Changes In Transport System Research Articles

Decoding gene expression dynamics in planktonic and biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans: regulation and role of mutanofactin genes in biofilm formation.

Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic infectious disease globally, with Streptococcus mutans recognized as a primary causative agent due to its acidogenicity and robust biofilm-forming ability. In S. mutans biofilm formation, the role of autoinducers has been extensively studied, while the influence of other small molecules remains largely unexplored. Mutanofactins, a class of polyketide/non-ribosomal lipopeptide secondary metabolites, are emerging as potential modulators of S. mutans biofilm development. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to examine gene expression patterns in S. mutans NMT4863 across distinct growth phases and lifestyles, aiming to identify metabolic factors influencing biofilm formation. Transcriptomic profiles were compared between cells in early-, mid-, and late-exponential-, and stationary phase, as well as between planktonic and biofilm cells. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and pathway analyses revealed significant alterations in key metabolic and regulatory pathways. Specifically, the biosynthetic mutanofactin gene cluster was analyzed via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Several genes and operons were differentially expressed across the tested growth phases, with 1,095 genes showing differential expression between stationary-phase, planktonic and biofilm cells. Pathway analysis revealed significant changes in ascorbate metabolism, carbohydrate utilization and transport systems, lipoic acid metabolism, bacterial toxin pathways, two-component regulatory systems, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Notably, expression of the muf gene cluster, was elevated in early exponential-phase cells relative to stationary-phase cells. Additionally, the mufCDEFGHIJ genes were identified as components of a single transcriptional unit (muf operon). MufC, a transcriptional regulator of the TetR/AcrR-family, acts as a positive regulator of the muf operon in strain NMT4863. Bioinformatic analysis pinpointed a 20-bp regulatory sequence in the muf operon promoter region (5'-AAATGAGCTATAATTCATTT-3'). Interestingly, the muf operon was found to be significantly downregulated in biofilm cells. This study provides key insights into gene expression dynamics that drive biofilm formation in S. mutans NMT4863, with a particular emphasis on the role of the muf operon. This operon is governed by the TetR/AcrR-family regulator MufC and plays a central role in biofilm development, offering a novel perspective on the molecular basis of S. mutans biofilm formation and resilience.

Reporting three rare pathogenic variants at the CFTR gene in two unrelated Iranian Azeri children with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive inherited life-threatening disease that causes changes in the electrolyte transport system, leading to high absorption of sodium and water. Disease-causing variants of the CFTR gene are responsible for this disease. In the present study, three rare pathogenic variants were identified in two unrelated Iranian Azeri children with CF.Case presentationOne child affected with CF was found to have two rare variants, c.1545_1546delTA and c.3196C > T, detected through Sanger sequencing of the entire coding region and promoter of the CFTR gene. Another patient was identified as compound heterozygous for the variant c.1545_1546delTA and a rare variant, c.2998delA, which has not been previously reported. The variants were found to be in trans, as both parents were heterozygous for the variants.ConclusionThe rare variant c.1545_1546delTA has been previously reported as a known variant in certain populations, including Azeris in northwest Iran. Our results, along with previous findings, suggest that this variant may be considered a founder mutation in specific geographical regions. The variant c.2998delA has not been previously reported as pathogenic. Following the guidelines of the American College of Genetics and Genomics and considering the proband's symptoms, we classified this variant as pathogenic based on criteria PVS1, PS4, PM3, PP1, and PM2. The identified variants in the CFTR gene as well as the previously reported variants could serve as a basis for future genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in Iran.

Modeling MobilityCoins—Charges, Incentives and Multi-period Budgets in Multimodal Transportation Networks

