Transversus Abdominis Plane Research Articles

Comparison between peripheral nerve stimulator-guided serratus anterior plane block versus transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia: A double-blind randomised controlled trial.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a widely accepted surgical procedure associated with postoperative pain. This study was done to compare peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS)-guided serratus anterior plane block (SAP) and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing LC. Following approval from the ethical committee, 70 patients for LC were randomly assigned to Group S: SAP block and Group T: TAP block. The blocks were performed under PNS guidance, and 20 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine was administered. The severity of pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The study's primary objective was the evaluation of the postoperative VAS score. The time of the first dose of rescue analgesia and total tramadol consumption for 24 h postoperatively were secondary objectives. All the statistical calculation was done using statistical analyses for Social Sciences for Windows version 23.0 (IBM Corp, NY, USA). Lower VAS score was seen in patients of TAP block at rest as well as movement at 6 h (P = 0.001), 12 h (P = 0.001) and 18 h (P = 0.001) postoperatively compared with SAP. The TAP group showed a significantly increased time of first rescue analgesic compared to the SAP group (7.97 ± 0.51 vs. 5.89 ± 1.45, P = 0.001). Tramadol usage was significantly higher in the SAP group than in the TAP group (128.9 ± 36.22 vs. 72.43 ± 44.80, P = 0.001). TAP block guided by the PNS improves postoperative pain with less tramadol consumption and during the postoperative period without significant complications.

Comparison of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block and caudal epidural block for postoperative analgesia in paediatric lower abdominal surgeries: A randomised controlled trial.

Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an effective technique for postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal surgeries. This study aims to compare the duration and efficacy of an ultrasound-guided TAP block with those of a caudal epidural for paediatric unilateral lower abdominal surgeries. After ethical approval, sixty children aged 1 to 9 years were randomised into ultrasound-guided TAP block or caudal block with general anaesthesia for unilateral lower abdominal surgeries. The primary endpoint was time for the first rescue analgesia in the postoperative period. The secondary endpoints were total postoperative opioid consumption, modified Children Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale in the postoperative period. The mean time for first rescue analgesia was 11.33 ± 2.80 h in the TAP block group, while in the caudal group, it was 13.18 ± 2.67 h (95% confidence interval [CI] mean difference 2.58-10.58, P = 0.017). The total postoperative morphine requirement was comparable in both groups at both 12 h (TAP block group 0.50 ± 0.12 mg vs. caudal block group 0.56 ± 0.12 mg, 95% CI mean difference 0.09-0.02, P = 0.08) and 24 h (TAP block group 0.96 ± 0.30 mg vs. caudal block group 0.81 ± 0.34 mg, 95% CI mean difference 0.06-0.32, P = 0.06) time period. The mean time for first rescue analgesia was lesser in the TAP block group as compared to caudal group.

Assessment of phantom-based needling training in improving the performance of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block by anaesthesia residents - A pre- and post-intervention study.

Assessment of phantom-based needling training in improving the performance of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block by anaesthesia residents - A pre- and post-intervention study.

Perioperative truncal peripheral nerve blocks for bariatric surgery: an opioid reduction strategy.

Bariatric surgical patients are vulnerable to cardiopulmonary depressant effects of opioids. The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol to improve postoperative morbidity recommends regional anesthesia for postoperative pain management. However, there is limited evidence that peripheral nerve blocks (PNB) have added benefit. Study the effect of PNB on postoperative pain and opioid use following bariatric surgery. Academic medical center, United States. We conducted a cohort study of patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. A total of 44 patients received the control ERAS protocol with preoperative oral extended-release morphine sulfate (MS), while 45 patients underwent a PNB with either intrathecal morphine (IM) or oral MS per local ERAS protocol. The PNB group either underwent preoperative bilateral T7 paravertebral (PVT) PNBs (27 patients) with IM or postoperative transversus abdominis plane (TAP) PNBs (18 patients) with oral MS. The primary outcome compared total opioid consumption between the ERAS control group and the PNB group up to 48 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included comparison by block type and postoperative pain scores. PVT or TAP PNB patients had a reduction in mean postoperative oral morphine equivalent (OME) requirements compared with the ERAS protocol cohort at 24 hours (93.9 versus 42.8 mg), P < .0001; at 48 hours (72.6 versus 40.5 mg); and in pain scores at 24 hours (5.64/10 versus 4.46/10), P = .02. OME and pain scores were higher in the SG cohort. Addition of truncal PNB to standard ERAS protocol for bariatric surgical patients reduces postoperative total opioid consumption.

