Belt Transport Research Articles

Development and Validation of a Model for Flat Belt Tracking in Pulley Drive Systems

This investigation examines the problem of lateral belt motion (“tracking”) in belt drive systems using a mechanics-based approach. It is shown that the motion of a belt over a pulley of arbitrary shape with angular misalignment between the belt and pulley axes can be decomposed into two simpler problems: belt transport over a locally conforming cone and that over a cylindrical pulley at the specified angle of misalignment. The physical models are based on the assumptions that lateral deformations of the belt may be treated as those of a slender beam and that no slip occurs between the belt and the pulley surface. In the case of the conical pulley, a similarity parameter that incorporates the nominal pulley radius, mean normal stress in the belt and its stiffness and width is identified as the primary controlling influence on the tracking behavior. For the problem of tracking on a cylindrical pulley at a steering angle, a kinematic model is found to correctly predict the scaling of the tracking speed. In both models, it is necessary to introduce empirical constants to account for physical effects that have not been included. The tracking speed predicted by these models is nevertheless found to compare well with numerical simulations and experiments. The models are then used to determine the equilibrium position of a belt on a circular-arc crowned pulley. The predicted position was found to be in good agreement with experimental data, indicating that the present approach can be used as the basis for a systematic design procedure.

Study for Deformation Control Technology of Bottom Slope of Conveyor Belt in Open Pit Mine

Deformation of slope for all section is almost the same while the width of slope along the strike is large enough, that is plane deformation. If the width is small, then cannot analyze according to the plane problem. According to above method, slope deformation of concave base is 3D problem if excavates a limited width concave conveyor belt alone the slope dip in open-pit mine. In this article, the relation between excavation width and deformation is analyzed by 3D numerical simulation method, on the basis of some mine actual geological occurrence conditions, meanwhile, calculative equation among deformation geometry and limit equilibrium is established to evaluate concave base slope stability. Concave base slope for conveyor belt is 32% for deformation of plane mode slope in light of numerous simulation result, and the stability coefficient can be improved by 0.5 through case studies analysis. So, the safety of belt transport system is ensured.

A Measuring Water Content Method Based on K-RBF Neural Network in the Coal on Transportation Belt

In coal mines fire consists of one of the main disasters, which usually take place for the reason that the water content of coal is over low. Over low water content of the coal transported with belt more likely brings about flying coal dust, which, when accumulated to some degree, will triggers explosion. Given that in China now coal is mainly transported with belt in coal mines, the author in this paper proposes a way to measure water content of coal transported with belt by use of microwave attenuation method and improve the measure accuracy through RBF neural network algorithm. This method is proved to be scientifically reasonable through laboratory simulation and experimentation. The theoretical basis and technical support are provided to increase the accuracy measuring water content of coal transported with belt by this method.

Polychaete response to fresh food supply at organically enriched coastal sites: Repercussion on bioturbation potential and trophic structure

We investigated the vertical distribution, abundance, specific and functional structure of polychaete assemblages at four organically enriched sites. The effects of fresh organic matter input from the water column driving by upwelling were evaluated. Temperature and salinity values indicate the intrusion of South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) in spring, a nutrient-rich water mass. The dominance of the conveyor belt transport (CONV) in the station influenced by SACW, in the spring survey, is associated with fresh organic matter input as indicated by higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conversely, the predominance of the diffusive mixing (DIFF) bioturbation category, in the sites without SACW influence is related to the preferential accumulation of more refractive food resources as indicated by higher concentrations of short chain saturated fatty acids. At the site influenced by SACW, the changes in polychaete assemblages were not all evident during proceeding upwelling conditions, but may persist at the end of the upwelling. Polychaetes in the study area seemed to be limited by the quality but not the quantity of food. The delay in polychaete response to fresh food supply may be related to the organic enrichment and the prevalence of refractory material in the sediments.

