Transverse Layer Research Articles

Enhancing drought resistance in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. through overexpression of ACC deaminase gene using thin cell layer regeneration system.

Pogostemon cablin cultivation faces massive constraints because of its susceptability to drought stress that reduces patchouli propagation and oil yield. The present study has achieved an efficient and rapid direct regeneration system for the transgenic production of P. cablin using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. To establish an efficient regeneration protocol for fast in-vitro multiplication of patchouli plants, leaf, petiole, and transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) explants were used and inoculated on an MS medium supplemented with different combinations of phytohormones. A comparative study showed a maximum regeneration frequency of 93.30 ± 0.56% per explant was obtained from leaf segments on optimal MS medium fortified with 0.2mg/L BAP and 0.1mg/L NAA. Leaf and petiole explants took 25-35 days to regenerate while tTCL section showed regeneration in just 15-20 days on the same medium. Subsequently, productive genetic transformation protocol OD600 0.6, AS 200µM, 30mg/L kanamycin, and infection time 5 min. was standardized and best-suited explants were infected at optimum conditions from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA 4404) strain harboring ACC deaminase to generate transgenic P. cablin Benth. (CIM-Samarth) plants. The investigation suggested that the optimized protocol provides a maximum transformation frequency of 42 ± 1.9% in 15-20 days from tTCL. The transgenic plants were shifted to the greenhouse with a 52.0 ± 0.8% survival frequency. A molecular docking study confirmed significant binding affinity of ligand ACC with ACC deaminase at the catalytic site, and ligand interactions showed four H-bonds at the binding pocket with amino acids Cys-196, Val-198, Thr-199, and Gly-200 that validate gene relative expression in transgenic plants. Among all transgenic acclimatized greenhouse-grown patchouli plants, line PT4 showed improved drought resistance under severe water stress as its RWC was 71.7 ± 2.3% to 75.7 ± 2.1% which is greater than the RWC of the control plant, 58.30 ± 0.21%. Analysis of the other physiological indicators, H2O2, chlorophyll content, and ROS result support drought resistance ability. Our study concluded that the first report on P. cablin, tTCL direct regeneration, and standardized transformation protocol created a new opportunity for genetic manipulation to achieve drought-resistant patchouli plants for cultivation in all seasons at the commercial level.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH MECHANICALLY ANCHORED CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX (FRCM)

Textile reinforced mortar (TRM), more popularly known as fiber-reinforced cementitious mortar (FRCM), has unique characteristics such as an excellent bond with the concrete substrate, applicability in a wet environment, and resistance to high temperatures. It is now considered a substitute for the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) due to the vast progress in FRCM and the increasing complexity of FRP-concrete or FRP-masonry debonding. Strengthening beams with FRCM can be implemented using direct wet layup, Near-surface mounted (NSM), etc. Observed failure modes in the literature show fiber-fiber slip and fiber-matrix debonding as dominant modes. Some authors also studied mechanical anchorages to improve these interfacial limitations. Anchorage in FRCM includes adding transverse layers at the end and intermediate locations, winding the fabric around the bar, and embedding it into the substrate or fan-type anchorage as used in FRP. The present study, 12 beams were strengthened using an indigenously developed unidirectional carbon FRCM system with anchorage. The study parameters include the number of layers and strengthening strategies such as mechanical anchoring and pressure impregnation. For the study, a novel yarn-based mechanical anchorage is developed suitable for Indian site conditions. It is found that the developed mechanical anchorage strategy improves the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the beam by about 16% compared to conventional cement-matrix impregnation. Fiber-rupture failure was observed for anchored specimens, whereas fiber-fiber slip was observed for impregnated specimens.

