Transportation Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

DAMPAK PENGEMBANGAN JALAN USAHA TANI (JUT) PADA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI DI KABUPATEN LEBAK

Farm Business Road (JUT) is a road that is usually known as an agricultural road, this road is one of the tools and types of infrastructure needed in the agricultural sector, especially in supporting agribusiness activities. The application of JUT is one of the strategies in developing agricultural areas, JUT can facilitate the distribution of agricultural products, especially in lowland rice commodities. JUT is a form of supporting adequate agricultural infrastructure in farming activities, such as road access for the transportation of agricultural products, this is very much needed to support effective and efficient agricultural development. The application of JUT to lowland rice farming in Wanasalam District can have a positive impact on farming including: 1) Reducing transportation costs/increasing farmers' profits. 2) Facilitate transportation during the rainy season where usually the grain is not transported because of the rainy season so the grain turns black and the grain grows into seeds. 3) With the JUT, quality, quantity and continuity can be achieved because the means of transportation are smooth. The application of JUT shows a difference in production efficiency because JUT is 14.3% more efficient than before the existence of JUT. The greater the efficiency ratio, the more efficient rice production in Wanasalam. Production is more efficient when production input has been minimized in the same amount of production

The Importance of Motorcycle Taxi Transport of Agricultural Products and Operator Income in Indonesia

Aims: The purpose of this research is to analyze the operator profile, operational transportation profile and operational costs, as well as the additional income of the operator. Background: South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is known as the city of rice or rice granaries with extensive agricultural areas or rice fields, but road infrastructure is still limited, and there are still many unconnected road networks and the absence of fast, cheap and efficient modes of transportation for agricultural products that can operate. In addition, the level of education and skills of the community is low; limited employment opportunities cause unemployment. Therefore, farming communities create jobs by modifying their two-wheeled motorcycle and becoming operators of motorcycle taxis transporting agricultural products as a livelihood to earn additional income. Objective: The object of the study is motorcycle taxis operator as a means of transporting agricultural products operating in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency, with a very large agricultural area. Methods: The interview survey is conducted on motorcycle taxi operators. A total of 227 operator respondents were surveyed randomly using a survey form that had been previously designed and tested. Primary data is collected through interview surveys which are analyzed and described. Results and Discussion: The results of the study show that the majority of operators have a relatively low education profile, 96% with an education level below high school, 99% working as an operator is a side job, 100% of taxi motorcycles are owned by themselves, the time spent per motorcycle taxi transporting to the destination on average between 100 – 200 minutes per 1,000 – 3,000 kg, operating time used per day is 98% less than 5 hours, operator operating costs per day on average IDR30,600 (equivalent to US$2.1/day), provide additional income per day of IDR173,400 (equivalent to US$12/day) or month between IDR3,500,000 – IDR4,500,000 (equivalent to US$ 241 – US$ 310/month). Conclusion: Motorcycle taxis are one of the solutions for transporting agricultural products in this region and created additional jobs become operators to increase income.

A Novel Artificial Multiple Intelligence System (AMIS) for Agricultural Product Transborder Logistics Network Design in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)

In recent years, agriculture products have contributed to 28.75% of Thailand’s GDP. China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are the main markets for agricultural products. The annual export volume exceeds 119,222 million THB. The majority of them are shipped over Thailand’s land borders to its neighbors. Small and medium-sized farmers make up more than 85% of those who produce agricultural items. Numerous scholars have studied the transportation methods used by the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) nations along the economic corridor, but the majority of them have concentrated on import–export operations involving sizable firms, which are not applicable to the transportation of agricultural products, particularly when attention is paid to small and medium-sized farmers. In this study, mixed-integer programming (MIP) is presented to design an agricultural product logistics network. In order to prolong the lifespan of the container used, the MIP’s primary goal is to maximize the total chain profit while maintaining the lowest container usage possible. The approach was developed to increase small and medium-sized farmers’ ability to compete. Small and medium-sized farmers bring their products to an agricultural product collecting center, also known as a container loading facility. After that, skilled logistics companies distribute the goods. In order to convey the goods to the final clients in neighboring nations, the proper locations of the containing loading centers, the correct transportation option and the borders must be decided. The issue was identified as multi-echelon location–allocation sizing (MELLS), an NP-hard problem that cannot be handled in an efficient manner. To solve a real-world problem, however, efficient techniques must be supplied. AMIS, an artificial multiple intelligence system, was created to address the suggested issue. AMIS was developed with the goal of leveraging a variety of methods for local search and development. There are several well-known heuristics techniques employed in the literature, including the genetic algorithm (GA) and the differential evolution algorithm (DE). With respect to the improved solutions obtained, the computational results show that AMIS exceeds the present heuristics, outperforming DE and GA by 9.34% and 10.95%, respectively. Additionally, the system’s farmers made a total of 15,236,832 THB in profit, with an average profit per container of 317,434 THB and an average profit per farmer of 92,344.44 THB per crop. The container loading center uses 48 containers, with a 5.33 container average per container loading center (CLC). The farmers’ annual revenues were previously less than 88,402 THB per family per year, so we can predict that the new network may increase customers’ annual income by 4.459% for each crop.