Effects of Nanoparticle Coverage on the Adhesion Properties of Emulsion Aggregation Toner Particles

Toner is a critical material in printing and copying processes. Compared to the conventional pulverized toner, polymerized emulsion aggregation (EA) toner provides more precise control over the shape and surface roughness of particles. Due to its roundness and low surface roughness, the near-spherical EA toner appears to adhere more strongly to flat substrates, which is desirable for efficient toner transfer and development. However, in the cleaning and transport processes, due to enhanced adhesion, it is difficult to remove the residual EA toner from surfaces of the photoreceptor and transport belt. To reduce the adhesion of the EA toner in a controllable manner, the surfaces of the toner particles are coated with silica nanoparticles with a diameter range of 15–32 nm. In the current study, a technique based on the rolling resistance moment of the particle-substrate adhesion bond is utilized for quantifying the effect of nanoparticle surface coating on the adhesion of individual toner particles. With the aid of a custom-made nanomanipulation system, an increasing lateral pushing force was applied to an individual toner particle adhered to a silicon substrate while the pre-rolling and rolling motions of the particle in response to the lateral pushing force were recorded. The work of adhesion between the toner particle and silicon substrate was extracted from the corresponding lateral force-particle displacement curve. The technique was used to characterize the adhesion properties of both uncoated (bare) and nanoparticle-coated model toner particles with a specified surface area coverage of 50%. It is found that the work of adhesion values between the surface-coated experimental toner particles and the silicon substrate are almost an order of magnitude lower than those for the bare ones.

Escherichia coli Genotype을 이용한 생물학적 Critical Control Point의 적합성 평가

본 연구는 축산물가공장 작업환경에 설정된 CCP의 유효성을 평가하기 위하여, 원료도체에서부터 포장에 이르는 전 공정에서 Escherichia coli를 검출하고 PFGE genotyping으로 genetic strain의 흐름을 분석하여 CCP의 적합성을 평가하였다. 시료채취를 위한 작업장은 도축장에서 냉장차량으로 원료도체를 공급받는 독립형 소규모 HACCP 가공장(100두 처리/일)과 축산물종합처리장내 HACCP 가공장(500두 처리/일)을 각각 1곳씩 선정하였다. 시료는 원료도체, 시설 및 장비(발골기, 박피기, 작업대, 벨트, 칼, 면장갑), 환경(벽, 바닥)과 작업공정상의 발골육, 부분육, 최종육을 무균적으로 채취하였다. 작업공정에서 E. coli의 높은 분리율(59.6%)과 작업환경 전반에서의 고른 검출로 E. coli가 축산물가공장 위생지표균으로의 활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 분리된 E. coli의 genotype 분포는 작업장내 미생물 오염의 흐름을 보여주었다. 소규모가공장의 경우 오염된 원료육 반입이 작업공정을 오염시키고 공정중의 교차오염 발생으로 최종육에 영향을 주었고, 축산물종합처리장내 작업장은 원료육 오염보다는 작업환경에 상존하는 오염미생물의 교차오염이 최종육에 영향을 주는 양상이었다. 따라서 포장육가공장과 같이 작업공정에 멸균처리 과정이 없는 경우는 선행요건에 해당되는 원료반입과 작업환경의 세척 및 소독이 CCP로 관리되거나 이에 준하는 특별관리가 필요하였다. 결과적으로, 작업공정에서의 E. coli 검출과 genotyping은 작업공정상의 미생물 오염의 흐름을 파악하는데 유용하였으며, 이러한 방법은 HACCP 작업장의 미생물 오염원 분석과 설정된 생물학적 critical control point의 적합성 평가에 효과적이었다. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of biological critical control points using the genetic profile of Escherichia coli isolates from pork cutting plants. Samples were collected from carcasses, equipment (knife, table, glove, transport belt, boning and skinning machine), the environment (wall and floor), and meat cuts during the cutting process from two plants. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to characterize the E. coli isolates. An identical genotype was detected from the carcasses, equipment, environment, and final meat cuts, and showed that the incoming carcasses, which were contaminated during transportation from slaughterhouses, were a major source of E. coli that was spread throughout processing. Also, consistent cross-contamination due to improper cleaning and disinfection procedures was another possibility. As a result, incoming carcasses and cleaning procedures should be considered critical control points in pork cutting plants, since a heating step is not used to inactivate microorganisms. Furthermore, the high rate (59.6%) of E. coli isolation indicates E. coli can be a good indicator in livestock processing plants even though it has genetic diversity.

