Role In Transport Research Articles

Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate: Role in Shipping and Trade in the Malacca Strait in the 18th Century

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate in shipping and trade in the Melaka (Malacca) Strait in the XVIII century. By using the historical method of literature study approach, there is evidence of the triumph of the Siak Sri Indrapura sultanate in the Malacca Strait. The Siak Sultanate in 1767 under the rule of King Ismail showed its dominance in the territorial waters of East Sumatra by controlling the Tin trade on Bangka Island. The expansion of Siak influence during the reign of King Ismail continued to grow significantly starting from Terengganu, Jambi, and Palembang. In 1780 Siak's territory they reached the Langkat, Deli, and Serdang areas. The Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate took advantage of the control of trade through the Straits of Malacca. This success was also supported by the ability of the Sultanate of Siak to control the pirates in the area. Search results from Dutch records recorded that in 1783 there were 171 merchant ships from Siak to Malacca. The position of Siak can be said to be a triangular area of trade between the Dutch in Malacca and the British on the island of Pinang. At that time, the Siak River was an area where various trade products were collected, ranging from camphor, tin, and gold. Even the people of Siak are active in the timber industry, especially for shipbuilding and other construction.

Comprehend Analysis of Surface and Subsurface Sediment Distribution Using Underwater Acoustic Instruments

Abstract Ports play an important role in shipping and transporting while its fundamental challenge is sedimentation that occurs continuously at a location. A management system is required to respond to this siltation problem by dredging the underwater sediments parallel with Sustainable Development Goal 11 about sustainable cities and communities. Therefore, analyzing the area’s sediment types and distribution is necessary, especially using acoustic instruments. In this research, the dredging plan shows the relative depth distribution is around 4 to 18 meters with deep sloping topography on the north side. Furthermore, the overall result of the backscatter value of the multibeam echosounder ranges from −45.86 dB to −55.73 dB. According to the Angular Response Analysis, the sediment type of the seabed surface is clay with depths ranging up to 5.40 meters. The result of the sub-bottom profiler processing discovers step or bowl-like features where the curvature seems to have an unequal height. It considers the difference in sediment height around the area while the intensity is relatively low. Through acoustic processing analysis, it informs that the total area of 643872 m2 needs to be dredged with an estimated dredging volume of around 2181105 m3 both in surface and subsurface areas. The qualitative analysis of Multibeam Echosounder, and Sub Bottom Profiler data shows that the acoustic instrument’s products are accurate with validation data in the field.

The Global South Air transport Belt: A catalyst for sustainable tourism and economic growth

This paper explores specific technical dimensions of a Global South Air Transport Belt concept, emphasizing international air transport's pivotal role in fostering global trade, stimulating tourism, promoting people-to-people exchange, and enhancing supply chain efficiency. A notable disparity exists between the air transport infrastructures of the Global North and the Global South. Furthermore, the Carbon Offset Scheme for International Aviation poses an obstacle to the air transport advancement in developing nations. This market-based initiative, designed to cap aviation emissions from 2020, has the potential to impede the actual international network connections expansion in developing countries. As an alternative, this paper advocates for the adoption of operational measures, the utilization of sustainable aviation fuels, and the implementation of technological advancements. This strategy aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The paper highlights the potential for sustainable development through the air transport infrastructure expansion in developing countries, focusing particularly on the BRICS nations. Creating a cohesive Global South Air Transport Belt will facilitate the growth of tourism and foster economic development across the participating nations. Such an initiative seeks a sustainable pathway toward inclusive economic growth and social progress for humanity.

Genome-wide analysis of Citrus medica ABC transporters reveals the regulation of fruit development by CmABCB19 and CmABCC10

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are vital for plant growth and development as they facilitate the transport of essential molecules. Despite the family's significance, limited information exists about its functional distinctions in Citrus medica. Our study identified 119 genes encoding ABC transporter proteins in the C. medica genome. Through an evolutionary tree and qPCR analysis, two ABC genes, CmABCB19 and CmABCC10, were implicated in C. medica fruit development, showing upregulation in normal fruits compared to malformed fruits. CmABCB19 was found to localize to the plasma membrane of Nicotiana tabacum, exhibiting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) efflux activity in the yeast mutant strain yap1. CmABCC10, a tonoplast-localized transporter, exhibited efflux of diosmin, nobiletin, and naringin, with rutin influx in strain ycf1. Transgenic expression of CmABCB19 and CmABCC10 in Arabidopsis thaliana induced alterations in auxin and flavonoid content, impacting silique and seed size. This effect was attributed to the modulation of structural genes in the auxin biosynthesis (YUC5/9, CYP79B2, CYP83B1, SUR1) and flavonoid biosynthesis (4CL2/3, CHS, CHI, FLS1/3) pathways. In summary, the functional characterization of CmABCB19 and CmABCC10 illuminates auxin and flavonoid transport, offering insights into their interplay with biosynthetic pathways and providing a foundation for understanding the transporter's role in fruit development.