Transversus abdominis plane block in adult open liver surgery patients: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The objective of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block (TAPB) in pain control and recovery after open hepatic surgery. We searched for the articles in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library published before March 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TAPB with a placebo in adult patients after open liver surgery. Meta-analysis was conducted in RevMan 5.4. Methodological quality was assessed via the Jadad/Oxford scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Five RCTs with 347 patients were included. All studies had an acceptable Jadad score or higher. For pain at rest at 24hours postoperatively, the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was -1.08 [-1.97, -0.18], P-value 0.02, favoring TAPB. Models for total opioid consumption, nausea and vomiting, and duration of hospital stay did not demonstrate a difference between the groups. The model for time to first flatus favored TAPB with SMD with a 95% CI of -1.48 [-2.72, -0.24], P-value 0.02. Our meta-analysis of five RCTs favored TAPB regarding pain control at rest and time to first flatus. Due to the small sample size and considerable heterogeneity, more RCTs are needed. CRD42022320565.

A Comparative Study between Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (USG-TAP) Block Vs Open Surgical Technique for Post Cesarean Section Pain Control

A Comparative Study between Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (USG-TAP) Block Vs Open Surgical Technique for Post Cesarean Section Pain Control

Laparoscopic versus ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in colorectal surgery: a non-inferiority, multicentric randomized double-blinded clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to assess if laparoscopic-assisted transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block (L-TAPB) is as efficient as ultrasound-guided TAP block (U-TAPB) in postoperative pain control. In all, 112 patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic colon resection from February 2018 to December 2021 at two Swiss hospitals were included and randomized in a 1:1 ratio before surgery with either L-TAPB or U-TAPB. The primary end-point was the non-inferiority of the L-TAPB compared to U-TAPB with regard to the total opioid consumption within the first 24 h after surgery. Data regarding patients' characteristics, opioid consumption, pain on the visual analogue scale, operative and anaesthesia induction time, complications and length of stay were collected and analysed. Fifty-five patients were allocated to the L-TAPB and fifty-seven to the U-TAPB. No significant difference was found in the overall dose of opioids within 24 h, and the non-inferiority of the L-TAPB was confirmed. There were almost twice as many patients in the L-TAPB group requesting opioid reserves compared to the U-TAPB group (54.5% vs. 29.8%, P = 0.008). The anaesthesia induction time was significantly longer in the U-TAPB group (17 ± 11 min vs. 23 ± 12 min, P = 0.014). For all other variables (pain on the visual analogue scale, opioid consumption, need of epidural analgesia, operating time, postoperative complications and hospital stay) no statistically significant difference between the L-TAPB and the U-TAPB groups was noted. Our results showed the non-inferiority of the laparoscopic delivery compared to ultrasound-guided administration of the TAP block, with the advantage of not affecting anaesthesia times. 2017-02017 CE 3294, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04575233.

Laparoscopic administration of bupivacaine at the uterosacral ligaments during benign laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial

Postoperative pain continues to be an undermanaged part of the surgical experience. Multimodal analgesia has been adopted in response to the opioid epidemic, but opioid prescribing practices remain high after minimally invasive hysterectomy. Novel adjuvant opioid-sparing analgesia to optimize acute postoperative pain control is crucial in preventing chronic pain and minimizing opioid usage. This study aimed to determine the effect of direct laparoscopic uterosacral bupivacaine administration on opioid usage and postoperative pain in patients undergoing benign minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) hysterectomy. This was a single-blinded, triple-arm, randomized controlled trial at an academic medical center between March 15, 2021, and April 8, 2022. The inclusion criteria were patients aged >18 years undergoing benign laparoscopic or robotic hysterectomy. The exclusion criteria were non-English-speaking patients, patients with an allergy to bupivacaine or actively using opioid medications, patients undergoing transversus abdominis plane block, and patients undergoing supracervical hysterectomy or combination cases with other surgical services. Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 fashion to the following uterosacral administration before colpotomy: no administration, 20 mL of normal saline, or 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine. All patients received incisional infiltration with 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine. The primary outcome was 24-hour oral morphine equivalent usage (postoperative day 0 and postoperative day 1). The secondary outcomes were total oral morphine equivalent usage in 7 days, last day of oral morphine equivalent usage, numeric pain scores from the universal pain assessment tool, and return of bowel function. Patients reported postoperative pain scores, total opioid consumption, and return of bowel function via Qualtrics surveys. Patient and surgical characteristics and primary and secondary outcomes were compared using chi-square analysis and 1-way analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of opioid use in the first 24 hours after surgery and total opioid use in the 7 days after surgery. Of 518 hysterectomies screened, 410 (79%) were eligible, 215 (52%) agreed to participate, and 180 were ultimately included in the final analysis after accounting for dropout. Most hysterectomies (70%) were performed laparoscopically, and the remainder were performed robotically. Most hysterectomies (94%) were outpatient. Patients randomized to bupivacaine had higher rates of former and current tobacco use, and patients randomized to the no-administration group had higher rates of previous surgery. There was no difference in first 24-hour oral morphine equivalent use among the groups (P=.10). Moreover, there was no difference in numeric pain scores (although a trend toward significance in discharge pain scores in the bupivacaine group), total 7-day oral morphine equivalent use, day of last opioid use, or return of bowel function among the groups (P>.05 for all). The predictors of increased 24-hour opioid usage among all patients included only increased postanesthesia care unit oral morphine equivalent usage. The predictors of 7-day opioid usage among all patients included concurrent tobacco use and mood disorder, history of previous laparoscopy, estimated blood loss of >200 mL, and increased oral morphine equivalent usage in the postanesthesia care unit. Laparoscopic uterosacral administration of bupivacaine at the time of minimally invasive hysterectomy did not result in decreased opioid usage or change in numeric pain scores.

Transversus abdominis plane block improves postoperative recovery following cesarean delivery under general anesthesia: A propensity score matched retrospective cohort study.

To evaluate the effects of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on postoperative recovery 24 h after cesarean delivery under general anesthesia. A propensity-score-matched, retrospective cohort study was used. A total of 173 pregnancies resulting in elective cesarean delivery under general anesthesia between March 2021 and March 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients receiving TAP block were compared with those receiving only intravenous analgesia. The Quality of Recovery 15 (QoR-15) score, assessed 24 h postoperatively using a 15-item questionnaire, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included time to first ambulation, time to first flatus postoperatively, ability to tolerate ambulation, visual analog scale (VAS) score, hospitalization cost, and postoperative nausea and/or vomiting. The total QoR-15 score 24 h postoperatively in the TAP group was significantly higher than in the Control group (P < 0.001). Patients in the TAP group had higher Bruggemann comfort scale scores (P < 0.001), could better tolerate early postoperative ambulation (P < 0.001), and had shorter time to first ambulation (P < 0.001) and flatus (P < 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated an inverse relationship between the cumulative VAS pain scores, time to first postoperative ambulation, time to first flatus, and total QoR-15 score 24 h postoperatively. Following cesarean delivery under general anesthesia, TAP block combined with intravenous analgesia can improve postoperative recovery and shorten the time to postoperative ambulation and recovery of intestinal function.

