Transport Vehicles Research Articles

Which Is Preferred between Electric or Hydrogen Cars for Carbon Neutrality in the Commercial Vehicle Transportation Sector of South Korea? Implications from a Public Opinion Survey

South Korea has drawn up plans to reduce greenhouse gases by 29.7 million tons by supplying 4.5 million electric and hydrogen cars by 2030 to implement the “2050 carbon neutrality” goal. This article gathers data on public preferences for electric cars (ECs) over hydrogen cars (HCs) in the commercial vehicle transportation sector through a survey of 1000 people. Moreover, the strength of the preference was evaluated on a five-point scale. Of all respondents, 60.0 percent preferred ECs and 21.0 percent HCs, the former being 2.86 times greater than the latter. On the other hand, the strength of the preference for HCs was 1.42 times greater than that for ECs. Factors influencing the preference for ECs over HCs were also explored through adopting the ordered probit model, which is useful in examining ordinal preference rather than cardinal preference. The analyzed factors, which are related to respondents’ characteristics, experiences, and perceptions, can be usefully employed for developing strategies of promoting carbon neutrality in the commercial vehicle transportation sector and preparing policies to improve public acceptance thereof.

Studies on the Use of Unconventional Transport Vehicles and Fuels in the Island of Crete, Greece

Several alternative vehicles and zero-carbon fuels have been developed and used to mitigate climate change, reduce the air pollution in cities and the dependence on oil resources. Their use is necessary for achieving the net-zero emissions target in the next decades. Among these vehicles are electric vehicles and vehicles with ICEs using electricity, hydrogen and bio-fuels of organic origin. The possibility of using alternative vehicles and fuels in Crete, Greece for de-carbonization of vehicles transportation has been examined. The use of electric vehicles equipped with re-chargeable electric batteries, electric vehicles equipped with fuel cells using hydrogen and vehicles with internal combustion engines using bio-fuels has been studied. The required electricity for re-charging electric batteries and for electrolytic hydrogen production can be generated from the abundant local solar and wind energy resources. Taking into account the maturity and the cost-effectiveness of the solar-PV technology as well as the wind turbine’s technology in Crete the use of electric vehicles powered by green electricity is prioritized for the green transition of the transportation sector. Bio-fuels which are used in conventional vehicles are not produced in the island. Each type of the abovementioned vehicles and fuels has several advantages and drawbacks which can accelerate or delay their use in Crete. It has been found that the green transition of vehicles transportation in the island has positive and negative economic impacts to all stakeholders. The results could be useful to policy makers, local authorities and to local stakeholders while they can assist in the development of a plan for de-carbonizing the island by 2050.

Public Transport Decarbonization: An Exploratory Approach to Bus Electrification

In 2020, only 0.9% of buses running in European Union countries were electric, with 93.5% still being diesel-powered. The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy set out by the European Commission targets a reduction of at least 55% in greenhouse gas emissions by 2023 and the achievement of climate neutrality by 2050. These targets will only be met by a shift to sustainable mobility, which comprises the introduction of electric vehicles in cities and the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEV) for urban public transport. Thus, a literature review on “electrification of bus fleets” was conducted, focusing on the practices adopted for the replacement of polluting buses with electric-powered ones. A total of 62 documents were included in the final investigation, and their results were used to conduct a SWOT analysis. It is possible to conclude that BEBs are an important asset for cities to decarbonize the transport sector and that they are more cost-effective than diesel buses. On the other hand, some attention needs to be given to the generation of energy that will feed the charging of batteries because the use of fossil fuel energy sources can jeopardize the environmental benefits of BEBs.

An Approach to Testing Antivandal Composite Materials as a Function of Their Thickness and Striker Shape-A Case Study.