Structural basis for the transport and regulation mechanism of the Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is an ATP-powered exporter important for maintaining liver homeostasis and a potential contributor to chemotherapeutic resistance. Deficiencies in MRP2 function are associated with Dubin-Johnson Syndrome and increased vulnerability to liver injury from cytotoxic drugs. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined the structures of human MRP2 in three conformational states: an autoinhibited state, a substrate-bound pre-translocation state, and an ATP-bound post-translocation state. These structures show that MRP2 functions through the classic alternating access model, driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis. Its cytosolic regulatory (R) domain serves as a selectivity gauge, wherein only sufficiently high concentrations of substrates can effectively compete with and disengage the R domain to initiate transport. Comparative structural analyses of MRP2 in complex with different substrates reveal how the transporter recognizes a diverse array of compounds, highlighting the transporter's role in multidrug resistance.

Community Transport's Dual Role as a Transport and a Social Scheme: Implications for Policy.

Community transport comprises diverse local, not-for-profit, and primarily volunteer-run transport schemes that operate across the United Kingdom. These schemes support the travel needs of thousands of people, most of whom are older, live in rural areas, and have few other transport options. Further, this transport sector is unique in that most schemes are designed, created, and run by older people themselves. And yet, community transport has thus far received relatively little attention in both policy and research. Using semi-structured interviews with community transport providers in Oxfordshire, this paper proposes community transport as a practice guided by phronesis and argues that it has been made to hold a dual role as both a transport and a social scheme. The transport it provides is unique in being made low-cost, flexible, and functionally accessible. It has also been made into a social scheme as it helps those with few other options, provides benefits that extend beyond the transport realm, and fosters community. Though this dual role means that community transport has many cross-sectoral benefits, this type of service provision is found to be overlooked in both national and local policy, which has enabled the constitutive role of phronesis in community transport. Given this, there are challenges ahead for the sector in both ensuring its sustainability and maintaining its ability to respond closely to users' needs.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms and Zn transport by ZIP11 shape functional phenotypes of HeLa cells.

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient with essential roles in biological processes like enzyme function, gene expression, and cell signaling. Disruptions in the cellular regulation of Zn2+ ions often lead to pathological states. Mammalian Zn transporters, such as ZIP11, play a key role in homeostasis of this ion. ZIP11 resides predominately in the nucleus and Golgi apparatus. Our laboratory reported a function of ZIP11 in maintaining nuclear Zn levels in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Analyses of cervical and ovarian cancer patients' datasets identified four coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC39A11, the gene that encodes ZIP11, correlating with disease severity. We hypothesized that these SNPs might translate to functional changes in the ZIP11 protein by modifying access to substrate availability. We also proposed that a metal-binding site (MBS) in ZIP11 is crucial for transmembrane Zn2+ transport and required for maintenance of various pathogenic phenotypes observed in HeLa cells. Here, we investigated these claims by re-introducing single the SLC39A11 gene encoding for mutant residues associated with the SNPs, as well as MBS mutations into HeLa cells knocked down for the transporter. Some SNPs-encoding ZIP11 variants rescued Zn levels, proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of knockdown (KD) cells. Conversely, single MBS mutations mimicked the traits of KD cells, confirming the transporter's role in establishing and maintaining proliferative, migratory, and invasive traits. Overall, the intricate role of Zn in cellular dynamics and cancer progression underscores the significance of Zn transporters like ZIP11 in potential therapeutic interventions.