Umbilical hernioplasty under transverse abdominis plane and rectus block: a case report

Umbilical hernia is a common diagnosis in surgery. Approximately, 10% of all abdominal wall hernias are defined as umbilical hernia. The European hernia society defines a primary umbilical hernia as a ventral hernia present at birth or developed spontaneously without trauma to the abdominal wall as the cause of the hernia and with its center at the umbilicus. Rectus sheath block has been traditionally used to provide analgesia for anterior abdominal wall surgeries, as it spares the visceral pain component. It’s been used efficiently for intraoperative, post-operative analgesia, providing stable hemodynamic. The emergence of ultrasound has potentially increased the rate of success, while avoiding complications like bleeding, peritoneal puncture, visceral injury. Rectus sheath block is emerging as a valuable regional. Anesthesia technique. It can be used as an adjuvant or alternative to central neuraxial block and general anesthesia for surgeries of anterior abdominal wall, pediatric umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, laparoscopic surgeries and abdominal gynecological procedures and for analgesia. This is a case report of 47-year-old male with multiple comorbidities posted for umbilical hernia repair performed under combined rectus sheath and tap block.

A Comparative Study between Postoperative Pain Relief with Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and Local Field Block at Port Site in Lower Abdominal Laparoscopic Surgeries

Background: In order to provide post-operative analgesia following abdominal incision, blocking the sensory nerve supply to the anterior abdominal wall is a potential strategy. Current methods for blocking these afferent nerves, including abdominal field blocks, have limited therapeutic usefulness, and the level of block that is accomplished is variable. Aim: To compare the postoperative pain relief between ultrasound guided TAP block and local field block at port site in lower abdominal laparoscopic surgeries, the pain being assessed by visual analogue scale scoring. Method and materials: Sixty patients were considered in the study, 30 patients were randomized to undergo TAP blockade and 30 were randomized to undergo local field blockade. Results: Fentanyl consumption as total requirement of fentanyl, number of patients requiring fentanyl and incidence of nausea and vomiting. P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant. ANOVA test for age reveals the P value of 0.643 indicating that there is no significant effect of the variance in the age of patients between the groups. ANOVA for height shows a P value of 0.076, P value for weight of 0.176 and P value for ASA grading of 0.798 shows that there is no significance of the differences in the patient characteristics. Mann Whitney test, t-test, modified t-test were the statistical hypothesis tests used to assess significance of difference in patient characteristics. Conclusion: The TAP block holds considerable promise as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen for post-operative pain management in lower abdominal surgeries.

Transversus abdominis plane block with ropivacaine provides effective analgesiain patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy

: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block provides a novel approach for analgesia in abdominal surgery by blocking the sensory nerve supply of the anterior abdominal wall. We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of TAP block with ropivacaine in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). 60 adult patients of ASA Grade 1 and 2 undergoing elective TAH were randomized into two groups in this double blind study. All patients received a standard general anaesthetic and before the surgical incision, a bilateral TAP block using the landmark technique was performed with 15 to 20 mlof 0.375% ropivacaine (maximum dose 3mg/kg) (Group R) or saline (Group C). Assessment of hemodynamic parameters and requirement of vecuronium and opioids was noted intraoperatively. Postoperative assessment of pain was performed at regular intervals using visual analog scale (VAS) and categorical pain score (CPS), and total analgesics administered over 48 hrs were noted.: Intraoperative hemodynamic parameters showed significantly lower mean values in the ropivacaine group till 50 minutes and from 80 to 120 minutes after the surgical incision. (p value&amp;#60;0.05). Duration of TAP block was significantly longer in the ropivacaine group (383 mins vs 221mins, p=0.000). Mean intraoperative requirement of fentanyl and vecuronium (p=0.000), and postoperative requirement of diclofenac at 24 hrs (p=0.004) and 48 hours (p=0.007) was significantly lower in Group R.VAS and CPS scores were significantly lower in the ropivacaine group till 2 hours postoperatively(p=0.000). : TAP block with ropivacaine provides effective intraoperative analgesia and decreases postoperative analgesic requirement till 48hours in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy.