Our research material comprised antivandal fire-retardant hybrid composites modified with inorganic and organic fillers intended for application in public transport vehicles. This paper presents an approach to studying their impact strength as a function of the composite thickness (3 to 6 mm) and striker shape (hemispherical, semicylindrical, wedge-shaped) used in the experimental stand. Group A composites, made of single fabric layers (n = 5), were thinner and their impact strength was lower by 73% than that for Group B composites made of double fabric layers. Study results show an almost threefold improvement in impact strength for a thickness increase of as little as 0.3 mm. Statistical analysis (the Shapiro-Wilk test, p > 0.05) did not show any significant differences in the quantitative evaluation of changes (n = 3) on the surface of the examined materials caused by impacts with strikers of different shapes. In turn, a linear correlation (Shapiro-Wilk test, W = 0.0857, p = 0.022) was found between impact strength and the thickness of the studied materials. It was observed that appropriate arrangement of fabrics and powder fillers can lead to a different distribution of forces and energy absorbed by the tested material. A lower impact strength was observed for the composite which had powder fillers in its composition, which caused the formation of microvoids in the structure of the material and thus led to a weakening in their strength properties. An effect of the placement of the glass fabric layer in the composite on the results was also observed. Moreover, SEM evaluation of the composites revealed their layered structure and the impregnation of woven fabrics with resin.

A Comprehensive Study from Cradle-to-Grave on the Environmental Profile of Malted Legumes.

Three representative pulses from the Latium region of Italy (namely, Solco Dritto chickpeas, SDC, Gradoli Purgatory beans, GPB, and Onano lentils, OL) underwent malting to reduce their anti-nutrient content, such as phytic acid and flatulence-inducing oligosaccharides. This initiative targets the current low per capita consumption of pulses. Employing Life Cycle Analysis, their environmental impact was assessed, revealing an overall carbon footprint of 2.8 or 3.0 kg CO2e per kg of malted (M) and decorticated (D) SDCs or GPBs and OLs, respectively. The Overall Weighted Sustainability scores (OWSS) complying with the Product Environmental Footprint method ranged from 298 ± 30 to 410 ± 40 or 731 ± 113 µPt/kg for malted and decorticated SDCs, OLs, or GPBs, indicating an increase from 13% to 17% compared to untreated dry seeds. Land use impact (LU) was a dominant factor, contributing 31% or 42% to the OWSS for MDSDCs or MDOLs, respectively. In MDGPBs, LU constituted 18% of the OWSS, but it was overshadowed by the impact of water use arising from bean irrigation, accounting for approximately 52% of the OWSS. This underscores the agricultural phase's pivotal role in evaluating environmental impact. The climate change impact category (CC) was the second-largest contributor, ranging from 28% (MDSDCs) to 22% (MDOLs), and ranking as the third contributor with 12% of the OWSS for MDGPBs. Mitigation should prioritize the primary impact from the agricultural phase, emphasizing land and water utilization. Selecting drought-tolerant bean varieties could significantly reduce OWSSs. To mitigate climate change impact, actions include optimizing electricity consumption during malting, transitioning to photovoltaic electricity, upgrading transport vehicles, and optimizing pulse cooking with energy-efficient appliances. These efforts, aligning with sustainability goals, may encourage the use of malted and decorticated pulses in gluten-free, low fat, α-oligosaccharide, and phytate-specific food products for celiac, diabetic, and hyperlipidemic patients. Overall, this comprehensive approach addresses environmental concerns, supports sustainable practices, and fosters innovation in pulse utilization for improved dietary choices.

Safe Transportation of Children With Disabilities and Medical Conditions in Motor Vehicles: Experiences and Perspectives of Australian Health Professionals and Organisations

Providing safe and accessible transportation for children with disabilities and medical conditions can be challenging and complex, as they are particularly vulnerable during road vehicle transportation. Health professionals and organisations play a vital role in supporting families and other involved individuals to ensure their child is transported safely. To obtain a better understanding of the experiences and perspectives of health professionals and organisations involved in the safe transportation of children with disabilities and medical conditions, a large-scale national survey was undertaken in Australia. A total of 295 responses were obtained from 234 health professionals and 61 organisations. Responses were analysed to explore the experiences, difficulties, and demands related to supporting the provision of safe transportation for these children. Although these key stakeholders believed safe transportation to be an important right, health professionals faced many challenges and had low confidence in their abilities to address the barriers associated with it. The findings suggest that health professionals may benefit from additional training, support, and resources. Organisations need access to evidence-based information to address this transportation topic in their strategies and plans. Without adequate support for health professionals to improve their knowledge and capability in this area, and organisational commitment in their strategies and plans that include the transport needs of children with disabilities and medical conditions, these children and their families will remain at a disproportionate risk of injury and fatality on the roads.

