Transport Package Research Articles

Designing Electronic Card Packages Against Shipping Shock

Abstract In optimizing packaging design, the product’s fragility is qualified by a protype undergoing quantitative and qualitative tests that rely heavily on past knowledge and experiments. By the addition of finite element analysis (FEA), the product’s fragility can be obtained in the initial stages of product design with material characterization and simulation. FEA can predict Gs on the product as well as examine the strains, which interpret product failure more easily in the design stage. To incorporate FEA, first the foam material was measured at various strain rates under compression. Next a shipping package containing an Al block with consistent density was dropped at different heights—610 mm (24”), 915 mm (36”), and 1067 mm (42”)—to confirm the methodology. An I/O book was packaged for the final demonstration incorporating FEA with an electronic card package. In an electronic card package, the electronic assemblies are sensitive to strains on the system board. If the strains on the board are high, the assemblies’ solder connections to the board could be damaged and result in a defect during shipment. The simulations’ predicted Gs and board strains were compared to experimental drop testing results at 610 mm (24”) and 915 mm (36”). The simulation results for each sensor location were within reasonable approximation of the experimental results, verifying that FEA could be used in the initial design stages to predict the accelerations and strains for packaging development in parallel to the product design.

Good manufacturing practice- and good distribution practice-compliant cold storage and refrigerated transport of allergen products: what is important?

Abstract Background All currently available products for diagnosis and therapy of type I allergies are protein extracts from allergenic source material. The extracted proteins have different properties and their structure is differently labile to temperature variations. Despite various pharmaceutical formulations to increase product stability, with few exceptions, allergen products must be refrigerated to ensure that their quality and native protein structure do not change during storage and transport. Maintaining quality is a challenge in complex distribution chains. Methods Regulatory requirements and guidelines that apply to cold storage and transport of allergen products are summarized and the responsibilities of the stakeholders are explained. Results The storage conditions determined in stability studies correspond to the transport conditions. These stability data can also be used to assess tolerable conditions during transport. According to a good distribution practice (GDP) contracts must be concluded between the responsible pharmaceutical entrepreneur and the qualified distribution service provider that regulate storage and transport in accordance with the product requirements. Conclusion Monitoring of storage and transport conditions is achieved by transport in qualified means of transport (e.g. truck). Alternatively, qualified transport packaging with active or passive cooling (e.g. cold packs) and qualified “data loggers” that record the transport temperatures can be used. Regardless of the system used, it must be demonstrated—by validating the transport conditions, routes and packaging at different times of the year and over the entire duration of transport—that regulatory requirements are met and that the quality of the products is maintained during shipment.

COVID 19 vaccine distribution solution to the last mile challenge: Experimental and simulation studies of ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Most COVID-19 vaccines require ambient temperature control for transportation and storage. Both Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are based on mRNA and lipid nanoparticles requiring low temperature storage. The Pfizer vaccine requires ultra-low temperature storage (between −80 °C and −60 °C), while the Moderna vaccine requires −30 °C storage. Pfizer has designed a reusable package for transportation and storage that can keep the vaccine at the target temperature for 10 days. However, the last stage of distribution is quite challenging, especially for rural or suburban areas, where local towns, pharmacy chains and hospitals may not have the infrastructure required to store the vaccine. Also, the need for a large amount of ultra-low temperature refrigeration equipment in a short time period creates tremendous pressure on the equipment suppliers. In addition, there is limited data available to address ancillary challenges of the distribution framework for both transportation and storage stages. As such, there is a need for a quick, effective, secure, and safe solution to mitigate the challenges faced by vaccine distribution logistics. The study proposes an effective, secure, and safe ultra-low temperature refrigeration solution to resolve the vaccine distribution last mile challenge. The approach is to utilize commercially available products, such as refrigeration container units, and retrofit them to meet the vaccine storage temperature requirement. Both experimental and simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the technical merits of this solution with the ability to control temperature at −30 °C or −70 °C as part of the last mile supply chain for vaccine candidates.