An Overview: Somatic Embryogenesis Through Thin Cell Layer (TCL) Technique

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) has been described as the most efficient pathway to obtaining plants. Somatic embryogenesis can be divided into direct and indirect embryogenesis. Direct SE occurs when embryos are started directly from explant tissues (preembryogenic cells) creating an identical clone, while indirect SE occurs from unorganized tissues (calli) which are further developed into embryos. While different explants have been tested, e.g., shoot tips, adventitious buds, leaf primordia, zygotic embryos, inflorescences, and transverse thin cell layers (TCLs) (consisting of a few cell layers, usually 0.5–2.0 mm thick). TCLs have been excised from different plant organs and successfully used as explants for SE. Thin cell layers (TCLs) can be prepared from almost any plant organ. These, when cut longitudinally, are referred to as lTCLs, and when cut transversally, are referred to as tTCLs. This article provides an overview of the concept of TCL as applied to induce SE in different plant species and remarks the factor that affecting this technique. This review will certainly revitalize this important technology so that it can be used effectively for successful mass propagation.

Detonation stabilization in supersonic expanding channel with velocity gradients

The present work aims at exploring the stabilization mechanism of detonation propagating in a supersonic expanding channel with inflow velocity gradients. To achieve this, two-dimensional numerical simulations of a stoichiometric hydrogen–oxygen mixture are performed by solving the Navier–Stokes equations with a one-step two-species reaction model. A hybrid sixth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory centered difference scheme is utilized to solve the governing equations. The results show that the detonation wave reaches a dynamic stabilization in a supersonic expanding channel affected by the inflow velocity gradients. By contrast, the detonation wave fails to self-sustain propagation in the channel with uniform inlet velocity for the same average velocity, highlighting the significant role of inlet velocity gradients in controlling the propagation and attenuation of detonation waves in confined channels. The mechanism of the dynamic detonation stabilization with the inflow velocity gradients is related to the compression of the flow field by large-scale unburned jets and the interactions of transverse waves and shear layers, which are conducive to improving the pressure and combustion rate of the unburned gases behind the detonation wave. Additionally, to a certain extent, the larger the inflow velocity gradient, the easier it is for the detonation wave to achieve dynamic stabilization at a certain position in the expanding channel.

Elasticity and material anisotropy of lamellar cortical bone in adult bovine tibia characterized via AFM nanoindentation

The research focuses on the evaluation of the mechanical properties of osteonal cortical bone at the lamellar level. Elastic properties of the mid-diaphysis region of the bovine tibia are investigated via cantilever-based nanoindentation at the submicron length scale utilizing Atomic Force Microscopy, where the force-displacement curves are used for the elastic assessment using the Derjaguin-Muller-Toropov model to calculate indentation modulus. Variations of the modulus and the directional mechanical response of the osteonal bone at different distances from the Haversian canal are investigated. Additionally, the effects of demineralization on the indentation modulus are discussed. It was found that in the axial direction, the first and last untreated thick lamella layers show a significant indentation modulus difference compared to all other layers (4.26 ± 0.4 and 4.6 ± 0.3 GPa vs ∼3.5 GPa). On the other hand, the indentation modulus of transverse thick lamella layers shows a periodic variation between ∼3 ± 0.7 GPa and ∼4 ± 0.3 GPa from near the Haversian canal to near the interstitial bone. A periodic variation in the anisotropy ratio was found. Mineral content was quantified via energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis at different levels of mineralization and shows a positive correlation with the indentation modulus.

The effects of densification on rolling shear performance of southern yellow pine cross-laminated timber