MobilityCoins are a tradable mobility credit (TMC) scheme variant. TMC schemes are a cap-and-trade scheme for managing mobility that are designed to limit negative externalities, e.g., congestion, of traffic. Next to having link-specific or origin–destination-specific charges for cars as in the common TMC scheme, the MobilityCoin scheme’s distinctive elements are accommodating link-specific and origin-and-destination-specific charges and incentives for all modes of transport as well as being considered a mobility currency that can be earned, saved, and spent in multiple time periods. These distinctive features of the MobilityCoin scheme does not alter the core behavioral mechanism of TMC schemes of increasing car travel costs, but these features interfere with the credit market in terms of market volume and market price that ultimately affects traffic outcomes, e.g., an uncontrolled market volume increase can lower the market price that in turns increases the attractiveness of using the car. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of multimodal macroscopic network flows and a MobilityCoin market to investigate the impacts of charges, incentives, and multi-period budgets. The model is implemented as a single-day model with an integration of sensitivity for multi-period budgets to study how the outcomes in the transportation system change with charges, incentives, and multi-period budgets. Further, we discuss implications for the policy design of MobilityCoins schemes.

Challenges and Opportunities for the Development of Inland Waterway Transport in Brazil

Despite the presence of numerous navigable rivers in Brazil, they remain underutilized for Inland Waterway Transport (IWT). Given the recent changes in transport systems which aim to reduce reliance on highways due to their high cost and lack of sustainability, it becomes crucial to explore new transport models in Brazil, shifting part of the transport from roads to railways and mainly to waterways. To fill this gap in Brazil’s transport system, it was decided to check why waterways are little used and what challenges cause them to be underutilized and, additionally, what opportunities could leverage their use in the country. In this sense, in this study, we identify the biggest challenges and opportunities faced by IWT in Brazil. To achieve this objective, interviews were conducted using content analysis with managers who work in public and private IWT organizations active in Brazil. Results show that IWT has seen a recovery in interest in recent years due to the need for cheaper and greener logistics. It was also found that the main challenges that IWT faces are a lack of public policies followed by precarious infrastructure of waterways, ports and locks, as well as modest integration with other transport modes. Conversely, the most significant opportunity lies in the potential reduction in transport costs, coupled with the enhanced sustainability of transport activities via the utilization of IWT, thereby fostering greener transport practices. These results can contribute to a better understanding of practical and theoretical approaches related to IWT in Brazil, and they can serve as a reflection for new research focusing on the development of IWT especially in other emerging countries facing similar issues.

The evolution of urban freight generation: a study of intra- and inter-city truck trips

The operations and spatial structure of logistics-related facilities has evolved with the growth of the global production network and the advancement of information and communication technology over the past several decades. Such logistics evolutions are thought to have occurred in tandem with changes in urban freight transportation systems. We estimate models for freight trip generation using the data from 2003 and 2013 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The results suggest that the relationship between employment size and freight trip generation weakened during the study period and that the scale of freight generation and the generation of intercity freight trips became less connected.

How accessibility to schools is not (just) a transport problem: the case of public school choice in the city of Malmö, Sweden

There is currently a lack of studies exploring how transport investments and school admission policies in a city can affect the distribution of accessibility to schools. The aim of this study is to investigate if, for whom, and the ways in which, accessibility to schools can change following (1) a change to the city’s public school admission policy and (2) investments in public transport infrastructure and adjustments to the public transport system. We draw on the case of Malmö, Sweden to examine the potential effects of these changes. This study is focused specifically on those in grades 7–9 (aged approximately 13–15), a group whose independent mobility is starting to take form. A geospatial analysis was carried out in order to compare the change in demographic makeup between school catchment areas (real and hypothetical) before and after the changes were made. The geospatial analysis utilises a cumulative opportunity accessibility model that takes into account typical public transport travel times both before and after these new measures were implemented. Findings indicate that the (hypothetical) school catchment areas have been redistributed to a considerable extent following both interventions, but particularly following the change to the public school admission policy. These redistributions have in turn resulted in changes in the socio-economic characteristics of the hypothetical school catchment areas. While the redistribution of school catchment areas could potentially change the socio-economic composition of schools in Malmö, the effects are not equally distributed throughout the city. While the addition of the new train line was the main focus of this study, it was found that other changes in the public transport system between 2018 and 2019 also played a role in determining which schools students could and could not access. The findings from this study highlight the importance of carefully considering the interaction of different effects when assessing policy alternatives.