Hybrid model predictive control based on wireless sensor feedback: An experimental study

AbstractDesign and experimental validation of model predictive control (MPC) of a hybrid dynamical laboratory process with wireless sensors is presented. The laboratory process consists of four infrared lamps, controlled in pairs by two on/off switches, and of a transport belt, where moving parts equipped with wireless sensors are heated by the lamps. The process, which is motivated by heating processes in the plastic and printing industry, presents interesting hybrid dynamics. By approximating the stationary heat spatial distribution as a piecewise affine function of the position along the belt, the resulting plant model is a hybrid dynamical system. The control architecture is based on the reference governor approach: the process is actuated by a local controller, while a hybrid MPC algorithm running on a remote base station sends optimal belt velocity setpoints and lamp on/off commands over a wireless link, exploiting the sensor information received through the wireless network. A discrete‐time hybrid model of the process is used for the hybrid MPC algorithm and for the state estimator. The physical modelling of the process and the hybrid MPC algorithm are presented in detail, together with the hardware and software architectures. The experimental results show that the presented theoretical framework is well suited for control of the new laboratory process, and that the process can be used as a prototype system for evaluating hybrid and networked control strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A review of recent advances in research on Asian monsoon in China

This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily: (1) the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. (2) The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. (3) The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal (BOB) to the Plateau itself. (4) Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula (ICP) and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. (5) The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. (6) The revelation of the “planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band” from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. (7) Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in China; indicating that the intraseasonal oscillation of the EASM propagates in the form of a wave-train along the coast and behaves as monsoon surge propagating northward. (8) Describing the interannual and interdecadal variation of Asian monsoon, revealing the factors affecting it, and possible mechanisms of the variation of Asian monsoon. An elementary outlook on the existing problems and future direction of monsoon research is also provided.

Grazing bifurcations of a harmonically excited oscillator moving on a time-varying translation belt

The criterion for grazing motions in a friction-induced oscillator with a time-varying transport belt is obtained. The three mappings for such a friction-induced oscillator are introduced for analytical prediction of the grazing motions. The sufficient and necessary conditions of grazing are expressed from mappings. With system parameter variations, the initial and final switching sets of grazing mapping are illustrated. Numerical illustrations of grazing motions are carried out from analytical predictions. This investigation provides a technique for how to determine the grazing on the time-varying boundary in discontinuous dynamical systems.

Effect of belt transport speed and other factors on belt mistracking

Rubber rollers and conveyor belts transport flexible sheet-type media. With high-speed belt transporting systems such as mail sorters, demand for an increase in speed may cause the belt to come off. Therefore, we have examined the effects of belt transport speed and other factors that may cause belt mistracking for a basic belt conveyor system, consisting of one flat belt and two crown-face rollers. Experiments were conducted and we have formulated an experimental expression of the amount of belt mistracking using the roller misalignment parameters. As for transport speed, a speed increase did not enlarge belt mistracking. This tendency was explained by applying the cornering force of automotive engineering. In parallel, simulation was conducted using commercial motion system analysis software. The qualitative tendencies of the belt mistracking from simulation and experiment were in good agreement and factorial effects were clarified for ten parameters. Quantitatively, when axial load on rollers and other parameters were made equal, the belt mistracking according to simulation was generally in agreement with the experimental value.

Transport and dispersion of particulate Hg associated with a river plume in coastal Northern Adriatic environments

The role of suspended particulate matter (SPM) as an important carrier of mercury (Hg) dispersed into the Gulf of Trieste and in the adjacent Grado lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea) was studied during a high Isonzo River inflow and the resulting river plume formation. Despite the fact that extreme flood events are rare during the year, they account for most of the PHg influx (37–112 ng L −1) into the Gulf of Trieste. When the river plume is diverted to the SW under the influence of an E–NE wind, the tidal flux acts as a “transport belt” carrying the PHg, mostly inorganic, into the Grado lagoon. A preliminary estimation indicates that the amount of PHg entrapped in the lagoon basin following a tidal semi-cycle accounts for 1.4 kg/12 h, which corresponds to about 49% of the total Hg carried by the tidal flow. These findings should be considered in future remediation strategies in the lagoon environment.

