Transportation Security System Research Articles

Транспортная безопасность современного государства как социоюридический феномен

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issues concerning transport security – a complex socio-juridical formation, an element of national security of the state. Awareness of the determinacy of transport security by the political influence of the state in the international sphere contributed to the recognition of the development of transport infrastructure and its improvement as a national priority of the state. The historiographical analysis of the research subject reveals a number of scientific researches, which highlighted certain aspects of the formation of the idea of transport security and its implementation. However, transport security of the modern state as a socio-legal phenomenon remains uncharacterised. Methods. The research is based on the principles of comprehensive study of legal processes and phenomena, the integrity of theory and practice. The main methodological approaches were systemic and value-based ones. In the course of the research methods of periodisation, retrospective analysis, functional, formal-legal methods, method of content analysis of legal acts were used. An important role belonged to the sociological method, which made it possible, through the questionnaire surveys conducted by the author of the article, to determine the specifics of the subject composition of the transport security system and the peculiarities of law enforcement practice in the field of transport security in the Russian Federation. Results. The degree of development in legal science of questions concerning transport security is revealed; in the context of ideas about the modern state the content of the concept of “transport security” is specified; transport security and its maintenance are characterised as systems; internal affairs bodies are described as a subject of its ensuring; on the basis of independently conducted sociological researches the features of application of legal norms in the sphere of ensuring transport security are determined.

Detecting Unauthorized Movement of Radioactive Material Packages in Transport with an Adam-Optimized BP Neural Network Model

The rapid expansion of nuclear technology across various sectors due to global economic growth has led to a substantial rise in the transportation of radioactive materials. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) estimates that approximately 20 million shipments of radioactive materials occur annually. In this context, ensuring the safety and security of radioactive material transportation is of significant importance. IAEA’s “Security of Radioactive Materials in Transport” (Nuclear Security Series No. 9-G) mandates that an effective transport security system should provide immediate detection of any unauthorized removal of the packages. In the present study, an innovative Adam-optimized BP neural network model is developed for detecting unauthorized movements of radioactive material packages. To analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, numerous experiments were conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a 99.17% accuracy rate in detecting unauthorized movements of radioactive materials, with a missed alarm rate of 0.72% and a false alarm rate of 0.1%. This method also enables real-time detection of unauthorized removal of radioactive materials and effectively enhances the security of radioactive materials during transport to reduce the risks of theft, loss, diversion, or sabotage.

Features of ensuring transport security of transport infrastructure facilities and railway transport vehicles in the transportation of highly dangerous goods

The system of ensuring transport security in railway transport is considered, aimed at reducing the risk of committing acts of unlawful interference, including terrorist acts, using weapons, explosives and other dangerous substances, by limiting their carrying by the offender to transport infrastructure facilities and vehicles.A list of high-risk goods transported by rail is given. The normative documents regulating transport security are analyzed. The minimum number of posts of the transport security unit for the transport infrastructure facility has been determined.Measures aimed at improving the efficiency of the transport security system are presented.

On Certain Areas of Improvement of Control and Supervisory Activities in the field of Ensuring Transport Safety in Railway Transport

Various types of control and supervisory measures provide the anti-terrorist protection of transport (railways included) from potential threats. An important role is assigned to the federal state control (supervision) in the field of transport security, despite the fact that Federal Law No. 17‑FZ of 10.01.2003 «On Railway Transport in the Russian Federation» and the Charter of Railway Transport do not mention this type of transport supervision. The analysis of the subject, objects, participants and the content of administrative and legal relations arising in the implementation of transport supervision on railway transport allows us to attribute this activity to the control and supervisory and identify a number of its features. The peculiarity of risk management to ensure the anti-terrorist security of railways is the attribution of certain types of activities of controlled persons to one category of severity and risk probability group. This provision makes it possible to plan and carry out uniform preventive measures against one controlled person both within the framework of federal state control (supervision) in the field of transport security and within the framework of federal state control (supervision) in the field of railway transport. Amendments have been proposed to the Federal Law «On Railway Transport in the Russian Federation» in terms of supplementing it with norms on transport security and to the Regulation on Federal State Control (Supervision) in the field of Transport Security, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1051 of 06/29/2021. The main directions for transport supervision improvement include: carrying out control measures aimed at identifying potential threats to the automated transport security system; expanding the list of situations that can be simulated during the experiment; using a permanent raid as a special mode of transport supervision on the railway; conducting an inspection visit with respect to vehicle owners; developing an information resource for conducting self-examination as a preventive measure.