This study evaluated the improvement in the shear performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) through the densification of the transverse layers. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L., one of ten species known as Southern Yellow Pine (SYP)) lumber was used to fabricate CLT rolling shear specimens. Considering the compression ratio, thickness reduction to the initial thickness, lumber with an average density of 641.23 kg/m3 was compressed to three different levels: 16.67%, 33.33%, and 50.00%. For this compression, a thermomechanical densification technique was employed, in which lumber was softened by soaking in boiling water for 10 min and then hot-pressed at 140 °C to the target thicknesses. To differentiate the improvement in the shear performance due to the increased density from that of the aspect ratio, non-densified lumbers with the same aspect ratio as densified specimens were also used to fabricate CLT rolling shear specimens. The rolling shear performance of CLT specimens was evaluated using modified planar shear testing. The rolling shear strength increased by about 108% when the transverse layer was compressed for 50%. Likewise, it was found that there is a linear relationship between the percentage of increase in rolling shear strength and the compression ratio. Although the increased aspect ratio improves the rolling shear strength, results revealed that specimens with densified transverse layers outperformed those with non-densified specimens at the same aspect ratio.

Transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) technology: a promising tool for micropropagation of Centratherum punctatum Cass.

The present study describes an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of Centratherum punctatum Cass. through transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs). The effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs), thickness of tTCLs, and source of tTCLs were evaluated. The tTCLs of varying thickness (0.5 to 5.0 mm) were excised from 10-d-old leaf and 45-d-old node and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of PGRs (BAP, TDZ, KN; 0.1 to 2.0 mg L−1), alone or in combination with NAA (0.1 to 1.0 mg L−1) for shoot induction. The leaf and node tTCLs responded with direct shoot regeneration. A significant effect of thickness or width on shoot induction was observed. For leaf, 1.0-mm-wide and for node 2.0-mm-thick tTCLs showed a maximum response. MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 TDZ and 1.0 mg L−1 BAP in combination with 0.2 mg L−1 NAA was found to be optimum for shoot induction from tTCLs of leaf (96% response with 41.5 shoots per explant) and node (87% response with 11.9 shoots per explant), respectively. Rhizogenesis was obtained when micropropagated shoots were transferred to half strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations (0.25 to 2.0 mg L−1) of IBA. The rooted plantlets were eventually acclimatized and transferred to soil. The clonal fidelity assessment by SCoT markers of the mother plant and micropropagated plants revealed their genetic similarity. Chlorophyll content estimation indicated lower levels in in vitro plants, which increased to a comparable level to that of field-grown plants after 3 mo of acclimatization, showing absence of stress during acclimatization. The procedure described here is a promising tool for micropropagation of C. punctatum as it produces high-frequency healthy shoots from a minimum explant source.

Investigation of the electromagnetic properties of a transverse insert based on a planar layer of a chiral metamaterial in a rectangular waveguide

The paper considers the solution of the problem of diffraction of the fundamental wave of a rectangular waveguide H10 on a planar transverse insert based on a chiral metamaterial created on the thin-wire conducting helices. To describe the chiral layer, a particular mathematical model is constructed that takes into account the properties of heterogeneity and dispersion of the permittivity and the chirality parameter of the artificial media. The well-known in physics model of Maxwell Garnett was used to take into account the heterogeneity property. To take into account the permittivity dispersion the Drude–Lorentz formula was applied and for the chirality parameter was used the Condon formula. The problem of diffraction of the rectangular waveguide main wave on a planar layer of a chiral metamaterial was solved by the partial regions method and was reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations for unknown reflection and transmission coefficients. It is shown that in the presence of a transverse chiral layer in the waveguide structure, a wave of the H01 type cross-polarized with respect to the main one arises. An analysis of the frequency dependences of the moduli of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the fundamental H10 and cross-polarized H01 showed that in some narrow frequency intervals in the single-mode gap, situations arise when the fundamental wave type is replaced from H10 to H01 near resonant frequencies. The transmission line under consideration can find application in the creation of frequency selective filters and polarization converters in the microwave range.