On the possibility of large-scale use of hydrogen fuel engines in real-life

A potential new technology that can offer clean and effective power for various transportation applications is hydrogen fuel engines, particularly in big mechanical transport vehicles like ships. This research examines the pros and cons of employing hydrogen-fueled engines in real-world applications compared to contemporary internal combustion engines and electric motors. According to the paper, hydrogen engines surpass traditional technology in every way, including power output, integration ability, and reduction of emissions. The paper also highlights a few of the challenges that need to be overcome to produce and transport hydrogen fuel, such as the effects that different hydrogen production technologies have on the environment, the economy, and society; the logistical and technical difficulties that come with transporting hydrogen in all its forms; and the infrastructure and legal requirements that need to be met to guarantee the security, dependability, and sustainability of hydrogen fuels. The paper concludes that additional study and development are required to overcome these challenges and allow hydrogen fuel engines to be extensively deployed in real-world applications.

The examination of the relationship between Internet use at home, on the move and trip frequencies of public transport and private vehicle before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT The Internet has significantly changed the way people travel. It allows people to reorganize activities in time and space. Due to its important policy implications, a body of empirical research has emerged to examine the relationship between Internet use and travel behaviour, spanning several decades. One of the less researched areas is where people use the Internet and how this relates to the use of different transport modes. Recently, this relationship might have become more complicated due to the coronavirus pandemic changing the extent to which people use the Internet and travel. Since future outbreaks are highly likely to happen, understanding the changes in this relationship during this unprecedented time is critical to make more resilient transport plans. This study utilized three-years of National Travel Survey data in the UK and statistical models to address two research question: (1) Does using the Internet at home or on the move for non-work purposes generate additional non-commute trips by car or public transport?; and (2) did this relationship changed during the COVID-19 pandemic? Our results showed that, although the total number of trips significantly reduced in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, frequent Internet users generated more trips, and the location of Internet use mattered, even during the pandemic. People who frequently used the Internet at home generated more trips by car, while those who used the Internet on the move had more public transport trips. However, people who used the Internet more often at home or on the move during the COVID-19 pandemic generated more trips in total, and more car trips for non-commuting purposes compared to those who used the Internet less frequently. Our results revealed an important role of ICTs in travel demand during the pandemic and raises potential social exclusion issues.

Exploratory Analysis of Farm Vehicle and Farm Labor Transportation-Related Crashes

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics associated with farm vehicle and farm labor transportation-related roadway crashes in the state of Florida. Agricultural roadway crashes related to these vehicles have not been explored in Florida. Methods The data for this study comes from the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (FLHSMV) for the years 2013–2021. The data is recorded by the Florida Highway Patrol when a vehicular crash has occurred. The data is then coded to allow the selection of farm and agricultural-related vehicles. Specifically, this study focuses on farm labor transport vehicles and farm vehicles (e.g. farm tractors). Results There were 744 farm vehicle- and 209 farm labor transportation-related crashes during the 9-year study period. The farm labor transport vehicle crashes involved a total of 420 vehicles and 1,329 individuals, and the farm vehicle crashes involved 1,458 vehicles and 1,652 individuals. Injury risk for non-farm labor transportation vehicle occupants was significantly higher than injury risk for farm labor transportation vehicle occupants. Conclusions The average fatality rate for farm vehicle-involved (2.1 fatalities per 100 crashes) and farm labor transportation vehicle-involved crashes (2.9 fatalities per 100 crashes) were much higher than the overall FL roadway crash fatality rate (0.45 fatalities per 100 crashes).

Можливості підвищення безпеки руху рейкових екіпажів з колесами, що незалежно обертаються