A Study on Urban Spatial System Planning of Qingdao City Park Based on Intelligent Monitoring Sensors

Since the release of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the construction plan of the smart city and Internet of Things (IoT) has once again pushed the sensors into the limelight. In the current situation, whether in China or around the world, the construction of smart communities has become an irreversible trend. In this environment, the sensor as a smart city “bridge” will certainly usher in an industrial explosion. “Smart city” is a new concept and model for urban development. Academics have also explored the concept and theoretical model of smart cities from different perspectives in different forms. With the gradual establishment of the national smart city system, the Internet of Things and other technologies are being widely used to serve other aspects of human social life, such as urban smart communities, intelligent transportation, and intelligent home security systems. The application of technology is gradually penetrating into the life of our human society. In the context of building a smart city, scholars have also brought an unprecedented broader idea. By seeking a reasonable balance between human and urban nature, the concept of “park city,” which aims to create a good ecological habitat where people and nature can coexist and develop in harmony, has emerged as China’s urbanization process accelerates and the conflict between people and land becomes more and more prominent. As an important factor to promote the harmonious development of humans and nature, the planning and construction of urban parks is an important means to meet the needs of people for a better life and to improve the ecological environment of cities; therefore, the planning and design of urban parks under the concept of “park city” is getting more and more attention. Qingdao, as a typical coastal city, has a mosaic of green areas and urban construction land, so urban ecological parks with the carrier of nonconstruction land exist in large numbers in the city and become a key link in the practice of the “park city” concept. However, while urban ecological parks provide ecological and social services to citizens, their special land use has also led to a series of problems. At present, there is not enough basis for the planning and management of such special parks in Qingdao, and it is not possible to guide the planning and construction of such parks with universal standards, so how to effectively protect and reasonably utilize them to promote the construction of “park city” is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the above background, this study takes Qingdao urban ecological park as the research object and summarizes the typical problems in the process of planning, construction, and use of this kind of park through relevant data research and extensive studies. Based on this, we propose three aspects, namely, the location and layout of parks at a macro level, the construction of the park system at meso-level, and the design optimization of parks at a micro level. The specific research content includes the following aspects: the first part defines the background, purpose, and significance of the topic and the research object and summarizes and reviews the existing research results at home and abroad, and then proposes the overall idea and framework of the research. The second part analyzes the problems of Qingdao urban ecological parks with the concept of “park city.” Based on the connotation and characteristics of the “park city” concept, the impact of the concept on urban parks is analyzed, and the significance of the “park city” concept on the planning and construction of urban ecological parks is clarified based on the special characteristics of urban ecological parks. Finally, we provide the basis for the proposed strategy by combining case studies at different levels. Finally, we propose a better spatial planning for the construction of a park city in Qingdao using smart detection sensors and other means of building a smart city.

MFA-net: Object detection for complex X-ray cargo and baggage security imagery.

Deep convolutional networks have been developed to detect prohibited items for automated inspection of X-ray screening systems in the transport security system. To our knowledge, the existing frameworks were developed to recognize threats using only baggage security X-ray scans. Therefore, the detection accuracy in other domains of security X-ray scans, such as cargo X-ray scans, cannot be ensured. We propose an object detection method for efficiently detecting contraband items in both cargo and baggage for X-ray security scans. The proposed network, MFA-net, consists of three plug-and-play modules, including the multiscale dilated convolutional module, fusion feature pyramid network, and auxiliary point detection head. First, the multiscale dilated convolutional module converts the standard convolution of the detector backbone to a conditional convolution by aggregating the features from multiple dilated convolutions using dynamic feature selection to overcome the object-scale variant issue. Second, the fusion feature pyramid network combines the proposed attention and fusion modules to enhance multiscale object recognition and alleviate the object and occlusion problem. Third, the auxiliary point detection head adopts an auxiliary head to predict the new keypoints of the bounding box to emphasize the localizability without requiring further ground-truth information. We tested the performance of the MFA-net on two large-scale X-ray security image datasets from different domains: a Security Inspection X-ray (SIXray) dataset in the baggage domain and our dataset, named CargoX, in the cargo domain. Moreover, MFA-net outperformed state-of-the-art object detectors in both domains. Thus, adopting the proposed modules can further increase the detection capability of the current object detectors on X-ray security images.