Embedment strength of dowel-type fasteners for the case of cross-laminated timber plane side insertion

The strength property of dowel-type connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) is dependent on the embedment strength of the adopted dowels. In this study, eight groups with 164 CLT cubic specimens were tested based on the half-hole embedment test configuration to address the effects of the potential factors on the embedment strength. In the embedment tests, the axial direction of the smooth dowels was perpendicular to the plane face of the CLT cubic specimens (i.e., in the case of CLT plane side insertion). The considered influencing factors included the loading angle θ, the ratio between the thickness of the transverse layers to the thickness of CLT (RTrLay), and the gap between the longitudinal laminas within the embedment area. The experimental results were further utilized to verify the current empirical equations that could predict the embedment strength. Results show that the embedment strength of the dowels in the case of CLT plane side insertion is enhanced by 19.96–68.40 % when changing the θ from 90 degree to 0 degree. When the gap between the longitudinal laminas exists in the embedment area, the distinction between the embedment strength measured through the θ of 0 degree and that measured through the θ of 90 degree can be weakened. When the θ is 90 degree, the gap existing in the embedment area has almost no effect on the CLT embedment strength. In contrast, when the adopted θ is switched to 0 degree, the gap existing in the embedment area can weaken the CLT embedment strength by up to 37.11 %. When no gap exists in the embedment area, the embedment strength declines with an increase of the RTrLay; whereas when a gap between the longitudinal laminas exists in the embedment area, a growing trend of the embedment strength is illustrated with the increasing RTrLay.

The effect of thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers on deformability and stress distribution in three-layer panels made of cross-laminated timber

Introduction. The key feature of timber and materials, made from it, is anisotropy, or a pronounced difference between mechanical properties manifested in different directions. The construction of a cross-laminated timber plate, or a CLT panel, ensures its high strength and rigidity due to the perpendicular arrangement of fibers in mutually perpendicular layers. The article examines the effect of thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers on deformability and stress distribution in three-layer CLT panels. The relevance of the work lies in the need to obtain computational data for analyzing changes in strength characteristics of panels to select the most effective panel configuration.
 
 Materials and methods. Due to the lack of a standardized testing methodology, SCAD+ software package was applied to conduct the studies using numerical methods. The design scheme is identified as a general system whose deformations and principal unknowns are represented by linear displacements of nodal points along the X, Y, Z axes and rotations around these axes. A three–layer plate was selected as the element to be analyzed, the outer layers of which are longitudinal, and the inner one is transverse. Its simplified design scheme is a hinged beam.
 
 Results. The results of the study and calculations made using SCAD+ were applied to make tables and graphs showing dependence of deflection, distribution of normal and shear stresses on thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers of timber.
 
 Conclusions. The data, obtained by the authors, allow evaluating the effect of thickness on deformability and stress distribution in three-layer CLT panels to select the effective design. A change in thickness does not always bring a large difference between mechanical properties, which allows optimizing the panel parameters. The significance of the research lies, among other things, in expanding the scientific and engineering knowledge of timber structures.

Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Produced from Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar Sorted by Structural Visual Grade

Abstract Low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) graded No. 2 Common, and No. 3 Common (National Hardwood Lumber Association - NHLA rules) is mainly used by the industry to produce wood pallets. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are options to diversify the usage and increase the value of this material. Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce CLT panels from a population of NHLA graded No. 2A, No. 2B, No. 3A, and No. 3B lumber and to evaluate whether the panel properties meet the bending criteria (major strength direction) and adhesive bond requirements listed for “V” type CLT in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 (2020) using Northeastern Lumber Association Manufacturers No. 2 and No. 3 in longitudinal and transverse layers, respectively. Ten panels were produced to evaluate the bond quality and mechanical properties. The bond test results showed average delamination under 5 percent and were more frequent in the central areas of the panel than in the outer panel areas. The results from testing showed that the calculated allowable stress-design bending-strength (major direction) value for the yellow-poplar CLT panels was 1,718 psi (11.84 MPa), which corresponds to a value 90 percent higher than V1 (900 psi, 6.20 MPa) layups. Modulus of elasticity (MOE; major direction) was comparable to V2 and V3, with an average MOE of 1.39 by 106 psi (9,584 MPa). Based on these findings, the study indicated the potential for using low-grade yellow-poplar lumber to produce CLT panels. However, more research is needed to evaluate other mechanical properties in both the major and minor axis.

