, respectively. No significant difference was found between the right and left side values (p-value&gt;0.05). Among the 80 radii, 43.8% had four grooves, 42.5% had three grooves, and 13.8% had only two grooves present on the dorsal surface of the lower end of the radius. Out of 262 observed grooves in 80 radii, 50 (19.09%) were vertical and 212 (80.91%) were oblique. The groove medial to the dorsal tubercle was oblique in 70 (87.5%) radii and vertical in 10 (12.5%) radii. A highly positive correlation was found between the oblique and transverse width of the distal radius (r-value=0.74 and p-value=0.01). Conclusion: The present study found no significant difference between the values of the right and left sides. The parameters identified may assist surgeons in selecting the appropriate size of the prosthesis or in corrective surgeries related to the lower end of the radius.

Research on Meso‐Damage Experiment and Simulation in the Anchorage Bonding Interface Between Rock Bolt and Rock Mass

Anchorage failure occurs mostly at the anchorage interface, and the mechanical mechanism of the anchorage interface is the key point and difficulty in the analysis and research of anchorage. In order to study the mechanics and failure mechanism of the anchorage interface, the shear failure characteristics of the anchorage interface and the deformation rule of the anchored rock under different rib spacings were analyzed through the indoor plane anchorage pull‐out test. Reasonable rib spacing can significantly improve the shear strength of the anchored solid. Finite element software ABAQUS was used to create an axisymmetric plane model of rock bolt pull‐out under different rib conditions to simulate the whole process of rock bolt pull‐out and anchorage interface failure. The results show that during the pull‐out process of anchorage rock mass, stress concentration zones occur at rib corners, and peak shear stress moves to the depths of the anchorage section. As the load increases, cracks emerge from the top of the rib and the edge of the rib angle of the rock bolt and propagate to the deep anchorage along the edge of the costal angle, resulting in damage at the rock mass interface. Load–displacement curves of different transverse rib shapes, heights, widths, and spacings indicate that rib changes affect the anchor‐bearing limit. The anchoring failure mode changes from rib wear and spreading slip, rib shear convex body propagation to interfacial crack propagation, and rib causes varying degrees of damage to the surrounding rock mass. Therefore, reasonable rib parameter improvements can enhance anchoring force performance.

Propagation of spin waves in a lattice of laterally and vertically coupled YIG microwaveguides by changing the magnetization angle in linear and nonlinear modes

Purpose. Investigation of the joint manifestation of the effects of anisotropic signal propagation, coupling, and nonlinear power dependence of the medium parameters in a lattice of laterally and vertically coupled spin-wave (SW) microwaveguides. Consideration of the case of the influence of the rotation of the magnetization angle and the change of the lateral gap between microwaveguides located on the same substrate on the transverse profile of the spin-wave beam and the spatial localization of the SW amplitude. Methods. The method of micromagnetic modeling based on the numerical solution of the Landau–Lifshitz–Hilbert equation shows the possibility of controlling the direction of propagation of SW in an ensemble of laterally and vertically coupled iron yttrium garnet (YIG) microwaveguides by changing the magnetization angle. By the method of numerical integration of the system of coupled discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equations, the possibility of changing the transverse profile of the spin-wave beam by changing the level of the initial signal amplitude is shown. Results. The spatial distributions of the components of the dynamic magnetization of the SW excited in two microwaveguides located on the same substrate obtained in micromagnetic simulations indicate a change in the character of localization of the SW power in the output sections of the microwaveguides. At variation of the lattice magnetization angle, a shift of the threshold power value is observed, at which a characteristic curbing of the transverse width of the spin-wave beam in the nonlinear mode appears. Conclusion. When excitation of surface magnetostatic SW in a lattice of laterally and vertically coupled microwaveguides, a transformation of the transverse profile of the wave is observed at a deviation of the magnetization angle of the structure by 15º , which is manifested in the change of the SW length and its localization in each of the microwaveguides. The combined effects of dipole coupling, gyrotropy, and nonlinearity of the medium make it possible to control the value of the threshold power of the SW, at which the mode of diffractionless propagation of the spin-wave beam is realized in a single layer of the structure.

Comparison of maxillary transversal changes between auxiliary beta-titanium expansion arch and miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion.

This study compared buccal bone thickness, dental inclinations and maxillary transverse width dimensions changes between auxiliary beta-titanium expansion arch (AEA) and miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE). The sample consisted of 29 patients, aged between 18 and 40 years, with transverse maxillary deficiency and treated without extractions, divided into two groups: group AEA: comprised 13 individuals (initial mean age: 29.23 ± 9.13 years) treated using auxiliary beta-titanium expansion arch; group MARPE: comprised 16 patients (initial mean age: 24.92 ± 7.60 years) treated with miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion. Buccal bone thickness, dental inclinations and transverse width dimensions (dental, nasal base and jugular) were measured in cone-bean computed tomographies at pre- and post-treatment stages. The variables were compared using the independent t-test. The buccal bone thickness was similar for both groups at the post-treatment stage. The second premolars were significantly more buccal inclined in the AEA group and the right maxillary first molars in the MARPE group. The intercanine and intermolar distances were statistically significantly greater in the MARPE group. Changes in dental arch transverse dimensions were significantly greater for the MARPE group. Both treatment protocols corrected the maxillary transverse discrepancy; however, MARPE provided greater correction.