The role of shipping and logistics MNCs in economic development: a case study of how Maersk contributed to Vietnam’s ascendence to an export oriented economy

This paper assesses the role shipping and logistics foreign direct investment (FDI) plays in developing country export performance, exemplified by the case of the large multinational corporation (MNC) Maersk’s investments in Vietnam. The paper aims to generate a deeper understanding of how the introduction of advanced shipping and logistics services by a foreign investor contributed to export growth. The paper is based on a longitudinal case study of Maersk in Vietnam employing more than 100 interviews from Maersk, Maersk’s clients, subcontractors, and industry experts conducted between 2003 and 2016, complemented and validated by primary commercial data from Maersk, and secondary industry- and market data. The paper finds that during that period, Maersk impacted Vietnam’s export performance through five mechanisms: 1. Building infrastructure; 2. Creating connectivity and market access; 3. Reducing transaction and logistics costs; 4. Bringing buyers and sellers together; and 5. Upgrading export capabilities. While transport and logistics MNCs’ role in building infrastructure and reducing trade costs is described in the literature, the paper provides novel insights into their role as intermediaries in trade that provide value chain access and transparency, reduce transaction costs for buyers and producers, and upgrade export capabilities. The paper suggests that Maersk’s contributions to Vietnam’s export growth from 2003 to 2016 in part can be attributed to its unique competitive advantages originating from its superior organization, technology, and capital intensity. The paper contributes to the literature by deepening it’s understanding of the mechanisms through which large shipping and logistics MNCs influence developing countries’ export-led industrialization; by proving novel insights into the role of Maersk in Vietnam’s development path; and by providing and validating an analytical framework for analyzing shipping and logistics MNCs’ role in export led development that may inspire future research,

Healable, degradable polyurethane elastomers with excellent mechanical properties based on multiple hydrogen bonds

AbstractDue to its comprehensive properties, polyurethane elastomer (PU) plays a vital role in ships, construction, transportation facilities, and other fields. However, it is challenging to design polyurethane elastomer materials with good mechanical properties, self‐healing ability, and degradable ability. Herein, a kind of polyurethane elastomer based on multiple hydrogen bond crosslinking was successfully synthesized by using polycaprolactone with substantial crystallization as a soft chain segment and introducing adipic dihydrazide (ADH) and U2‐diol (a ureido‐pyrimidinone with two hydroxyl groups at the end) to achieve ordered hydrogen bond assembly design and control. The elastomer has good tensile strength, healability, degradability, and solubility. The maximum tensile strength and toughness of the prepared polyurethane elastomer (PUAD) were 46.34 MPa and 687.66 MJ/m3, respectively. With the increase of U2‐diol content, the self‐repair efficiency was greatly enhanced. After seven repair cycles, the self‐repair efficiency can still reach 66.88%. In addition, the bacterial degradation test using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a strain showed that PUAD film had excellent degradability. The dissolution test with N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent showed that the tensile strength was almost unchanged after three dissolutions.

Understanding the Role of Cu Electocatalyst, Binder, and Membrane Interfaces in CO2 Electrolyzer Durability

Carbon dioxide electrolyzers capable of maintaining stable performance for thousands of hours are necessary for commercial electrochemical reduction of CO2 to two-carbon products such as ethanol and ethylene. Currently, most studies containing CO2 reduction to two-carbon products have been for durations of under 20h. Only a few (<5) instances of CO2 reduction to two-carbon products at durations over 100h have been reported. Common cell failure mechanisms, such as carbonate salt precipitation and cathode flooding, can be mitigated by tuning the operating conditions of the reactor. Beyond these modes of failure, there are practical limitations related to materials' durabilities and long-term stabilities, including ionomeric membranes' operating lifetimes, gas diffusion cathodes, anodes, and other MEA components.In this presentation, we explore the role of CO2, water, and ion transport on cell performance over extended periods of operation. The polymeric anion exchange membrane and conductive binder have been identified as crucial components in tuning the transport properties of electrolyzer systems and, thus, will be the focus of this study. We consider several types of anion exchange membranes (e.g., imidazolium, ammonium, piperindinium) and conductive binders (e.g., Nafion, PVDF, PTFE, PSMIM) for use in the direct reduction of CO2 to two-carbon products at nanoscale Cu electrodes (150mA/cm2, 0.01M KHCO3 anolyte). This work improves upon previous analysis of membrane and binder transport properties by testing a wider variety of materials for >100h durations and reporting specific cell failure times and causes. We will discuss the balances between carbonate precipitation, flooding, and other membrane or electrode failures as a function of materials, MEA preparation, and operating conditions. A comprehensive set of failure standards based on electrolyzer performance (pressure, outlet mass flow, two-carbon product Faradaic efficiencies, energy efficiency, carbon efficiency) is introduced, and electrolyzer configurations are tested in triplicate to produce statistically significant failure data. Overall, this provides insight into CO2, ion, and water transport's role in electrolyzer cell performance and failure mechanisms. Figure 1