North to Alaska: Evidence for conveyor belt transport of Dungeness crab larvae along the west coast of the United States and Canada

We propose and evaluate the hypothesis that Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) larvae from the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada can be transported northward to southeastern Alaska. Larvae collected in southeastern Alaska during May and June 1997–2004 had abundances and stages that varied seasonally, interannually, and spatially. An unexpected presence of late‐stage larvae in spring raises a question regarding their origin, and the most plausible explanation is that they hatched off the northern Washington and British Columbia coasts and were transported to southeastern Alaska. Buoy drift tracks support the hypothesis that larvae released off the northern Washington and British Columbia coasts during the peak hatching season can be physically transported to southeastern Alaska, arriving as late‐stage larvae in May and June, when local larvae are only beginning to hatch. A northward spring progression of monthly mean 7°C SST isotherms and phytoplankton blooms provide further evidence that environmental conditions are conducive for larval growth and metabolism during the transport period. The proposed larval transport suggests possible unidirectional gene flow between southern and northern populations of Dungeness crabs in southeastern Alaska.

Late Quaternary palynology in marine sediments: A synthesis of the understanding of pollen distribution patterns in the NW African setting

After a review of the first steps in marine palynology, we show that the understanding of the northwest African setting is crucial to evaluate the potential of marine palynological studies elsewhere. We studied distribution patterns of pollen grains in recent marine sediments off NW Africa and were able to clearly relate patterns to modern pollen source areas (vegetation belts) and operating transport systems (wind belts and ocean currents). In particular patterns of Quercus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae–Amaranthaceae, Ephedra, Gramineae, and wet forest trees are very indicative of the position of the vegetation belts on the adjacent continent. Aeolian pollen transport is carried out by the northeast trade winds and the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). In the rain forest belt transport of pollen and fern spores also occurs by rivers. A detailed comparison between recent pollen rain samples from terrestrial and marine sites between 21 and 12°N showed that the latitudinal range of vegetation belts is clearly reflected in the pollen samples of both environments. A migration of the southern border of the Sahara is reflected by the changing ratio between Chenopodiaceae–Amaranthaceae pollen from the desert and Gramineae pollen from the savannah belt. Distribution patterns of pollen for 9000 and 18,000 14C yr BP (last glacial maximum) time-slices, based on pollen records from eleven marine cores between Portugal and the Gulf of Guinea show significant latitudinal migrations of vegetation belts, but a stable position of the main wind trajectories. The AEJ had a stable position around 21°N. The belt with trade winds had a stable position from Morocco southwards. Changing vigour of the trade winds is clearly reflected by the patterns of isopollen contours and by changes in pollen influx records.

5609 クラウンローラによる平ベルト搬送の横ずれ量に関する研究(1)(S85-2 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム(2),S85 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム)

5609 クラウンローラによる平ベルト搬送の横ずれ量に関する研究(1)(S85-2 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム(2),S85 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム)

5610 クラウンローラによる平ベルト搬送の横ずれ量に関する研究(2)(S85-2 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム(2),S85 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム)

5610 クラウンローラによる平ベルト搬送の横ずれ量に関する研究(2)(S85-2 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム(2),S85 柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム)

Isolation & Identification of Salmonella spp. which contaminated Poultry slaughter houses.

This study was aimed to investigate the extent of pollution in Poultry slaughterhouse with Salmonella spp and their effect on public health .(142) samplescollected from (8) poultry slaughter houses in Baghdad were examined . thesesamples included( live chicken cages ,live chicken transporting cars,slaughtering knives ,workers hands, transport belt , chiller , chick beforepackaging stage) .All samples were cultured on special media until the growthappeared then Biochemical tests were done for diagnosis of Salmonella spp.The results of this study shown the diagnosis of (14) isolates of Salmonella spp,all of them were motile except (3) isolates, These isolates were recovered fromthe following sites:1. (2) isolates from live chicken transporting cars.2. (1) isolate from live chicken cages.3. (3) isolates from workers hands.4. (1) isolate from transport belt.5. (1) isolate from slaughtering knives.6. (3) isolates from chiller.7. (2) isolates from stunning.8. (2) isolates from chickens beforepackaging.