Sustainable development goal 2 (SDG-2) and the challenges of transporting agricultural produce: a case study of Esan-West local government area of Edo State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The SDG-2 action plan is predicated on eradicating poverty and hunger, globally. It underpins the significance of agriculture – a source of raw materials, sustenance and income for many. Notably, transportation is a crucial part of distribution and pertinent to the success of agriculture. Herein, problems associated with transporting agricultural produce in rural areas are examined; with Esan-West Local Government Area (Edo State, Nigeria) as a case study. It evaluated the mode of transportation and concomitant effects on the market and distribution of produces. Two hundred questionnaires were analyzed and two hypotheses tested, using Pearson’s product–moment correlation and Likert scale. The data indicate that the transportation of agricultural products is significantly constrained and impacts on development and sustainability.

FORECASTING GRAIN CARGO HANDLING AT PORT ELEVATORS SOUTH-EASTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

The results of a study of the state and possibilities of increasing the capacity of grain transshipment in the ports of Ukraine and substantiation based on the developed trend models of forecast volumes of grain cargo transshipment in Berdyansk and Mariupol seaports of the South-Eastern region of Ukraine until 2025 are presented. The studies established the characteristics of grain cargo flows in the seaports of Ukraine, the SWOT analysis revealed the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and threats of the Mariupol Sea Trade Port, developed trend forecast models for grain transshipment volumes in the ports of the South-Eastern region of Ukraine and substantiated the forecast volumes of transshipment grain cargo until 2025. A rather uneven loading of the Mariupol port during the year is shown. August and all summer months are especially critical, when both industrial and agricultural goods need to be exported from the nearby region at the same time. The urgent need to increase the capacity of elevators for the ports of Chornomorsk, Reni and Olvia, as well as the ports of the Sea of Azov, in particular, the construction of a new elevator in the port of Mariupol, which is a timely strategic decision, has been substantiated. It was noted that at present most of the country's seaports are expected to increase the transshipment of food cargo of all kinds. To predict the volumes of transshipment of grain cargo at the Berdyansk and Mariupol seaports, based on the analysis of data from the state enterprise "Administration of the Sea Ports of Ukraine", forecast models (trends) are proposed that contribute to the growth of production capacity and competitiveness of agricultural products of the adjacent agro-industrial region. It is shown that the forecast for the next 2-4 years is optimistic – subject to a good grain harvest, the transshipment of grain cargo by 2025 in the Berdyansk and Mariupol ports can reach 2,000 and 1,300 thousand tons, respectively, that is, increase compared to 2021, respectively, 5 and 1.3 times. The conducted SWOT-analysis made it possible to identify and evaluate the factors influencing decision-making on the possibility of developing the Mariupol seaport. On the basis of analytical data, a long-term forecast was made for the further development of the transport and logistics component of the seaports of the South-East region of Ukraine, which will expand and improve port services aimed at increasing its throughput. Among the most important measures is the construction of an elevator in the Mariupol seaport, which will help increase the quality and safe transportation of agricultural products in the chain from the producer to the end consumer. The main measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the Mariupol port were identified, including: construction of complexes for transshipment of grain, containers, vegetable oil; dredging, construction of hydrotechnical bank protection structures; reconstruction of berths 2-4 and 14-15 of the port; reconstruction of the nearby railway station Mariupol-Port.