Regional anesthesia in spine surgery: A narrative review

Background: Regional anesthesia, which refers to the use of anesthetics to provide analgesia to a specific body part or nervous innervation territory, has become increasingly popular in the field of spine surgery. With the application of these techniques, it has been postulated that patients will require less systemic analgesia, intraoperatively and postoperatively. The authors of this narrative review discuss the common regional anesthetic modalities applied to spine surgery, in addition to patient selection criteria, success in patients with multiple comorbid illnesses, and its adoption by surgeons.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: An advanced search was performed in the PubMed database to obtain Englishlanguage articles discussing regional anesthesia, awake spine surgery, and postoperative complications. Articles were screened for relevance, and 47 articles were incorporated into this narrative review.&#x0D; Results: Classic neuraxial and paraspinal techniques have allowed surgeons to perform posterior decompression, fusion, and revision procedures. Transversus abdominus plane and quadratus lumborum blocks have enabled better pain control in patients undergoing surgeries requiring anterior or lateral approaches. Documented benefits of regional anesthesia include shorter operative time, improved pain control and hemodynamic stability, as well as decreased cost and length of stay. Several case series have demonstrated the success of these techniques in highly comorbid patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Regional anesthesia provides an exciting opportunity to make surgical treatment possible for spine patients with significant comorbidities. Although additional randomized controlled trials are necessary to further refine patient selection criteria, current data demonstrates its safety and efficacy in the operating room.

Comparison of incisional, transverse abdominis plane, and rectus sheath blocks in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

To compare the analgesia provided by incisional (Incisional), transverse abdominis plane (TAP), and rectus sheath (RS) blocks in dogs submitted for ovariohysterectomy (OHE). 22 female mixed-breed dogs were allocated into 3 treatments of Incisional (n = 7), TAP (n = 7), and RS (n = 8) and underwent OHE from April 4 to December 6, 2022. After premedication with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced (6 mg/kg) and maintained (0.4 mg/kg/min) with propofol. Each dog randomly received either an incisional (blind technique), TAP, or RS (ultrasound-guided) block. Intraoperative analgesia was assessed using cardiorespiratory variables. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated up to 6 hours after the operation with a Short Form of Glasgow Pain Scale (SF-GCPS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Fentanyl was administered as a rescue analgesic when needed. During surgery, all data remained within normal limits without any significant differences. Fentanyl was administered to 1 dog in the Incisional and 1 in the TAP. Post-operatively, a single dose of fentanyl was given to 1 dog in the TAP and 1 in the RS. Four dogs in the Incisional and 3 in the RS received both doses of fentanyl. There was no significant difference regarding postoperative rescue analgesia among treatments. All 3 techniques demonstrated acceptable intra- and post-operative analgesia efficacy in dogs undergoing OHE. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Transversus abdominis plane blocks in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a review.

Throughout its history, there have been significant advances in pain control of inguinal hernia repairs. One of the most recent developments is locoregional pain blocks. There is a multitude of literature available on laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks. This paper seeks to provide a thorough and systematic literature review on the role of TAP blocks in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature using predetermined medical subject heading (MeSH) terms:"(TAP block)" AND "(Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair)". A total of 166 publications were identified, from which 18 publications were included in thefinal review after eligibility criteria were applied. The majority of studies conclude that TAP blocks performed in the setting of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair improve post-operative pain and mobility, decrease opiate analgesic usage, and are superior in pain control compared to other modalities of regional anesthesia. Thus, to improve post-operative outcomes and patient satisfaction, TAP blocks should be heavily considered for routine use in surgical practice for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.

Posterior transversus abdominis plane block versus lateral quadratus lumborum block in children undergoing open orchiopexy: a randomized clinical trial☆

BackgroundDue to the complex innervation of the testicle and spermatic cord, analgesic management can be challenging in orchiopexy. We aimed to compare the effects of posterior Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) and lateral Quadratus Lumborum Block (QLB) on analgesic use, pain, and parent satisfaction in unilateral orchiopexy. MethodsASA I–III, aged 6 months –to 12 years children undergoing unilateral orchiopexy were included to this double-blinded randomized trial. Patients were randomized into two groups with the closed envelope method before the surgery. Lateral QLB or posterior TAP block was applied under ultrasonography with 0.4 ml.kg−1 0.25% bupivacaine for both groups. The primary outcome was the assessment of additional analgesic usage in the peri-postoperative period. Evaluation of postoperative pain until 24 hours after surgery and parental satisfaction were also assessed as secondary outcomes. ResultsA total of 90 patients were included in the analysis (45 patients in each group). The number of patients needing remifentanil was significantly higher in the TAP group (p < 0.001). The average FLACC (TAP: 2.74 ± 1.8, QLB: 0.7 ± 0.84) and Wong-Baker scores (TAP: 3.13 ± 2.42, QLB: 0.53 ± 1.12) were significantly higher for TAP (p < 0.001). Additional analgesic consumption at the 10th, 20th minutes, 6th, 16th, and 24th hours, especially after the 6th hour, were significantly higher for TAP. Parent satisfaction was significantly higher in the QLB group (p < 0.001). ConclusionLateral QLB provided more effective analgesia than posterior TAP block in children undergoing elective open unilateral orchiopexy. Clinical Trials RegistryNCT03969316.