The role of shipbrokers in sustainable maritime clusters: A quantitative approach towards digitalization

Shipbrokers hold a very important role in shipping, as their involvement in bridging supply and demand in the industry is critical. Shipping, a modern yet highly traditional industry, has been woven through the eons of human need for transportation into a highly asymmetric construct with reference to the exchange of information. This pitfall is covered by the reassuring role of the shipbroker and over time can be facilitated only with digitalization. On the other hand, maritime clusters have been considered in previous years as the powerhouses of growth for modern economies, as they can foster national competitive advantages. These constructs have been thought to hold a definitive implication in the aim of the shipping industry towards sustainability. Within this context, the role of shipbrokers has not been documented extensively and this specific research gap is tended to by the present work. This is accomplished through a questionnaire administered to shipping professionals to extract the effect of shipbrokers in clusters, and presented with the utilization of instruments that can play a major part towards a digitalization paradigm. The analysis of the survey results can help attain a definitive image as per the implications of brokers in sustainable maritime clusters.

Analisis Yuridis Pengawasan Manifes Penumpang Untuk Mewujudkan Kelaiklautan Kapal (Studi Penelitian di Kantor Kesyahbandaran dan Otoritas Pelabuhan Khusus Batam)

In a maritime country like Indonesia, the role of shipping in the socio-economic life of the population is very important, the sea and ships are a unity of transportation systems at sea that cannot be separated, history proves the movement of trade and distribution of population with the use of human labor, starting from rowing boats, installing sails, to being driven by machines and we arrive at the term shipping for water transportation activities at sea, To be able to create shipping conditions as expected, every voyage must prioritize seaworthy conditions. The problem in this study is how to apply passenger manifest supervision to achieve ship seaworthiness, how to regulate passenger manifest supervision to achieve ship seaworthiness, and what factors hinder passenger manifest supervision to achieve ship seaworthiness. This research uses normative techniques (legal research) with sociological and descriptive research types to collect primary data through field research. Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, which regulates the responsibility and authority of harbour master as one of the pioneers of shipping safety supervision, as well as seaworthiness standards for ships before obtaining sailing permits. The study's conclusion is that since governments are responsible for making and enforcing laws, they are expected to create specific laws and regulations that address the authority of law enforcement organizations at sea so that they can serve as a starting point for the prosecution of maritime offenses, streamline shipping, improve inter-agency surveillance, and safeguard the jurisdiction of waters.

International shipping as a potent vector for spreading marine parasites.

The global shipping fleet, the primary means of transporting goods among countries, also serves as a major dispersal mechanism for marine invasive species. To date, researchers have primarily focussed on the role of ships in transferring marine macrofauna, often overlooking transfers of associated parasites, which can have larger impacts on naïve host individuals and populations. Here, we re-examine three previously published metabarcode datasets targeting zooplankton and protists in ships' ballast water to assess the diversity of parasites across life stages arriving to three major US ports. Port of Hampton Roads in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Ports of Texas City, Houston and Bayport in Galveston Bay, Texas; and Port of Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska. We selected all known parasitic taxa, using sequences generated from the small subunit gene (SSU) from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplified from (1) zooplankton collected from plankton tows (35 and 80 μm datasets) and (2) eukaryotes collected from samples of ships' ballast water (3 μm dataset). In all three datasets, we found a broad range of parasitic taxa, including many protistan and metazoan parasites, that infect a wide range of hosts, from teleost fish to dinoflagellates. Parasite richness was highest in the 3 μm dataset and relatively uniform across arrival regions. Several parasite taxa were found in high relative abundance (based on number of sequences recovered) either in ships entering a single or across multiple regions. The ubiquity, diversity and relative abundance of parasites detected demonstrate ships are a potent vector for spreading marine parasites across the world's oceans, potentially contributing to reported increases in outbreaks of marine diseases. Future research is urgently needed to evaluate the fate of parasites upon arrival and the efficacy of ballast water treatment systems to reduce future transfers and colonization.