Ensuring the safety of transportation of goods for the needs of industry and agriculture taking into account the climatic and territorial characteristics of Russia

To ensure the safe transportation of agricultural products and raw materials, it is necessary to regularly monitor the condition of the vehicles used for this. This article analyzes the current statistics on the fleet of vehicles in Russia, taking into account technical malfunctions at the end of 2020, as well as the prospects for the development of a safety control system for the structure of vehicles in operation. An updated position on the issue of making changes to the design of vehicles is presented. The monitored safety parameters of the vehicle structure are considered and described in detail. Conclusions are made about the most informative, less costly and, as a result, more effective means of control. It is indicated that the type and main technical characteristics of the means of technical diagnostics are not legally defined. Fulfillment of the requirements of the technical regulation of the Customs Union “On the safety of wheeled vehicles” 018/2011 will cover a significant stage in the life cycle of a vehicle.

ЕКСПОРТНО-ІМПОРТНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ЗЕРНОПРОДУКТОВОГО ПІДКОМПЛЕКСУ АПК

The article analyzes the export-import potential of the grain product sub-complex of the agro-industrial complex. A positive trend in the development of Ukraine's international trade and economic relations has been established, and the strengthening of the EU country's role in bilateral trade of products of the grain sub-complex, the share of which is increasing not only in exports but also in imports, has been substantiated. An analysis of the export of cereals, legumes (with products of their processing), and flour from Ukraine was carried out. In the process of writing the article, various general scientific and unique research methods were applied: economic analysis and comparison for the study of parts of individual types of products of the product subcommittee of the agricultural industry in Ukraine in export and import from EU countries; graphic method - for a visual representation of the results of data analysis of export and import activity; abstract-logical method - for theoretical generalizations and formation of conclusions; a process of analogies, tabular - for substantiation of the leading importer countries of domestic grain, economic and statistical - search and analysis of export and import activity of Ukraine during the war period. It is substantiated that during the last period, there was a strategic reorientation of the domestic export of grain and its processing products from the markets of the CIS countries and the Russian Federation to the needs of the countries of Asia and the European Union. It has been established that the preponderance of export volumes of products of the grain product sub-complex of the agro-industrial complex over the books of its volume is significant, which partially proves the import of the proposed hypothesis. The Russian-Ukrainian war stimulated problems with the stability of logistics chains that ensured the export of the grain product sub-complex, which in turn led to increased prices for agricultural products. It has been proven that the blockade of Ukrainian ports in the Black Sea makes trade over such a long distance somewhat problematic. The results of this study are of interest to higher education institutions seeking to improve agricultural supply chains; practices of the farm sector, which are aimed at the optimal cost of transportation of agricultural products. The author's research emphasizes the importance of the export-import potential of the products of the grain product sub-complex. It ensures the systematization of the problem of food supply chains.

The Optimal Route Selection Model of Fresh Agricultural Products Transportation Based on Bee Colony Algorithm

In order to optimize the distribution route of fresh agricultural products and reduce the distribution cost, the optimal route selection model of fresh agricultural products transportation based on bee colony algorithm is constructed. After establishing the transportation road network model of fresh agricultural products and analyzing the transportation road information, the transportation road network zoning is realized by the dynamic zoning method of transportation road network based on spectral clustering algorithm, taking the unblocked area and congested area as the zoning purpose. Based on the traffic zoning information, the transportation route optimization model of fresh agricultural products with time window is constructed. Solved by bee colony algorithm to obtain the distribution route of fresh agricultural products with the lowest distribution cost and the highest customer satisfaction. The experimental results show that the model can choose the fresh agricultural products distribution route with the lowest distribution cost and the highest customer satisfaction under the two working conditions of smooth traffic and congestion.