Regional Anesthetic Use in Trans-Hiatal Esophagectomy. Are They Worth Consideration? A Case Series.

Esophagectomy traditionally has high levels of perioperative morbidity and mortality due to surgical techniques and case complexity. While thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is considered first-line for postoperative analgesia after esophagectomy, complications can arise related to its sympathectomy and mobility impairment. Additionally, it has been shown that postoperative outcomes are improved with early extubation following esophagectomy. Our aim is to describe the impact of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks on extubation rates following esophagectomy when uncoupled from TEA. This is a case series of 42 patients who underwent trans-hiatal esophagectomy between 2019 and 2022 who received a TAP block without TEA. The primary outcomes of interest were the rates of extubation within the operating room (OR) and reintubation. Secondary outcomes included: intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS), opioid pain medication use, post-operative hypotension, fluid administration, postoperative pain scores, development of anastomotic leak, and 30-day readmission. The mean age at operation was 63 years and 97.6% of patients were represented by American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) physical status class III or IV. Thirty-four (81%) patients immediately extubated postoperatively. Nine patients (21.4%) underwent reintubation during their hospital course. Only seven patients (16.7%) required vasopressors postoperatively. The median LOS was five days in the ICU and 10 days in the hospital. TAP block alone was found to be equivalent to TAP with additional regional blocks (TAP+) on the basis of immediate extubation, reintubation, ICU and hospital LOS, and reported postoperative pain. The results of this study demonstrated immediate extubation is possible using TAP blocks while limiting post-operative hypotension and fluid administration. This was shown despite the elevated comorbidity burden of this study's population. Overall, this study supports the use of TAP blocks as a possible alternative for primary analgesia in patients undergoing trans-hiatal esophagectomy. This study includes participants who were retrospectively registered. IRB# 037.HPB.2018.R.

Efficacy of analgesia using ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (IIIH) nerve block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and diclofenac after caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: A non-randomised clinical trial.

Our aim was to assess the efficacy of analgesia using ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (IIIH) nerve block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and diclofenac after caesarean delivery (CD) under spinal anaesthesia (SA).]. A total of 457 healthy parturients undergoing CD under SA were included in this prospective, observational study. Groups differed in the postoperative analgesic strategies received by the parturient at the end of surgery: group D (n = 148) received intramuscular diclofenac sodium, group I (n = 153) received bilateral IIIH block with bupivacaine plus clonidine and group T (n = 156) received bilateral TAP block with bupivacaine plus clonidine. Total duration of postoperative analgesia, numerical pain rating scale (NRS) scores, patient satisfaction score, rescue analgesics in the first 48 h postoperatively and adverse effects were observed. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as significant. Total duration of analgesia was longest (18.2 ± 1.3 h) in group T and shortest in group D (6.3 ± 0.8 h) compared to group I (13.1 ± 1.2 h) (P < 0.001). Total analgesic requirement in postoperative 48 h was lowest in group T (152.1 ± 34.9 mg), highest in group D (355.0 ± 25.6 mg) and intermediate in group I (221.0 ± 30.0 mg) (P < 0.001). Mean NRS scores were lower in group T compared to those in groups D and I. The patients in group T were extremely satisfied, in group I were satisfied and in group D were dissatisfied (P < 0.001). Bilateral TAP block with bupivacaine and clonidine after CD under SA increases the duration of postoperative analgesia.

Comparison of Clonidine with Bupivaicaine vs Plain Bupivaicaine in Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in Women Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia: Randomized Clinical Trial.