One of the promising ways to achieve high speed and smooth running of rail vehicles during stable movement in straight sections of the track and to improve the characteristics of fitting the vehicles in a curve is the use of independently rotating wheels in their running parts. Such undercarriages are already becoming quite widespread, for example, in urban rail transport vehicles. But independently rotating wheels can rotate in a wheel pair around a common axis with different angular velocities. It follows that during their movement, longitudinal creep forces do not arise, which form the controlling moment and center the wheel pair in the rail track. This can lead to increased angles of attack of the wheels on the rails, increased lateral forces and accelerated wear of the wheels and rails. In turn, this increases the tendency of vehicles with independently rotating wheels to derail by rolling the flange onto the head of the rail. 
 The accumulated global experience of operating similar vehicles confirms this. To overcome the mentioned disadvantages of independently rotating wheels, a number of various technical solutions have been proposed. Some of them relate to ensuring the given elastic-dissipative characteristic of the torsional articulation of the wheels in a wheel pair. A promising direction is the improvement of the characteristics of the connections of wheel pairs with the bogye and bogyes with the vehicle body, the use of mechatronic systems for controlling the position of the wheel pairs in the horizontal plane for their radial installation in curved sections of the track. In this work, attention is paid to the issue of the use in the design of independently rotating wheels of a perspective design scheme that allows independent rotation of the wheel's support surface and its guide surface (flange). The question of the effect of changing the design scheme of the wheel on the safety of movement due to the roll-in of the ridge on the rail head was considered. 
 The influence of a promising design scheme of a wheel in comparison with a traditional design scheme of a wheel on the safety of driving down a rails was investigated. The peculiarities of the distribution of frictional forces in the ridge contact during movement along the rails of the wheels of both design schemes are analyzed. For a wheel of a traditional design scheme, the module and the direction of the friction force vector in the ridge contact are uniquely determined by the geometric characteristics of the contact between the wheel and the rail and the angular speed of the wheel rotation. At the same time, when the wheel of the prospective design scheme moves, the direction and module of the friction force vector of the ridge on the rail also depend on the ratio of the angular velocities of rotation of the supporting surface of the wheel and its guiding surface (flange) around the common axis. The obtained results allow us to draw a conclusion about the expediency of using a promising design scheme in independently rotating wheels to increase the safety of movement of rail vehicles.

Stability of a Ro-Ro Ship: An Assessment of the Impact of Electric Vehicle Transportation

In terms of service lives, ships have the ability to remain operational for extended periods of time, potentially exceeding several decades. Changes in machinery and equipment are dependent on technological improvements. The above change is most noticeable in the components that make up ship systems. Nonetheless, the movement of ships on the water involves research into a variety of topics, including static-dynamic equilibrium and the demands of speed and power. The study focuses on the growing fascination with electric automobiles, which can be ascribed to technology improvements, environmental policies, and the concept's widespread acceptance. As a result, there has been a boom in interest in purchasing electric vehicles and using them for transportation. When conventional internal combustion engine automobiles are considered during the design process of marine vessels that transport land vehicles, it is expected that electric vehicles (EVs) will be primarily transported by Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) ships in the foreseeable future. However, weight discrepancies exist between electric vehicles and other models in the same category. The significant weight attributed to batteries emphasizes the significant possibility for advancement in modern battery technology. The purpose of this research is to look into the variations in the stability of a Ro-Ro vessel when transporting an equal number and weight of EVs and conventional automobiles.

Neural Modified Extended State Observer for Autonomous Maritime Transportation Vehicles with Actuator Faults and Unmatched Nonlinearities

This paper investigates extended state observer design problem for autonomous maritime transportation vehicles consisting of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) via the cooperation–competition network. Through two coordinate transformations, the dynamic model of UAVs and USVs is transformed into a standard second-order heterogeneous multi-agent system in unified earth-fixed frame. In order to recover the unavailable velocities, unpredictable fault, total disturbance as well as to estimate the heterogeneous match/unmatched nonlinearities, neural network (NN) is incorporated into the design process of the modified distributed extended state observer (MESO). Based on the Lyapunov stability analysis, it is proved that all the error signals are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) and the bounds could be arbitrarily small by choosing appropriate parameters. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Vehicle routing problem with time windows and carbon emissions: a case study in logistics distribution.

Logistics and transportation industry is not only a major energy consumer, but also a major carbon emitter. Developing green logistics is the only way for the sustainable development of the logistics industry. One of the main factors of environmental pollution is caused by carbon emissions in the process of vehicle transportation, and carbon emissions of vehicle transportation are closely related to routing, road conditions, vehicle speed, and speed fluctuations. The low-carbon vehicle routing problem with high granularity time-dependent speeds, speed fluctuations, road conditions, and time windows is proposed and formally described. In order to finely evaluate the effects of vehicle speed and speed fluctuations on carbon emissions, a graph convolutional network (GCN) is used to predict the high granularity time-dependent traffic speeds. To solve this complicated low-carbon vehicle routing problem, a hybrid genetic algorithm with adaptive variable neighborhood search is proposed to obtain vehicle routing with low carbon emissions. Finally, this method is validated using a case study with the logistics and traffic data in Jingzhou, China, and also the results show the effectiveness of this proposed method.