Resilience assessment model for urban public transportation systems based on structure and function

Urbanization and the increasing frequency of extreme climates affect the sustainability of urban public transportation systems, and improving resilience is one of the primary directions for sustainable development. To scientifically assess the resilience of urban public transportation systems, a resilience assessment model based on structure and function is established in this study. This model mathematically quantifies and simulates the structural and functional changes in public transportation systems under disruption scenarios and provides a comprehensive assessment of six abilities: 1) structural resistance, 2) structural recoverability, 3) functional resistance, 4) functional recoverability, 5) passenger adaptability, and 6) management adaptability. Depending on the initial failure stations, this model can simulate the resilience of a public transportation system under various scenarios. This model is applied to assess the resilience of public transportation systems in a provincial capital city under an equipment failure scenario. The results show that the impact of equipment failure on resilience varies according to the metro lines, and improvement strategies for functional recoverability and management adaptability are proposed. The weaknesses in the resilience of urban public transportation systems can be identified using the proposed model, which helps provide strategies for improving the capacity to face perturbations.

A dynamic approach for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem in waste management

Urban areas worldwide face a significant environmental challenge which is increasing municipal solid waste rate. Addressing its negative consequences necessitates advancements in waste management systems. Although the previous research focused on the static routing approach in the collection phase, this paper adds a dynamic municipal solid waste collection scheme to optimize vehicle routing, accounting for fluctuations in waste generation and changes in transportation systems. This study employs, for the first time, the application of a discrete choice model (DCM) to streamline the process of re-optimization in dynamic vehicle routing problems (DVRP). At each decision epoch, DCM is applied to determine the likelihood of choosing the next geographical zone to visit bins based on current waste generation levels and traveling costs. Moreover, the multi-compartment vehicles are considered to preserve waste segregation during transportation, thereby increasing operational efficiency and regulatory compliance. Another contribution of this paper is to determine visiting priority for each bin by adjusting the time window based on the threshold waste level. Hence, this paper proposes a framework for sustainable, efficient, and effective waste management practices by integrating the benefits of dynamic and multi-compartment routing. Furthermore, a hybrid Genetic and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm has been designed to find the best solution for the studied problem as well as some of the latest and most proficient metaheuristic algorithms. Finally, the Best Worst Method is applied to find the best-proposed algorithm to solve the presented problem, indicating that the hybrid algorithm has the highest performance in providing high-quality route plans.

Mechanisms of regulation of motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary system under the chronic action of nanocolloids

Modern cutting edge technologies of chemical synthesis enable the production of unique nanostructures with excess energy and high reactivity. Uncontrolled use of such materials in the food industry and pharmacology entail a risk for the development of a nanotoxicity crisis. Using the methods of tensometry, mechanokinetic analysis, biochemical methods, and bioinformatics, the current study showed that chronic (for six months) intragastrical burdening of rats with aqueous nanocolloids (AN) ZnO and TiO2 caused violations of the pacemaker-dependent mechanisms of regulation of spontaneous and neurotransmitter-induced contractions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) smooth muscles (SMs), and transformed the contraction efficiency indices (AU, in Alexandria units). Under the same conditions, the fundamental principle of distribution of physiologically relevant differences in the numeric values of the mechanokinetic parameters of spontaneous SM contractions between different parts of GIT is violated, which can potentially cause its pathological changes. Using molecular docking, typical bonds in the interfaces of the interaction of these nanomaterials with myosin II, a component of the contractile apparatus of smooth muscle cells (SMC) were investigated. In this connection, the study addressed the question of possible competitive relations between ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles and actin molecules for binding sites on the myosin II actin-interaction interface. In addition, using biochemical methods, it was shown that chronic long-term exposure to nanocolloids causes changes in the primary active ion transport systems of cell plasma membranes, the activity of marker liver enzymes and disrupts the blood plasma lipid profile, which indicates the hepatotoxic effect of these nanocolloids.