A Low-Cost Bidirectional People Counter Device for Assisting Social Distancing Monitoring for COVID-19

Accurately estimating the number of people is a useful information to monitor the occupancy level of spaces due to the COVID-19 pandemic in order to keep social distancing. Automated counters are responsible for accurately counting people movement. This paper proposes a cost-effective automatic counting system based on a microcontroller through an infrared sensor integration to monitor occupancy of indoor spaces. In order to evaluate the proposed system in real-world scenarios, experiments were carried out at the main campus of the University of Campinas—Brazil. For the first case, two prototypes were installed at both the front and rear door of a bus in order to count the number of passengers boarding and alighting on the vehicle during its operation. In the second case, three prototypes were installed in the university restaurant ticket gates in order to count the number of people entering during lunchtime. Experimental results showed an accuracy of 91.45% and 98.65% for Cases 1 and 2, respectively. The results are promising, showing that the device has potential to be used for different proposes, such as controlling access to public and indoor spaces, public transportation planning, occupancy monitoring, and security system.

Detecting the Presence of Intrusive Drilling in Secure Transport Containers Using Non-Contact Millimeter-Wave Radar

We employ a 77–81 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) millimeter-wave radar to sense anomalous vibrations during vehicle transport at highway speeds for the first time. Secure metallic containers can be breached during transport by means of drilling into their sidewalls but detecting a drilling signature is difficult because the large vibrations of transport drown out the small vibrations of drilling. For the first time, we demonstrate that it is possible to use a non-contact millimeter-wave radar sensor to detect this micron-scale intrusive drilling while highway-speed vehicle movement shakes the container. With the millimeter-wave radar monitoring the microdoppler signature of the container’s vibrating walls, we create a novel signal-processing pipeline consisting of range–angle tracking, time–frequency analysis, horizontal stripe image convolution, and principal component analysis to create a robust and powerful detection statistic to alarm if drilling is present. To support this pipeline, we develop a statistical model combining the vibrating container and the random vibrations induced by vehicle movement to explore the robustness of the sensor’s detection capabilities. The presented results strongly support the inclusion of a millimeter-wave radar vibration sensor into a transport security system.

КРИМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ В СФЕРЕ ТРАНСПОРТА

Focusing on the importance of the transport industry, the authors consider the issues of crime prevention in the field of transport. Taking into account the current state of transport legal relations, the conclusion is formulated about the need to form a stable transport security system. As one of their main activities in the fight against transport crime, the article systematically analyzes measures aimed at its prevention. Objects, subjects, priority directions of preventive impact are determined.

ПЕРЕСТАНОВОЧНОЕ ДЕКОДИРОВАНИЕ В МАЛОМОЩНЫХ БЕСПРОВОДНЫХ СЕНСОРНЫХ СЕТЯХ

Wireless sensor networks are currently considered for many subject areas as effective communication systems, including, for example, industrial and agricultural facilities and enterprises, monitoring of sensors of transport security systems, medicine applications, environmental and weather monitoring, etc. In such systems, the correction code (CC) is a classic approach used to increase the reliability of the data transmission channel while simultaneously reducing the required transmitted signal power, called the energy gain code. At the same time, the power of the transmitter is reduced due to additional power consumption in the receiver decoder. Stronger codes provide better performance with lower power requirements, but have more complex decoders with higher power consumption than relatively simple error control systems. If the additional power consumption at the output of the decoder exceeds the savings in transmitted power due to the use of CC, then such a code will not be energy efficient compared to a system with a non-redundant code. Various codes can be used to protect data, while the best codes for which the critical distance turns out to be large according to a number of studies are codes with a low parity check density. The paper proposes an alternative variant based on the synthesis of a permutation decoding system using the method of localization of a limited number of permutations and the organization of additional parity checks exclusively for the verification bits of the CC using the Bayesian approach to iterative transformations of integer soft solutions of symbols.