The Potential Role of the Serotonin Transporter as a Drug Target against Parasitic Infections: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Several in vitro and in vivo biological activities of serotonin, 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), as a bioactive molecule, and its transporter (5-HT-Tr) were evaluated in parasitic infections. Herein, the roles of 5-HT and 5-HTR in helminths and protozoan infections with medical and veterinary importance are reviewed. We searched information in 4 main databases and reviewed published literature about the serotonin transporter's role as a promising therapeutic target against pathogenic parasitic infections between 2000 and 2021. Based on recent investigations, 5-HT and 5-HT-Tr play various roles in parasite infections, including biological function, metabolic activity, organism motility, parasite survival, and immune response modulation. Moreover, some of the 5-HT-TR in Schistosoma mansoni showed an excess of favorite substrates for biogenic amine 5-HT compared to their mammalian hosts. Furthermore, the main neuronal protein related to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) was identified in S. mansoni and Echinococcus granulosus, playing main roles in these parasites. In addition, 5-HT increased in toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, and Chagas disease. On the other hand, in Plasmodium spp., different forms of targeted 5-HTR stimulate Ca2+ release, intracellular inositol triphosphate (ITP), cAMP, and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. This review summarized the several functional roles of the 5-HT and the importance of the 5-HT-TR as a drug target with minimal harm to the host to fight against helminths and protozoan infections. Hopefully, this review will shed light on research regarding serotonin transporter-based therapies as a potential drug target soon.

Determination of the perception of ship management towards environmental pollion caused by routine operations of ships

In order to leave a livable world to future generations, the elimination of environmental pollution, which is one of the important dimensions of sustainability, increases its importance every day. Undoubtedly, among the factors that cause environmental pollution, the role of ships is quite high. The seas are also polluted by the routine operation of ships as well as marine accidents. Pollution arising from the routine operations of ships is caused by the discharge of pollutants such as ballast water, bilge water, sludge or garbage into the sea. In addition, emissions from ships and oil and fuel pollution caused by the routine operation of ships also play an important role in environmental pollution. In this study, the phenomena resulting from the routine operations of ships and causing environmental pollution were examined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, and the perceptions of ship operators towards environmental pollution were tried to be determined.

Planiranje i razvoj održivih logističkih sistema na makro nivou

The realization of a series of logistics activities, as support for goods flows, can result in serious negative consequences on sustainability if they are not planned properly. Road transportation's dominant role in existing logistics systems has serious unsustainable effects on the society and environment. The only way in achieving regional sustainability of logistics systems is in the utilization of alternative transportation modes through the application of intermodal transportation (IT). The planning of IT systems is a complex task that consists of determining the appropriate structure of the network, identification of efficient IT terminal types, their number, location, and role in the system, defining connections between terminals, etc. All that is preceded by the selection of the system development scenario. This article indicates the significance of IT in achieving sustainability at a macro-level. The Dry Port (DP) concept is highlighted as an instrument of achieving sustainable IT system development. Six potentially sustainable development directions of IT systems through the concept of DP are defined and explained.

A Novel Hybrid Fuel Consumption Prediction Model for Ocean-Going Container Ships Based on Sensor Data

Accurate, reliable, and real-time prediction of ship fuel consumption is the basis and premise of the development of fuel optimization; however, ship fuel consumption data mainly come from noon reports, and many current modeling methods have been based on a single model; therefore they have low accuracy and robustness. In this study, we propose a novel hybrid fuel consumption prediction model based on sensor data collected from an ocean-going container ship. First, a data processing method is proposed to clean the collected data. Secondly, the Bayesian optimization method of hyperparameters is used to reasonably set the hyperparameter values of the model. Finally, a hybrid fuel consumption prediction model is established by integrating extremely randomized tree (ET), random forest (RF), Xgboost (XGB) and multiple linear regression (MLR) methods. The experimental results show that data cleaning, the size of the dataset, marine environmental factors, and hyperparameter optimization can all affect the accuracy of the model, and the proposed hybrid model provides better predictive performance (higher accuracy) and greater robustness (smaller standard deviation) as compared with a single model. The proposed hybrid model should play a significant role in ship fuel consumption real-time monitoring, fault diagnosis, energy saving and emission reduction, etc.

Recently Discovered Iron Anchors from Tamil Nadu, East Coast of India

In maritime archaeological studies, anchors made of stone, wood, or metal have played a significant role in shipping, not only acted as a proxy during the period of their use but also suggesting maritime connections with other countries. Anchors of different types have discovered all over the world which used in the vessels engaged in carrying cargo, passengers as well as warships. Iron anchors were introduced in India by the European rulers, and later on, were manufactured in different parts of India. Like the stone anchors, different types of iron anchors have been recorded during onshore explorations as well as underwater sites with and without shipwreck remain along the Indian coast. In recent past, coastal explorations along Tamil Nadu coast brought to light two iron anchors at Tuticorin harbour while other two anchors displayed at the Government Museum, Egmore, Chennai. Both the iron anchors of Tuticorin harbour belong to Trotman type. In contrast, the iron anchors of the Government Museum, Egmore, belong to Old plan Long shanked Anchor (Admiralty Long Shanked) and Admiralty pattern anchor. This paper details a comprehensive study of these iron anchors and a comparative survey of the iron anchors of Tamil Nadu as well as India.