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a technique of regional anesthesia, introduced by Rafi in 2001. Various additives have been added to prolong the duration of effect of TAP block. We conducted this study to see if addition of clonidine to bupivacaine significantly increases the duration of effect of TAP block. This randomized, parallel group, placebo controlled double blind clinical trial was conducted on 100 healthy participants (ASAII) undergoing LSCS under Spinal anesthesia (SA) from Jan 2021 to July 2021 after consent of Institutional Ethics Committee. Women with contraindications to spinal anesthesia, allergy to any of the drugs or not-suitable for cesarean under SA were excluded. After written informed consent, eligible participants were randomly allocated into two groups using computer generated random number tables using serially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. 48 out of 50 participants in group A (Bupivacaine) were given TAP block with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine bilaterally. 2 women were excluded because of conversion to General Anesthesia. Similarly, 47 out of 50 participants in Group B (Bupivacaine + Clonidine) were given TAP block with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plus 1.0 mcg/kg clonidine bilaterally after completion of surgery using 18 G Tuohy needle. Separate person used to fill the drugs for block. Participants were assessed for duration of analgesic effect of TAP block measured as the time to request for additional analgesia. Additional analgesic requirement was noted. Participants were assessed for side effects of clonidine like hypotension, bradycardia, sedation and dryness of mouth. Overall patient satisfaction was also noted. Data was analysed using Graphpad Prism 9, using Student's t-test for primary outcome and Mann-Whitney U test for secondary outcomes. The mean 'duration of analgesic effect with TAP block' was 6.34 (SD1.26) hrs for 'Bupivacaine' group and 10.56 (SD2.12) hrs for 'Bupivacaine + Clonidine' group. None of the patients developed hypotension or bradycardia. 25% participants in Bupivacaine only group and 40.42% in Bupivacaine + Clonidine group were sedated (P < 0.05). 20.8% in 'Bupivacaine' group and 51.06% in 'Bupivacaine + Clonidine' group had dryness of mouth (P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was equal in both the groups. Addition of clonidine to bupivacaine in the dose of 1 mcg/kg significantly increases the duration of analgesic effect of TAP block, decreases analgesic usage without significant increase in side effects.

Effectiveness and safety of new umbilical paramedian semilunaris approach for transverse abdominis plane block: a prospective, single-arm, observational, evaluation study.

The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a widely used, safe and effective technique for abdominal surgery analgesia, but its range of blocking is not sufficient for some surgeries requiring a large incision. Here we present the novel concept of an ultrasound-guided linea semilunaris block, a modified approach to TAP block, which can potentially offer a wider blocking range. Patients undergoing open colorectal surgery at the Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital between May and July 2021 were enrolled to receive ultrasound-guided linea semilunaris block. All blocks were performed in the holding area of the operating theater under routine hemodynamic monitoring while patients were conscious with low-dose opioids. All patients were supine, and a linear probe identified the semilunar line as the connection between the transverse and rectus muscles. Next, 20 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine was injected in the semilunar line using the in-plane technique bilaterally. The main indicator of the blocking range was measured. Postoperatively, the visual analog score (VAS) from 4 to 24 h (every 2 h), the time of the first remedial analgesia, the bowel movement starting time and complications were also recorded. A total of 31 potentially eligible studies were identified for inclusion. The extent of the cutaneous sensory block was: 3.46±0.59 cm below the xiphoid, 1.74±0.37 cm above the symphysis pubis, 2.02±1.24 cm outside the left midclavicular line, and 2.19±1.25 cm outside the right midclavicular line. The highest and lowest median [interquartile range (IQR)] VAS pain scores were 4 [4-5] of 10 h and 2 [1-2] of 4 h postoperatively. The bowel movement starting time was 3.7±1.1 days after gastrointestinal surgery. There were four patients with nausea and vomiting but none had adverse reactions attributable to local anesthetic (LA) poisoning. The ultrasound-guided umbilical paramedian semilunaris approach to TAP block is a safe and effective technique in clinical practice, which may provide more effective analgesia than traditional TAP block for open colorectal surgery with a median abdominal incision. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm our results.