Detection of Illegal Movement in Radioactive Material Transportation Security Systems

The loss and theft of radioactive material in transport can be attributed to the illegal movement. In order to distinguish it from the movement caused by the turbulence of the transportation vehicle, this paper proposes the criterion of “illegal movement” as the movement of radioactive materials outside the transportation compartment. Since the interior of the compartment is generally a metal environment, this paper proposes wireless signal strength data as a sensing method. The wireless signal strength data is filtered and converted into distance data. We construct a spatial triangle perpendicular to the top and sides of the compartment based on the distance data. When the radioactive material is inside the compartment, the angle between its corresponding point and the top plane of the compartment is less than 90°. Once it moves out of the compartment, the angle will be greater than 90°. Based on this, a sensing method of “illegal movement” based on spatial triangles is proposed. The simulation research shows that the scheme proposed in this paper is feasible.

The Functions of the State Transport Security System

Introduction: the functioning of the state system for ensuring transport safety is based on the Russian legislation that defines the goals, objectives, principles and legal status of participants in transport legal relations. The main branch of the federal law on transport security leaves open the list of measures that make up the content of the system, does not define its main functions. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the international and Russian legislation and the opinions of the scientists of various branches of law regarding the formation of a stable security system. Objective: to develop proposals for a system of measures to ensure transport security, to define and systematize the function of this system. Methods: the study was conducted using the general scientific and specific scientific (logical and legal, comparative and legal) methods of cognition. Results: the author has structured and supplemented the legally established system of measures to ensure transport security, defined and systematized the functions of the system. This study has the possibility of practical application when making changes to the legislation regulating the area of legal relations under consideration. Conclusions: the state system for ensuring transport security is a set of legal, economic, organizational, information, technical, technological and political measures taken in the field of the transport complex and aimed at its safe and sustainable functioning. Based on the target content and tools for regulating transport security, the following functions of the system are identified: strategic (target), regulatory (legal), organizational, informational, incentive and control.

Single-Vehicle Transportation Security System of Radioactive Materials Based on Group Relationship to Prevent Loss and Theft

For loss and theft in the transport of radioactive materials by a single vehicle, this article summarizes the characteristics of “illegal movement” and establishes a security system that senses its inter-relationship and responds though the group network relationship. The security system reminds the vehicle crew through on-site response and linkage response. A failure detection method for on-site response is proposed, that is, the push model is used first, and when the measurement results are suspected, the pull model is used to further confirm the failure. The failure detection for linkage response adopts the push model. According to the different security requirements of the basic and enhanced transportation, the principle of setting the timeout threshold in the failure detection algorithm is proposed. In the enhanced type, the value is smaller, otherwise the value is larger. A specific timeout threshold quantification scheme is proposed. Experiments show that the method proposed in this article is effective.

Application of Neural Network Predictive Control Methods to Solve the Shipping Container Sway Control Problem in Quay Cranes

Smart control systems are mostly applied in industry to control the movements of heavy machinery while optimizing overall operational efficiency. Major shipping companies use large quay cranes to load and unload containers from ships and still rely on the experience of on-site operators to perform transportation control procedures using joysticks and visual contact methods. This paper presents the research results of an EU-funded project for the Klaipeda container terminal to develop a novel container transportation security and cargo safety assurance method and system. It was concluded that many risks arise during the container handling procedures performed by the quay cranes and operators. To minimize these risks, the authors proposed controlling the sway of the spreader using a model predictive control method which applies a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network (NN). The paper analyzes current neural network architectures and case studies and provides the engineering community with a unique case study which applies real operation statistical data. Several key training algorithms were tested, and the initial results suggest that the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm and variable learning rate backpropagation perform better than methods which use the multi-layer perceptron neural network structure.