Out-of-plane bending behavior of cross-laminated timber members enhanced with fiber-reinforced polymers

Carbon or basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) fabrics were bonded to the bottom of three-layer hemlock cross-laminated timber (CLT), aimed at improving its bending performance under out-of-plane loading. The FRP layer effectively enhanced bending strength by up to 23.8% and global bending stiffness with infinite shear stiffness by up to 18.4%. Carbon FRP was stronger and most effective, and combining it with an inner layer of cheaper basalt FRP also effectively reduced cost. Failure was not observed in the FRP layer, while failure at the transverse layer became more significant. Reinforcement of the transverse layer is therefore recommended to better realize the FRP enhancement effect. A predictive model for bearing capacity in bending for CLT with FRP fabric was developed and validated. Predicted bending stiffness results considering the offset of the neutral axis showed a good agreement with experimental results. The results support the application of FRP fabrics for improved bending performance for CLT panels under out-of-plane loading.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ШАГА ПОПЕРЕЧНЫХ СЛОЕВ НА ДЕФОРМАТИВНОСТЬ И РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НАПРЯЖЕНИЙ В ПЯТИСЛОЙНЫХ ПЛИТАХ ДРЕВЕСИНЫ ПЕРЕКРЕСТНО-КЛЕЕНОЙ

The influence of the step of the transverse layers of five-layer slabs of cross-glued wood (CLT panels) on the deformation and distribution of the resulting normal and tangential stresses in the layers of the structure is considered. The research was carried out in the SCAD+ computing complex by the finite element method (FEM). As a result of the conducted research, the dependences of deflection and stresses on the variation of the pitch of the transverse lamellae of a cross-glued plate consisting of 5 layers are obtained, systematized and clearly shown. It is revealed that with increasing distances between lamellae in transverse layers, deflections increase and the normal stress along the span increases significantly. At the same time, the stress increases slightly in the middle layer, which indicates that the upper and lower layers, working for compression and stretching, respectively, perceive the main load during bending.

Change in Relative Deformations in Composite Materials of Centrally Compressed Reinforced Concrete Struts

Introduction. The paper presents experimental data on the change in the values of relative deformations of composite materials of external reinforcement, measured during testing of reinforced concrete pillars. In experimental studies, transverse and longitudinal composite reinforcement was studied, consisting of carbon fabric and carbon laminates (carbon rods). The experimental values of relative strains in composite reinforcement materials make it possible to determine the zones of the most and least stressed sections of composite materials. The purpose of this study is to determine the zones of the most and least loaded areas of composite reinforcement of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete pillars. This is necessary to create new schemes for the most efficient amplification options. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were completed: five reinforced concrete pillars were manufactured and tested; during the test, strain gauges were glued, which made it possible to determine changes in the relative deformations of composite materials at all levels of loading; all data of relative deformations of composite materials were processed, analyzed and presented in the form of graphs.Materials and methods. In the process of testing reinforced concrete flexible struts, data were obtained on the change in relative deformations in composite materials. The measurements were made by strain gauges with a base of 2 cm glued along the fibers of the composite reinforcement. The zones for measuring relative deformations were chosen according to the nature of the work of the composite material. In total, the work considered the results of testing five reinforced concrete racks, in which carbon fiber fabrics were located in the transverse direction, and carbon rods and lamellas were located in the longitudinal direction.Results. As a result of the study, data on changes in the relative deformations of composite materials were obtained, while the sensors located on the transverse clamps work approximately the same with a relative deformation not exceeding 1.8×10-3. Such deformations are significantly lower than the limiting ones, which is evidence of the incompatibility of the existing structure and the reinforcement material at the limiting stages of loading. With a large gap between the composite clamps, the reinforcement elements practically do not work and the limiting deformations do not exceed 0.6×10-3.Discussion and Conclusions. As a result of processing the change in relative strains characterizing the stress level of composite materials, conclusions were drawn that allow us to state that in the compressed zone the maximum strain does not reach the limit values for composite materials, therefore, the number of transverse reinforcement layers can be reduced. For composite materials located in the longitudinal direction, premature destruction of composite lamellas was established, which made it possible to conclude that there was no joint work of reinforcement materials and concrete of the structure at ultimate breaking loads.