Interrelationships Among Factors Influencing Multimodal Transportation Efficiency of Agricultural Products in Thailand

Thailand is the world’s leading agricultural products exporter. The transportation of agricultural products in Thailand relies mainly on roads because of its extensive network and convenience. However, with the limited capacity, traffic congestion, air pollution, and high fuel prices, this transportation mode becomes less effective. The government, then, attempts to develop and promote multimodal transportation, especially rail and water modes, to reduce the logistics costs and increase the transportation network efficiency. This study extracts five key factors influencing multimodal transportation efficiency of agricultural products in Thailand, namely Multimodal Transportation Infrastructure, Operation, Multimodal Service Provider, Market, and Road Constraints factors, as well as examines their interrelationships using the structural equation modeling method. The results show significant direct and indirect relationships among the five key multimodal transportation efficiency factors. It is found that with better multimodal transportation-related operations, multimodal transportation market is improved through less use of road transportation and more multimodal service providers in the market. Moreover, policymakers should focus on improving multimodal transportation-related infrastructures, such as container yards, access roads to train station and port, and transshipment equipment, in order to increase multimodal transportation efficiency and encourage the use of multimodal transportation. Engineering managers can use the study results in decision-making of transportation mode selection. Policymakers in government sector may apply the study results to establish effective policies to achieve a sustainable transportation system, which, in turn, gives rises to national industrial competitiveness on a global scale.

Improving the efficiency of the road transportation process in agricultural production

The article is devoted to the solution of a topical issue- improving the efficiency of road transportation process on the basis of improving the methods of vehicles selecting for the transportation of certain agricultural cargo under the given operating conditions. It has been proved that significant number of parameters influenced on the efficiency of road transportation in agricultural production. In addition to the generally accepted factors (maintenance costs and fuels and lubricants), transportation conditions, type of cargo, type of unloading and loading operations have a significant impact in agricultural production conditions. It is proved that variety of agricultural cargo within one farm encourages enterprises to form a universal automobile park. As a result of the analysis of purchases of vehicles by agricultural enterprises, it has been determined that there are no stable approaches of enterprises to forming the automobile park, which confirms the thesis of the influence as big number of factors on the choice of vehicles for transportation in agricultural production conditions. The approaches to the definition of the reserves for increasing the efficiency of the available automobile park and to the formation of the optimal structure for certain operational conditions have been considered. The objective need for proper grounding of the choice of vehicle for the conditions of agricultural production, due to the need to take into account a large number of parameters that characterize both the vehicle and the cargo and transportation conditions. In this context, the authors have proposed for practical use an algorithm for selecting a vehicle to perform specific transport work on the transportation of agricultural products, which takes into account the set of vehicles characteristics, cargo type and transport conditions. Attention has been drawn on the need for a systematic approach to the selection of transport vehicles estimation criteria in agricultural production. Taking into account the size of the bulk density, the availability of loading and unloading facilities, the peculiarities of transportation conditions, the amount of average expenses per unit of transport allows to comprehensively assess a single vehicle, optimize the choice of vehicle transportation of concrete agricultural cargo, minimize financial losses, thus, to increase the efficiency of the transportation process in agricultural production. Consideration of the optimal list of vehicle parameters provided by the presented algorithm will increase the efficiency of the transport process in agricultural production, both by reducing operating costs and by saving cargo and time. The clear structure of the proposed algorithm, with justification of each of its steps and, the purpose of each step, certainty and discreteness makes it easy to solve with available software.

Проблемы сокращения потерь сельскохозяйственной продукции

Aim. Assess and analyze the structure of agricultural production and the total amount of losses during its transportation, sale and processing. Materials and Methods. The scientific research was based on an assessment of the reported aggregated statistical data on the volume of agricultural production in Russia. Methods of graphic, statistical analysis, methods of analogy and comparison, genesis and synthesis of scientific knowledge were used in the work. Results. The gross volumes of agricultural production were calculated (280 million rubles), the volumes of products sold (8.25 trillion rubles) aimed at personal consumption were determined (81 million rubles), and the total losses of products in the process of their sale and consumption, and transportation to the final consumer were calculated (48 million tons). It was concluded that manufacturers today are actually aimed at exporting raw materials, without its subsequent processing and storage due to the lack of established logistics routes and the necessary capacities for its long-term storage. Recommendations were developed for the development of infrastructure for long-term storage and subsequent processing of agricultural products. Conclusion. Conclusions are drawn about the need to revise the existing system of logistics supplies and transportation of agricultural products from the field to the storage facility or producer. For the successful intensification of the existing process of internal processing of agricultural products, it is necessary to increase the storage and freezing capacities of raw materials.