Radiation belt representation of the energetic electron environment: Model and data synthesis using the Salammbô radiation belt transport code and Los Alamos geosynchronous and GPS energetic particle data

The highly energetic electron environment in the inner magnetosphere (geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) inward) has received a lot of research attention in resent years, as the dynamics of relativistic electron acceleration and transport are not yet fully understood. These electrons can cause deep dielectric charging in any space hardware in the medium Earth orbit (MEO) to GEO region. We use a new and novel approach to obtain a global representation of the inner magnetospheric energetic electron environment, which can reproduce the absolute environment (flux) for any spacecraft orbit in that region to within a factor of 2 for the energy range of 100 KeV to 5 MeV electrons for any level of magnetospheric activity. We combine the extensive set of inner magnetospheric energetic electron observations available at Los Alamos with the physics‐based Salammbô transport code using the data assimilation technique of “direct‐insertion.” This, in effect, inputs in situ data into the code and allows the diffusion mechanisms in the code to interpolate the data into regions and times of no data availability. Here we present details of the methods used both in the data assimilation process and in the necessary intercalibration of the input data used. We present sample runs of the model/data code and compare the results to test spacecraft data not used in the data assimilation process.

A case study of transpacific warm conveyor belt transport: Influence of merging airstreams on trace gas import to North America

The warm conveyor belt (WCB), the major cloud‐forming airstream of midlatitude cyclones, is the primary mechanism for rapidly transporting air pollution from one continent to another. However, relatively little has been written on WCB transport across the North Pacific Ocean. To address this important intercontinental transport route, this study describes the life cycle of a WCB associated with the export of a highly polluted air mass from Asia to North America. This event was sampled using in situ measurements from an aircraft platform flying above the North American West Coast during the 2002 Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT 2K2) experiment on 5 May. Satellite imagery, trajectory ensembles, in situ measurements, and animations are used to illustrate the formation of the WCB near eastern Asia, its entrainment of polluted air masses, its transport path across the Pacific, and its decay above the eastern North Pacific Ocean and western North America. A major finding is that a WCB can entrain air from a variety of source regions and not just the atmospheric boundary layer. We estimate that 8% of the WCB's mass originated in the stratosphere and 44% passed through the lower troposphere, of which two thirds passed through the lower troposphere above the populated regions of eastern Asia. The remaining 48% traveled entirely within the middle and upper troposphere over the previous 5.5 days. Interestingly, an estimated 18% of the WCB's mass was entrained from an upwind and decaying WCB via a newly discovered but apparently common transport mechanism. Only 9% of the WCB's mass subsequently passed through the lower troposphere of the United States, with the remainder passing over North America in the middle and upper troposphere.

Stormtime particle energization with high temporal resolution AMIE potentials

Simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of rapid electric field fluctuations on electron energization in the inner magnetosphere based on the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique. Simulations for four different magnetic storms were run, namely those that occurred on 15 May 1997, 4 May 1998, 25 September 1998, and 19 October 1998. Here we have examined the formation of high‐energy (100–500 keV) electrons in the inner magnetosphere during these storm events with our recently developed relativistic radiation belt transport code. The point of this numerical experiment is to show that a simulation of a real event must have the high time resolution electric field input files in order to produce the seed population for the radiation belts, which are often observed to increase in the days following a magnetic storm. Specifically, a cadence of the global electric field pattern of 5 min or less produces inner magnetospheric fluxes that are larger (by up to several orders of magnitude) than fluxes produced with a longer cadence. Differences were particularly large relative to simulation results with a 3‐hour time cadence, analogous to a Kp‐driven electric field model.

Efficient eigensolution, dynamic response, and eigensensitivity of serpentine belt drives

An efficient method for calculating the eigensolutions and dynamic response of a serpentine belt drive is presented. The model is a hybrid discrete-continuous one where the motions consist of rotations of the pulleys, rotation of the tensioner arm, and transverse vibrations of the continuum belt spans adjacent to the tensioner. The speed of solution results from discretization of the belt spans where the unusual feature is the use of Lagrange multipliers to enforce the geometric boundary conditions at the belt-tensioner interface. The method reduces the computational effort by several orders of magnitude compared to published methods using the same model. Also, it is not susceptible to numerical problems that hinder the published methods. The sensitivities of the belt drive natural frequencies to system parameters are also studied. The model parameters under consideration include belt longitudinal stiffness, tensioner spring stiffness, span tensions, belt transport speed, belt density, and pulley moments of inertia. Closed-form expressions for the eigensensitivities to these parameters are obtained using perturbation methods. These expressions are reduced to simple formulae related to the modal strain and kinetic energies. The eigensensitivities are readily determined, quantitatively and qualitatively, by inspection of the modal energy distributions.