Study on the interlaminar shear properties of hybrid cross-laminated timber (HCLT) prepared with larch, poplar and OSB

In order to better understand, and ultimately improve, the interlaminar shear performance of CLT, this paper explores the influence of three different laminates—larch, poplar and OSB—as transverse layers on the interlaminar shear performance of CLT. The results showed that, although larch, poplar and OSB have little difference in overall density, the interlaminar shear strength of CLT was significantly affected with the use of each as the transverse layer. The interlaminar shear strength in the major direction of CLT prepared with three different materials as transverse layers is: 4.18 MPa (Larch - Poplar - Larch), 3.52 MPa (Larch - Larch - Larch) and 2.71 MPa (Larch - OSB - Larch). The interlaminar shear strength in the minor direction of CLT prepared with three different transverse layers is: 0.91 MPa (Larch - Poplar - Larch), 1.11 MPa (Larch - Larch - Larch) and 0.22 MPa (Larch - OSB - Larch). The interlaminar shear failure modes of the three CLT specimens are different: in the major strength direction, when larch was used as the transverse layer, the interlaminar shear failure mode was rolling shear failure of the transverse layer. When poplar was used as the transverse layer, the interlaminar shear failure modes of CLT were transverse layer shear failure and surface layer shear failure. When OSB was used as a transverse layer, the interlaminar shear failure mode of CLT was the internal shear failure of OSB. In the minor strength direction, the interlaminar shear failure mode of each of the three CLT specimens starts from the unsized gap on the side of the bottom laminate element, and the typical bending failure mode occurs in the transverse layer. CLT prepared with poplar as the transverse layer has lower density, but better interlaminar shear performance in the major strength direction. The interlaminar shear strength in the strong axial direction is affected by the structure of the transverse laminates, and as such homogeneous laminates are more suitable for use as transverse laminates.

Behaviour of mass timber members subjected to consecutive blast loads

This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical investigation into the behaviour of full-scale glued-laminated timber (glulam) beams and cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels subjected to consecutive shock-tube-simulated blast loads. Superficial crack development was observed in the glulam specimens even when loaded within their elastic range. However, these cracks did not appear to affect the overall stiffness and strength of the specimens, as proven through subsequent loading and verification of the experimental resistance curves. Extensive propagation of rolling shear damage was prevalent within the transverse layers of the CLT specimens once flexural failure initiation occurred. Following significant rolling shear damage, the composite nature of the CLT panels were observed to degrade, corresponding to a loss of stiffness and strength. An equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (eSDOF) modelling methodology, capable of taking into consideration the dynamic behaviour of both specimen types and damage accumulation due to subsequent loading, is presented and validated using the experimental test data.

Microscopic anatomy of the integument in the ribbon worm Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) (Pilidiophora, Nemertea).

The integument of ribbon worms in the order Heteronemertea is distinct from the integuments in the other taxa of nemerteans due to the presence of a special subepidermal glandular layer, the cutis. Among heteronemerteans, the ultrastructure of the cutis has been studied only in the Lineus ruber species complex. In the current study, ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) and histochemical studies of the epidermis and the cutis of Micrura bella from the basal Lineage A of the family Lineidae were performed. The epidermis consisted of ciliated and serous gland cells and is separated from the cutis by a layer of the subepidermal extracellular matrix; the basal lamina was not detected. The cutis comprised musculature, two types of mucous and four types of granular gland cells, and pigment cells with four types of granules. In the cutis of juvenile worms, type II granular gland cells and type II mucous cells were not observed. The integument of the caudal cirrus consisted of ciliated and serous gland cells and two intraepidermal lateral nerve cords; the cutis was absent. The compositions of the integument glands of M. bella and the L. ruber species complex are similar, except for the presence of type IV granular gland cells with narrow rod-shaped and lamellated granules exhibiting an alternating dark and light transverse layers and type II mucous cells found only in M. bella.