Cost Analysis of Multimodal Transport on Refrigerated Container

Refrigerated container multimodal transport is a long-distance interprovincial transportation, which effectively ensures the quality of agricultural products. The application of refrigerated containers and other means of transportation in the long - distance transportation of perishable agricultural products can reduce the cost of multimodal transport of agricultural products and improve the logistics efficiency. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the multimodal transport cost analysis of refrigerated containers for perishable agricultural products. The article classifies the applicable goods in refrigerated containers and refrigerated containers; Erishable agricultural products have short shelf life and high damage rate. Refrigerated transportation tools have the particularity; In the cold chain logistics environment, in addition to considering the transportation cost, transit cost and time penalty cost of normal temperature multimodal transport, we should also consider the loss cost of perishable agricultural products in transit and the energy loss cost of refrigerated container refrigeration in transit.

<p class="Body"><strong>Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of metal oxide nanoparticles against the bulb mite</strong></p>

Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) known as saffron is the most commercially important medicinal food product in Iran and worldwide because of its significance for exporting commercial. However, the health of this plant is adversely threatened by abiotic and biotic stress. Bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Acaridae) as abiotic stress is oligophagous and the main pest of tuber plants, commonly found in all the cultivated saffron producing areas could decrease saffron economic value. The mites tunnel through corms allowing the entry of fungal and bacterial pathogens. The widespread use of commercial pesticides in modern agriculture to protect crops from pests has caused significant public concern because of their side impacts on the environment and non-target species. Nanotechnology has been used in the production, processing, storage, packaging, and transport of agricultural products. Newly, oxide nanoparticles have been introduced as novel pesticides against pests and fertilizer. This study was conducted as an effective and environmentally-friendly method to control the growth of Rhizoglyphus robini. The lethal and sublethal effects of metal oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) including nano copper oxides (nano-CuO), nano magnesium oxide (nano-MgO), nano zinc oxide (nano-ZnO), nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), and nano iron oxide (nano-Fe2O3) which their lethal concentrations ranged between 159.2 and 1036.4 mg L-1 were studied on Rhizoglyphus robini adult females. The contact effect of the tested MNPs was evaluated using the corm dip bioassay method. Assays showed that the contact toxicity of the nano-CuO treatment (229.1 mg L-1) was higher than other MNPs. To assess the sublethal effects of the MNPs, adult females were exposed to the LC25 concentration of MNPs, and life history and life-table parameters of the surviving Rhizoglyphus robini were investigated. The exposure to sublethal concentrations of the tested MNPs prolonged the egg incubation, larval period, and nymphal period significantly when compared to the control mites. Compared to other MNPs or control mite, nano-MgO and nano-TiO2 led to the longest duration of the total immature stages (11.32 and 11.32, respectively). The net reproductive rate (R0), the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the generation time (T) were significantly different between control and MNP treatments. The population exposed to ZnO-, MgO-, and TiO2-nanoformulations had a much lower rm value (0.164, 0.164, and 0.171 d-1, respectively) compared to the control population (0.231 d-1) and those exposed to Fe3O4- and CuO-nanoformulations (1.19 and 1.19 d-1, respectively). According to our findings, all tested MNPs, especially CuO-, ZnO-, and MgO-nano formulations, have a potential application for use in the management of Rhizoglyphus robini.

Tariff Regulation on the base of Weather and Seasonal Changes in Transportation Environment

One of the most promising areas for the development of the domestic economy is the agricultural sector which is characterized by a high level of volatility due to a wide range of business risks including weather and seasonal changes. There are significant economic imbalances despite the active processes of automation of the agricultural sector as well as the desire of farmers to reduce the cost of production while simultaneously improving its quality. And it’s largely due to imperfect approaches to price formation. One of these problematic areas is the sphere of cargo transportation of agricultural products. Now the usual ways of supporting entrepreneurs in the form of preferential loans, special tax regimes, and aid grants are no longer fully able to create optimal conditions for agricultural producers. The reason of this is the complex, multi-faceted nature of production and financial and economic relations in the agricultural sector. Above-listed tools are able to harmonize the sphere of agriculture as an economic system, however, a number of issues require the development of effective organizational and economic measures in a rather tight range. So, it is advisable to review the pricing conditions for cargo transportation of agricultural products taking into account both the weather conditions and the factor of seasonality. The authors give reasons for the need to introduce a flexible approach to the application of trade surcharges (tariff schedule) in this area. The rationale for the feasibility of correcting prices for carriers’ services taking into account these factors is presented since the proposed measures reduce the surface damage of agricultural products during transportation. It leads to a longer period of sell-by-date and, that is why, obtaining additional income which more than compensates of the transportation costs increasing.