The Stakeholders of Transport Infrastructure as an Element of the Transport Security System

Using the methods of systematic and comparativ e analysis, the article systematized the tasks, main stages and participants in the transport security process, analyzed the role of the transport infrastructure stakeholders in this process, and formulated the functional structure of the activity of the transport infrastructure stakeholder in the form of an appropriate scheme in the framework of ensuring transport security. The main component of the transport security management system is determined. The results of the study, in addition to development of the existing methodological apparatus in the field of transport security, can be used in the following areas: in organizing the process of managing transport security of transport infrastructure facilities and vehicles of various types of transport, in the educational process of higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as educational process of specialized training centers for training of specialists in the field of transport security. The results of the study may also be of interest to officials responsible for ensuring transport security, especially in such companies as JSC Russian Railways, PJSC Aeroflot and State Unitary Enterprise Moscow Metro, which are the largest stakeholders of transport infrastructure in the Russian Federation.

An Architecture for IoT-Enabled Smart Transportation Security System: A Geospatial Approach

Internet of Things (IoT) in urban transportation systems have been ubiquitously embedded into a variety of devices and transport entities. The IoT-enabled smart transportation system (STS) has thus gained growing tractions amongst scholars and practitioners. However, several IoT challenges in relation to cyber–physical security are exposed due to the heterogeneity, complexity and decentralization of the IoT network. There also exist geospatial security concerns with respect to the embeddings of 5G networks into public infrastructures that are interconnected with the transport system via IoT. To address these concerns, this article aims to apply geospatial modelling approach to propose a smart transportation security systems (STSSs). It is modelled and simulated by undertaking an experimental study in the city of Beijing, China. The simulation outcome of the proposed architecture is expected to offer a strategic guide for strategic security management of urban smart transportation.

Vehicle Transport Security System Based on the Self-Security Intelligence of Radioactive Material

This paper proposes to design security measures based on the radioactive material package as the basic unit. The principle of four-layer defense in depth is put forward. Based on the concept of self-security intelligence, combined with out-of-vehicle monitoring, in-vehicle monitoring, and Beidou positioning technology, a security system for transport of radioactive materials was designed. It realized the perception, early warning, delay, and alarm functions and greatly improved the security.

Використання онтологічних моделей в цифровізації транспорту: проблеми та перспективи

The article deals with current problems and prospects of digitalization of transport (transport systems). It is suggested to use modeling of processes and objects of transport systems to solve the problems under consideration. Ontology models are considered as models used for the digitization of transport. The article deals with the problems and prospects of using ontologies in the digitization of transport (transport systems, in particular rail systems and its infrastructure: buildings, bridges, etc.). To solve the problems of digitization of transport, ontologies, formalized ontological and semantic languages ​​are essential for ensuring the design and operation of transport systems. Ontological models embrace the processes that take place in transport and play an increasingly crucial role. The article discusses, in particular, how ontological models can provide and visualize detailed information about commands (control messages) exchanged by subsystems of transport systems. The article examines the global experience in digitalisation of transport based on the use of formal ontological models, describes ontologies built on SysML, which are common in transport security systems (in particular, for various types of rail signaling systems).

Обеспечение безопасности на транспорте в Российской империи (1797–1917)

The article considers the evolution of internal transport communications in Russia from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century: from river, sea and road transport to railways. The author presents official historical documents on the base of which the authorities of the country created transport security agencies. The article studies the work of police and gendarme police departments of the railways, which provided not only security, but also smooth operation of the railway network. Based on the documents of the Provisional Government, the author shows the negative impact of the February revolution, which led to the elimination of the transport security system.

Анализ и оценка эффективности управления рисками в авиационной деятельности

Innovative technologies of risk management in aviation activities are considered. The purpose of the research is determined by the need to form a qualitatively new approach related to the creation of a risk management system that allows the active use of modern digital technologies. Risk analysis includes procedures for identifying risk factors and assessing their significance. Risk management plays a particularly important role in aviation activities and requires a consistent and systematic process of objective analysis and assessment using reactive and proactive methods and techniques. It is shown that risk management is a structured approach and systematic actions aimed at achieving a balance between identified and assessed risk, as well as practical risk reduction. Two main elements should be considered in the process of risk research: hazard identification, i.e. identification of undesirable or adverse events, and analysis of the causes that cause these events and may cause harm. The article describes a conceptual approach to risk management in aviation activities, which is the basis for implementing the principles of operational management of the air transport security system, and provides recommendations for the analysis and assessment of risk events. To improve the effectiveness of the security management process, indicators are defined and a methodology for risk assessment and management is proposed.