Neuroprotective effect of taurine on human neuroblastoma under induced stress

AbstractBackgroundHigh concentrations of hydrocortisone is known to cause oxidative stress in neural cell, impairing damage repair and, consequently, triggering cell death. This represents one of the mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). To prevent oxidative stress, novel studies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of taurine in specific concentrations, regulating brain activity, maintaining the integrity of neural membrane and controlling calcium homeostasis, thus preventing cell death by preventing oxidative stress.MethodFirst, SH‐SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cells were incubated with different concentrations of taurine (0.25 to 1 mg/mL), then, after 24h, cells were exposed to 200 µM of hydrocortisone for another 24h (a stablished concentration that reduces SH‐SY5Y viability and induces oxidative stress). Cell viability was evaluated by crystal violet technique. Cells not exposed to hydrocortisone or taurine were used as control.ResultA concentration curve of taurine was performed (0.25 to 1 mg/mL), demonstrating that the compound stimulates SH‐SY5Y cell growth at 0.5 mg/mL (p = 0.0457) (Figure 1A). This concentration was stablished as protective. To verify the neuroprotective potential, cells were pre‐treated with 0.5 mg/mL of taurine and then exposed to 200 µM of hydrocortisone. Importantly, cytoviability was not only preserved but also statistically improved, compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.0001) (Figure 1B).ConclusionIn high concentration (200 µM), hydrocortisone induces oxidative stress in SH‐SY5Y, an important pathway observed in AD. Once cells are pre‐incubated with 0.5 mg/mL of taurine followed by 200 µM of hydrocortisone exposure, cytoviability is preserved and stimulated, representing a considerable step to further evaluate taurine as a significant neuroprotective tool for AD. (1) Moraes, C.D.G.O. et al. Genotoxic effects of photodynamic therapy in laryngeal cancer cells–An in vitro study. Experimental Biology and Medicine, v. 244, n. 3, p. 262‐271, 2019. (2) Salles, G.N. et al. Prolonged Drug‐Releasing Fibers Attenuate Alzheimer’s Disease‐like Pathogenesis. ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces, v.10, n.43, p.36693‐36702, 2018. (3) Sergeeva, O.A. et al. Taurine‐induced long‐lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission in mice: Role oftransporters. The Journal of physiology, v.550, n.3, p.911‐919, 2003. (4) ROSSATO, R.C. et al. Hydrocortisone cytorestores oxidative stress‐induced neuroblastoma. Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 15(7), p.642, 2019.

Urban transport planning and access inequalities: A tale of two Colombian cities

Accessibility inequalities are a common trait of many Global South cities. Such inequalities are often the result of urban development trajectories and inherited practices of transport planning marked by spatial segregation and decades of car-centred development. This situation, repeated across Latin American cities, tends to affect mostly the poor in the urban peripheries. Despite available evidence of access inequalities on a case-to-case basis, comparative evidence across cities within the same region is still limited. Our paper addresses this gap by deploying a comparative accessibility assessment of inequalities in accessibility in the two Colombian cities of Bogotá and Barranquilla. Our comparison suggests that by following similar patterns of urban transport development, Bogotá and Barranquilla have reached similar accessibility and affordability patterns. Wealthier areas benefit from the triad of better transport coverage, proximity to opportunities, and higher purchasing power, while the poor in both cities face deep affordability and spatial segregation problems. Despite their similarities, our analysis reveals the effects of long-term decision-making in the number of opportunities which can be reached by different transport modes and population segments. Accessibility per capita in public transport is higher in Bogotá than in Barranquilla, and vice versa in private vehicles. These results are consistent with nearly a decade of implementation of different urban transport policies in both cities, which in Bogotá have been more public-transport-oriented than in Barranquilla. Findings also suggest that public transport-related policies can contribute to redefining urban trajectories, as both cities have experienced demographic and urban footprint increases in years. Similarities and differences in spatial and economic dimensions of accessibility serve as a mirror against which we assess transport's role in urban equality in similar global south cities. The discussion in this paper can be helpful to decision-makers as it recalls that some urban and transport policies and investments may have undesired long-term impacts in urban growth and access equality across the city.