Micro-morphological characteristics of the oropharyngeal cavity floor of bogue (Boops boops) (Linnaeus, 1758) fish: gross morphology, light, and scanning electron microscopic imaging

The current study is the first to use gross anatomy, light, and scanning electron microscopy to describe the oropharyngeal cavity of a bogue (Boops boops Linnaeus, 1758) fish. Fourteen 17–18 cm long bogue fish were used. The lower jaw held the lower lip, labial teeth, tongue, and pharyngeal teeth, and the oral cavity floor appeared u-shaped. The lower jaw was small and narrow in the anterior and wide in the posterior as it approached the esophagus. The lower lip carried different lengths of cilia-like projections that looked like the cactus plant arranged in transverse layers, and its apex appeared as an open rose. These cilia were encircled by ridges that looked like sea waves. The labial teeth were 15 in a row, with long roots placed beneath a pocket-like structure. Long, medium, and short pharyngeal papilliform teeth emerged on the oropharyngeal cavity floor at the level of the fourth gill arch in a small V-shaped arrangement. The tongue was smooth and small, with an apex, body, root, and lateral edges that were all clearly defined. The tongue’s apex was pointed and triangular, with a thin, transparent apical pouch around it. There was a median longitudinal fold on the dorsum of the tongue body and root. On the tongue surface, taste bud types I and II emerged. The bogue fish’s oropharyngeal cavity had unique anatomical characteristics, indicating that it was omnivorous.

Study on the relationship between the length of mixing layer and the characteristic scale of mixing layer in multi-strut ejector

The flow structure of the multi-strut ejector based on jet segmentation has an obvious relationship with the transverse characteristic scale of the jet. Therefore, this paper studies the relationship between jet transverse characteristic size and mixing layer. Through the simulation of multi-strut ejectors with different number of struts, the development of mixing layer in the mixing process of jets with different transverse characteristic sizes is compared under the same boundary conditions. It is concluded that when there is no obvious coupling effect between the mixing layer and the shock & expansion wave, there is a linear relationship between the transverse characteristic scale of the jet and the mixing length of the flow direction, and the jet mixing with different transverse characteristic scales is consistent. When the shockwaves and expansion waves are strongly coupled with the mixing layer, the linear relationship between the jet transverse characteristic scale and the mixing layer length is not strong.

Power management using AI-based IOT systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is expected to evolve the interest of each industry, medicine, and others. The main forces behind the huge data gathering were the IoT devices built into the sensor. One of the biggest challenges has been the maintenance of those huge data sets. A massive IoT (mIoT) refers to the continuous collection of huge quantities of data with sensors. Therefore, self-adaptive algorithms based on AI are required to aggregate, evaluate and effectively understand all program objects. It is imperative to control the energy carefully due to the increase in large datasets and power-hungry IoT gadgets. It is critical to combine mIoT using AI-based approaches to fairly distribute power levels to small portable devices. The connection between the lifetime of the mIoT and the information flow found that as information rates increase, more energy is lost, reducing the service life of mIoT networks. With more sensor nodes, the power would be appropriately distributed across the transverse layers. By analyzing key characteristics and data sets, this research suggests a new Improved Random Energy Optimization Algorithm (IIRBEOA) for mIoT systems to address these issues. According to an experimental survey, the proposed IRBEOA exceeds its Baseline rival in terms of practical control and implementation of energy.