Research on optimal hub location of agricultural product transportation network based on hierarchical hub-and-spoke network model

The optimal location of the hub of agricultural product transportation network is of great practical significance for improving the transportation efficiency and ensuring the freshness of agricultural products. The pure hierarchical hub-and-spoke transport network is used to model the agricultural products transportation, a genetic algorithm with two layers of chromosome coding is used to select the optimal hubs which ensure that all agricultural products are delivered on time and the total network cost is minimized. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the impact of the cost loss rate and delivery limit time on the location of hubs. Finally, the feasibility and advantages of our method were verified through the agricultural product transportation data of 48 states in the United States. The results shown that the total cost was reduced by 16.73% by compared with the direct routing transport. Through sensitivity analysis, it was found that when the cost loss rate decreased, the total transportation cost decreased, the number of hubs increased, and the ratio of hub cost to total transportation network cost increased. The experiments show that our model can effectively improve the efficiency of agricultural products transportation.

Logistic Circulation with Risks in Transportation of Agricultural Products

Logistic Circulation with Risks in Transportation of Agricultural Products

Sustainable Agriculture: Stable Robust Control in Presence of Uncertainties for Multi-Functional Indoor Transportation of Farm Products

Currently, integrated trends play a key role in every aspect of automation applications. In particular, if the mechanization of agriculture becomes a competitive factor among farmers or nations, then the multi-functional transportation of agricultural products is inevitable in global trade. In sustainable transportation, the challenge of overcoming stable control in harsh environments, such as through imprecise parameters or varying loads, should be addressed. In this paper, a novel controller for a nonholonomic mechanical system able to adapt to uncertainties is proposed. Based on the multi-functional autonomous carrier (MAC), the system configuration of the kinematic and dynamic model is launched in order to identify the unstable problems that arise when tracking the trajectory. To solve these troubles, the decoupled formation of a MAC system has been investigated by considering two second-order components, namely a linear speed-based sub-system and angular speed-based sub-system. To stabilize the whole system using the Lyapunov theory, the advanced control techniques are studied. To validate the proposed approach, a series of test scenarios have been carried out. From the superior performance of numerous trials, it is clear that our approach is effective, feasible, and reasonable for the advanced control of agricultural applications.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ОТМЕНЫ ЕНВД

Over the past years, the unified tax on imputed income has been the most convenient, effective, simple and economical for the majority of individual entrepreneurs in our country. Now entrepreneurs should abandon this tax regime. A very topical issue is the choice of the taxation system that will minimize budgetary obligations. Based on the Rosstat data, individual entrepreneurs occupy a fairly high share in the total population of entrepreneurs in this country. Taking into account the fact that the Republic of Adygea is an agricultural one, and in addition to standard cargo transportation, many individual entrepreneurs are also engaged in the transportation of agricultural products, we have selected this particular segment for research. The paper provides a comparative analysis of taxation systems that can be used by entrepreneurs providing freight services in the Republic of Adygea. For clarity, we examined such tax systems and special tax regimes as: tax on professional income, patent system, simplified “Income” taxation system. For each of the systems, both the advantages of its application and the disadvantages are systematized. The patent system may only have its own benefits for entrepreneurs operating in only one region and without employees. Professional income tax is similar to the simplified “Income” tax system. Only with this option there is no possibility of using the tax deduction of fixed contributions for pension and social insurance. The calculations and recommendations presented in the work will help individual entrepreneurs make the right choice. The most optimal variant can be chosen only by the entrepreneur himself, basing on the peculiarities of the entrepreneurial activity.

Method of formation of 2-3 trailed road trains for transport of agricultural products by military departments

Method of formation of 2-3 trailed road trains for transport of agricultural products by military departments

Assessment model of risk tolerability level of perishable agricultural products transportation

Assessment model of risk tolerability level of perishable agricultural products transportation