Smart and sustainable: collecting urban transport and mobility innovation in the 2020s

How can museums collect transport objects to reflect the changes that we can see happening on the streets around us today? Much of what is changing relates to behaviour and integrated transport systems, both of which lack material ‘objects’ to collect. Some transport changes might be more easily acquired for the historic collection – the arrival of on-street hire bikes, for example – but much of what is different with the emerging systems is about attitudes, behaviour and the use of smart technology. Scotland’s cities are experiencing a revolution in smart, sustainable transport and active travel. City centre transformation schemes, already several years in the planning, have been radically accelerated by the response to Covid-19. During lockdown in 2020 cities prioritised pedestrians and cyclists over motor vehicles as part of the public health emergency. At the same time electric vehicles, cargo bike delivery collectives, bike and scooter hire schemes, extended tram network and hydrogen-powered public buses are all making an impact on how Scottish cities operate.This article explores the changes we see today to vehicles, systems and infrastructure on the streets of Scotland’s cities as a microcosm of the wider global transport revolution and provides two case studies of recent acquisitions made by National Museums Scotland to illustrate how museums might capture this moment. By considering the Lutz Pathfinder pod, a prototype fully autonomous vehicle, and items relating to Edinburgh’s Cargo Bike Movement, this article brings together two ends of the sustainable transport technology spectrum: futuristic driverless cars and low-tech bicycle deliveries. Furthermore, this article suggests approaches to how museums might collect other areas of change in transport systems and infrastructure.

Development of distributed and decentralized intelligent transport systems in terms of digitalization

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is one of the fastest growing areas of intelligent systems that improves road safety and fuel efficiency, reduces traffic congestion, refines the environmental situation of metropolitan cities. The main functions of the intelligent transportation system are real-time monitoring of road conditions in certain areas, location of road traffic incidents (RTI), dynamic monitoring and management of the continuous use of public transport services, as well as anything that can lead to changes in road traffic. In this article, the aforementioned ITS functionality is used as basic simulation scenarios for the development and implementation of an Intelligent Transport System based on the Internet of Things and blockchain technology. Both of these technologies have the inherent characteristics of a distributed technology, integrating IoT sensor nodes and distributed registry technology to register changes in Intelligent Transportation systems and create a credit token mechanism to pay for the use of road transport services. The Intelligent Transport System is a comprehensive intelligent system; it can significantly change and improve traffic conditions.

Population mobility and urban transport management: perspectives environmental quality degradation and sustainable development of suburban Makassar City, Indonesia

The expansion of the area towards suburban areas accompanied by suburbanization has an impact on the conversion of productive agricultural land and transportation movement systems. This study aims to analyse land use change works as a determinant of environmental degradation in suburban areas, the effect of land use changes, socio-economic activities, population mobility and transportation systems on environmental quality degradation, and models for handling land use, population mobility, transportation infrastructure and system management transportation towards sustainable development of suburban areas. This study uses a sequential qualitative-quantitative approach. Data obtained through observation, survey and documentation. The results of the study show that the intensity of land use change coupled with population mobility, in addition to affecting the urban transportation system based on the pattern of origin and destination of travel, also has an impact on the environmental quality degradation of suburban areas. Changes in land use, socioeconomic activities, population mobility and transportation systems has an effect in the environmental quality degradation of suburban areas with a coefficient of determination of 95.65 percent. This study recommends the application of a land use management model, population mobility, and transportation infrastructure towards the sustainability of the suburbs of Makassar City, Indonesia.

Capacity reduction on urban main roads: How truck drivers adapted, and what effects and consequences they experienced

Urban freight transport is an important issue in sustainable mobility discussions. It constitutes a significant proportion of urban traffic, and expected negative impacts for urban freight transport can be arguments against implementing restrictive measures targeting passenger traffic. The scarcity of empirical studies might lead to over- or underestimation of consequences for urban freight transport. This might slow shifts towards more sustainable mobility or cause unintended negative consequences. A long-planned 14-month capacity reduction in a main road tunnel in Oslo, Norway, causing significantly increased congestion, offered an excellent opportunity to study urban freight transport adaptations, effects and consequences. With truck drivers and logistics professionals as key informants, the study amplifies voices not often heard in research. Truck drivers adapted by avoiding the tunnel during rush hours only to a limited degree, and less than general traffic did. They reported limited flexibility, as routes and trip timing are strongly defined by customer contracts. The wider consequences for drivers were more stress and less predictable workdays. The findings might improve understandings of how truck drivers can and do adapt, and what consequences they experience. This will help authorities and freight companies plan for changes in urban transport systems aimed at sustainable mobility.