The problem of implementing the concept of maximum integration of heterogeneous data in practical navigation

The topic of the work is the research of the problem of the practical realization of opportunistic navigation, which actually consists in the fact that the “signals of opportunity” are not optimized for global navigation according to their original purpose. A hypothesis about the possibility of strategic application of the navigation concept based on the principles of data integration with the objective existence of tactically surmountable difficulties is put forward. In the conditions of vulnerability of the global satellite system, an approach to use an additional source of combined signals in order to continuously ensure accurate geolocation of water transport vehicles is proposed. The comparative assessment confirms the comparability of the positioning error of alternative navigation with the data of classical satellite observations of mobile objects. An assumption about the effectiveness of spline modeling of the cartographic standard of informativeness for the practical organization of the basic principle of opportunistic positioning by analogy with the paradigm of correlation-extreme navigation is made. A computer visualization of a fixed fragment of the ocean gravitational field based on spline approximation is performed in order to optimize the problem of simultaneous localization and three-dimensional representation of the ship movement in a graphical environment unaffiliated with foreign software. A hybrid algorithm for mathematical synthesis of the navigational isosurface has been tested as a harmonized support for the navigation staff to implement the “terrain-referenced procedure” in the landscape coordinate space. The variants of the “ambiguity resolution” problem implementation in the issue of maximum integration of heterogeneous navigation data are considered. The probability of practical use of the opportunistic navigation postulates in marine applications, taking into account the “navigation gap” factor for leveling local satellite incapacity with a real possibility of countering malicious interception of ship control, is estimated. The expediency of using the factor of observational reckoning of the vessel path as an additional condition for navigation safety in the aspect of packet processing of the “signals of opportunity” slot is substantiated.

Possible ways of the sustainable development concept realisation by logistics companies, the necessity of using «green» technologies for decarbonisation of their business activity

Nowadays, more and more people are becoming seriously concerned about the problems of gradual environmental pollution and climate change. Over the past decades, they have become truly complex and global in scope. The long-term policy of ignoring these extremely important questions in the past has led to a staggering number of negative consequences that we are now seeing in all countries of the world. Today, it is no longer possible to continue to pretend that our activities have absolutely no impact on them. That is why, humanity is in constant search of new ideas that will be able to solve these problems, or at least slow down their pace. One of such, the most effective and promising examples was the creation of the extremely important concept of sustainable development. It has a very essential role in the spheres of logistics and management. Nowadays, all our activities in one way or another rely on them. In the global economy, the logistics sector is a major force that stimulates efficient trade and ensures the movement of goods. The logistics sphere works with a giant number of elements, various corporations, enterprises, companies, all possible transport vehicles and people. It connects them into a truly colossal in size and unified network. But it is always worth remembering that it has a huge impact on the above-mentioned problems. Currently, one of the key goals is to minimise the negative impact of logistics on the environment. That is why it is important to move this system in the direction of sustainable development, implementation of «green» initiatives, projects and technologies. In our time, the question of decarbonisation of logistics companies’ activities is really important and highly relevant, and therefore researchers should continue to monitor, study and analyse the prospects for the development of the logistics sector in this direction.

Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment of a Non-healing Leg Wound in a Horse: A Case Report

Wound care in horses, particularly chronic non-healing lesions, pose a major medical challenge for equine practitioners and can result in considerable financial loss as well as missed training goals for owners. The lower equine limb is particularly susceptible to damage due to the lack of protective muscling and superficial synovial and tendinous structures. This paper presents the treatment of a non-healing distal leg wound in a horse by topical application of a Chinese herbal medicine decoction using a traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) approach. The patient had sustained damage to the palmar aspect of the flexor tendons on the left thoracic limb caused by jumping off a transport vehicle. This injury was initially treated by cleaning the area, topical erythromycin antibiotic ointment and intramuscular injection of penicillin for 3 days. Over a 2-month period the initial trauma progressed to a chronic non-healing wound. Medical management of the wound was then changed to topical application of a Chinese herbal decoction which was applied 3 times daily. Over a 29-day period, this treatment encouraged normalization of the wound healing process with epithelization, tissue remodeling and normal scar formation. The clinical results achieved in this horse suggest topical treatment with Chinese herbal medicine can decrease complications and speed the healing process of chronic wounds. The use of the topical herbal formula in this case was convenient, simple to use, and cost effective.