Impact of Urban Spatial Transformation on the Mobility of Commuters with Different Transportation Modes in China: Evidence from Kunming 2011–2016

Many emerging economies, including China, are undergoing rapid and large-scale urban spatial transformation. Thus, the daily mobility of transportation-disadvantaged groups, especially non-car users, has received increased attention, as these people may experience significant restrictions in their daily activities. Such restrictions raise issues with respect to transport-related social exclusion, which are detrimental to the sustainability of urban transportation systems. Activity participation and time use have been used to measure the spatial barriers and inequalities that travelers face in their daily lives. However, limited research has been conducted on how the daily mobility of different transportation modes has evolved over a longer period relative to urban development. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the activity participation and time use of car travelers in comparison with other transportation mode groups in Kunming from 2011 to 2016, a period of rapid growth in motorization. A three-layer activity structure was used to characterize the hierarchy of activity requirements. Propensity score matching was used to compare the mobility of commuters across different urban periods and transportation modes while controlling several confounding factors. Three conclusions were drawn from the results of the study: First, changes in urban form and transportation system cause residential suburbanization and a considerable increase in private-car and public transportation at the expense of non-motorized transportation modes. Second, the degree of impact of urban space transformation on personal mobility is ranked in descending order of public transit, cycling and walking, e-bike, and cars. Third, the traffic disadvantage of non-car users is obvious, and the mobility gap of commuters with different travel modes tends to widen over time. We discuss the consequences of transport-related social exclusion and highlight directions for future sustainable transportation planning research.

Learning-Based Model for Evaluating the Impact of Neighborhood Design on Travel Behavior

This research developed an agent-based model that evaluates the impact of neighborhood design on travel behavior while accounting for habit formation, social interactions, various levels of information provision, and awareness of transport and land use system changes. The developed model employs a framework that integrates random utility maximization theory with reinforcement learning concepts to account for the bounded rationality and knowledge learning process. Moreover, the model utilizes the diffusions of innovations theory to simulate how agents propagate information across family members and co-workers. It also adds a time dimension to the modal shift process, which could be used to indicate the relative duration to reap the full benefits of proposed scenarios. The model was applied to a neighborhood in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, to assess the impact on travel behavior of the SMARTer growth principles. The results showed that retrofitting non-motorized networks has more impact on modal shift than retrofitting road networks. This implies that infrastructure investments related to providing more accessibility for non-motorized users may be more socially and sustainably profitable than investments in policies targeting auto users. In addition, the results revealed that land use policies led to higher modal shift to non-motorized modes compared to retrofitting the transportation network, which highlights the importance of integrating land use and transportation planning. Similarly, the results demonstrated that transportation demand management policies can provide a positive stimulus to commuters to maintain familiarity with active transportation (AT) modes, which led in the presented case study to an increase in AT modal share.

Integrative Transport System and Land Use Changes to Induce Physical Activity and Assess Corresponding Health Benefits

Integrative Transport System and Land Use Changes to Induce Physical Activity and Assess Corresponding Health Benefits

Air transportation as a puzzle piece of COVID-19 in Africa?

COVID-19 has hit our society hard, with more than 242 million cases reported worldwide and more than 4.9 million directly related fatalities. The role of Africa throughout the pandemic has been puzzling, since the African continent seems to have gone through the pandemic better than other continents; clearly better than predicted by the public during the emergence of COVID-19 one year ago. While several factors have been proposed in the literature to explain the unexpected role of Africa, including a relatively young population, more historical-driven preparedness to other types of coronavirus and diseases, and a limited amount of testing, the puzzle is not considered to be solved. In this study, we aim to answer the question whether air transportation indicators can support us in explaining the evolution of COVID-19 in Africa? Using flight data for the year 2020, we explore how changes in the air transportation system correlate with evolution of epidemiological indicators. Our results suggest that air transportation could indeed play a critical role for the spread of COVID-19 in Africa as well. Overall, we hope that our analysis contributes towards a better understanding of COVID-19 and the role air transportation plays in an under-researched region of the world.

Gender and Disability: The Experiences of Microaggressions Against Women with Disabilities in the Philippines

This article presents how women with disabilities experience microaggression from a gender lens. Through analyzing a qualitative dataset from 14 women with disabilities, this article showed the distinct microaggression types against women with disabilities. The findings from the study supported seven (7) of Keller and Galgay (Microaggressions and marginality: manifestations, dynamics and impact, Wiley, Hoboken, 2010) Ten (10) Domains of Microaggression. This research also revealed other aspects of microaggression that are important in extending the existing knowledge of gender and disability studies. First, perpetrators of microaggression against women with disabilities are primarily in closed communities such as their families and friends. Second, gender microaggression may present a continuum towards sexual harassment, but this needs further investigation. This article explains the following recommendations: (i) targeted public campaigns to reduce specific types of microaggression; (ii) changes in public transportation systems; (iii) more studies on women with disabilities; (iv) integration of practical and strategic gender interest in disability inclusion in the Philippines.

СИСТЕМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДОРОЖНЫМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ БЛОКЧЕЙН И ИНТЕРНЕТА ВЕЩЕЙ

Blockchain is undergoing rapid development and has revolutionary potential applications in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Blockchain can be used to create a secure, reliable and decentralised autonomous system, creating the best use of legacy infrastructure and resources. One of the most important issues is the security issues caused by the evolution of ITS towards centralisation. Fast-growing technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, enable most data processing, analysis and decision-making by centralised systems. With the continuous development of the Internet of Things, all kinds of smart systems are rapidly evolving to make life safer. Like many other industries, transport has entered a period of rapid change. The Intelligent Transport System is one of the fastest growing areas of smart systems, which is expected to improve road safety, alleviate traffic congestion and increase fuel efficiency. The main functions of an intelligent transport system are as follows: real-time monitoring of road conditions in specific areas, locating traffic accidents (crashes) in specific areas, dynamic monitoring and managing the continuous use of public transport services, which can lead to changes in vehicle traffic. In this paper, the above-mentioned functionality of an intelligent transport system will be used as basic modelling scenarios for the design and implementation of an intelligent transport system based on the Internet of Things and blockchain – both of which have the inherent characteristics of distributed technology – combining sensor nodes of the Internet of Things and distributed registry technology, to record changes in intelligent transport systems and create a credit token mechanism for op The intelligent transport system described in this paper is intended to be used only as a pilot project, subject to the conditions as shown in the simulated scenario. In real-world traffic scenarios, it may produce more complex system and data security issues, which will be described and analysed in detail in the article. An intelligent traffic system is a complex intelligent system; it can significantly change and reinvent the wheel for traffic conditions. Based on the system development discussed in this article, there are many more requirements and issues that need to be addressed in the future. Such topics will be covered in detail in our subsequent studies.

The Spatial Transformation and Sustainability of Development in the New City Areas of Metro Tanjung Bunga, Makassar City

The spatial transformation of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga Makassar City has an impact on the conversion of productive agricultural land to urban industry. Changes in land use coupled with an increase in socio-economic activities lead to changes in spatial structure, spatial patterns, and a decrease in environmental quality in the direction of changes in the community's socio-economic system. This study aims to analyze: (1) Spatial transformation works as a determinant of the sustainability of the development of new urban areas, (2) The effect of changes in land use, activity systems, population mobility, and transportation systems on environmental degradation. This study uses a combination of qualitative-quantitative approaches sequentially. Data was obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. The number of respondents in this study was determined as many as 250 which was carried out purposively. The results showed that the development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga which was predominantly developed for commercial activities, services, tourism, and large-scale settlements supported by transportation infrastructure development had an impact on urban sprawl, morphological changes, spatial segregation, and hierarchical differences in meeting the needs of the population. The results of the study indicate that changes in the use of space in the new urban area have led to changes in the single social formation of the local community towards multiple social formations. Furthermore, changes in land use, activity systems, and transportation systems have a positive correlation to environmental quality degradation with a determination coefficient of 60.8%. This study recommends the development of the new city area of Metro Tanjung Bunga towards the creation of social, economic, and environmental sustainability through the support of policies of the Makassar City Government in the future.