The Examination of different Air Constituents to Ascertain Pune City's Air Quality

The city of Pune experiences poor air quality, leading to research of various air constituents in order to assess the overall quality of the air. Significant pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10 (RSPM), NO2, O3, SO2, and CO are addressed in this analysis, along with their causes and consequences. Exceeding WHO standards, levels of PM2.5 constitute a severe problem; NO2 and O3 levels constitute grounds for concern. In order to mitigate such pollutants and obtain cleaner air in Pune City, the research stresses the necessity for more difficult emission control measures, the promotion of public transportation and electric vehicles, and the supervision of industrial and construction activity. The objective of this research is to evaluate Pune City's air quality and offer insights by thoroughly examining various air quality elements. An extensive tracking strategy is analyzed for three years (2022, 2023, and 2024), considering air quality components like RSPM (PM10), PM-2.5,NO2, O3, etc. Various graphs are analyzed for the above-mentioned years and observe the growth in air quality index for Pune city. In the last three years, data has been collected from government websites on a monthly basis, and various graphs have been plotted by considering their average value. All the graphs show an increase in the air quality index. The study's findings provide valuable new information on the present state of the air quality in Pune City and emphasize the urgent need for effective air quality management measures. To mitigate air pollution, maintain public health, and maintain environmental sustainability, initiatives must concentrate on emissions control, planning for cities, enhancing public transportation, and creating green infrastructure in Pune City.

Measurement of public acceptance of TDM policies using combination of public policy acceptance (PPA) and value belief norm (VBN) approach

One strategy to overcome the problem of imbalance between the demand and supply of road transportation that causes congestion is to apply transport demand management (TDM). TDM is a series of transportation policies aimed at achieving sustainable transportation by reducing the use of private vehicles and prioritizing public transport and/or non-motorized vehicles. The level of public acceptance of TDM largely determines the success of TDM implementation. Through the Value Belief Norm Theory approach, it can be seen that public acceptance of TDM policies will be influenced by how high the norm of community partiality towards the environment. The level of public acceptance of a TDM regulation can also be measured by the Public Policy Acceptance (PPA) Model. The results of the study proved that acceptance of TDM strategy implementation was quite significantly influenced by the pro-environment attitude of the community. The PPA model result showed that people tend to be skeptical of the implementation of TDM policies.

Increasing the Lifetime of Water Transportation Vehicles by Using Multifunctional Composites with a Polymer Matrix, Ultradisperse Diamond, and Discrete Fibrous Filler

Increasing the Lifetime of Water Transportation Vehicles by Using Multifunctional Composites with a Polymer Matrix, Ultradisperse Diamond, and Discrete Fibrous Filler

Multi-Objective Green 4-Dimensional Transportation Problem for Incompatible Damageable Items with Optimum Use of Transport Vehicles’ Space

In the transportation system, an item is transported from sources to destinations. In this process, as well as the weight of the items volume of the items also plays a crucial role in obtaining minimum objectives. In general, one of these constraints becomes binding. Few transportation problems (TPs) have been formulated with the restriction on vehicle volume capacity. Surface transport is one of the most powerful carbon emitters, which leads to global climate change. Thus, in addition to the usual travel cost and time minimization, carbon emission (CE) minimization and maximum vehicle space utilization should also be considered. A TP for damageable and incompatible items in a multi-objective green 4-dimensional environment is presented in this paper. The model is developed with four objectives: minimizing transportation cost, transportation time, vehicles’ vacant space, and carbon emission amount. The model is solved by six multi-objective optimization methods, and their results are compared. A multi-criteria decision-making method, “MetaRanking,” is used to compare the results of the different multi-objective methods. The model is illustrated with some numerical data using the Generalized Reduced Gradient method through Lingo 11.0. A real-life example is also presented. Several particular models are deduced. The numerical results demonstrate the importance of each objective. Pareto fronts represent that each objective is conflicting with the other.