Modeling of particle transport, neutrals and radiation in magnetically-confined plasmas with Aurora

We present Aurora, an open-source package for particle transport, neutrals and radiation modeling in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas. Aurora’s modern multi-language interface enables simulations of 1.5D impurity transport within high-performance computing frameworks, particularly for the inference of particle transport coefficients. A user-friendly Python library allows simple interaction with atomic rates from the Atomic Data and Atomic Structure database as well as other sources. This enables a range of radiation predictions, both for power balance and spectroscopic analysis. We discuss here the superstaging approximation for complex ions, as a way to group charge states and reduce computational cost, demonstrating its wide applicability within the Aurora forward model and beyond. Aurora also facilitates neutral particle analysis, both from experimental spectroscopic data and other simulation codes. Leveraging Aurora’s capabilities to interface SOLPS-ITER results, we demonstrate that charge exchange is unlikely to affect the total radiated power from the ITER core during high performance operation. Finally, we describe the ImpRad module in the one modeling framework for integrated task framework, developed to enable experimental analysis and transport inferences on multiple devices using Aurora.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СОУДАРЕНИЯ ТУРБИНЫ САМОЛЕТА С ТРАНСПОРТНЫМ УПАКОВОЧНЫМ КОМПЛЕКТОМ

The aim of the paper is to substantiate the developed shipping package integrity on the basis of mathematical analysis of postulated scenarios for the heaviest dynamic effects using verified behavior models for applied structural materials and modern certified finite element software package. The shipping package is permitted to transfer to the limiting condition in the result of impact, when its further operation is not acceptable, and recovery of its functional condition is not expedient, excluding the possibility of falling out of the nuclear fuel (NF) or distortion of the relative position of the NF in the shipping package. The paper presents main analysis results of the process of an aircraft turbine collision with a shipping package. The calculation analysis was performed using the dynamic calculation module LS-DYNA of the certified software package ANSYS. The LS-DYNA module is meant for computational analysis of high linear dynamic processes under explicit scheme of integration of the dynamics equations. The completed full-scale mathematical 3D modeling permitted to carry out sufficiently deep and detailed analysis of dynamic processes, reducing the design duration, and it permitted to reduce the self-cost of the developed design. The obtained results of mathematical analysis of shipping package behavior during interaction with aircraft turbine enabled to form the approach to substantiation of equipment safety in incidents. The detailed design study performed at the design stage formed basis for the final appearance of the developed structure.

ОЦЕНКА ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ПАДЕНИЯ ВТУК ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ

The main results are presented for the analysis of the process of falling of the in-object transportation packaging set (ITPS) in case of fracture of the fixing or slinging elements and estimation of the consequences of ITPS falling during transportation and processing (handling) operations. The ITPS is permitted to transfer to the limiting condition in the result of falling, when its further operation is not acceptable, and recovery of its functional condition is not expedient, excluding the possibility of falling out of the nuclear fuel (NF) or distortion of the relative position of the NF in the ITPS. To reduce the costs at the design stage the following representative calculation research of the ITPS was carried out for dynamic impacts to identify weak points of the design in case of an emergency situation. The computational analysis of falling was carried out using the module for dynamic analysis LS DYNA of ANSYS software, certified by the Rostekhnadzor authorities. LS-DYNA module is designed for computational analysis of highly nonlinear dynamic processes using an explicit integration scheme for dynamic equations.The completed full-scale mathematical 3D modeling permitted to carry out sufficiently deep and detailed analysis of dynamic processes, reducing the design duration, and it permitted to reduce the self-cost of the developed design. The results obtained for different variant of the ITPS falling permitted to analyze the collision process, to determine the values of the plastic deformation appearing in the ITPS elements and to provide recommendations for its modification.

Tinie – a software package for electronic transport through two-dimensional cavities in a magnetic field

Quantum transport has far-reaching applications in modern electronics as it enables the control of currents in nanoscale systems such as quantum dots. In this paper we introduce tinie: a state-of-the-art quantum transport simulation framework, which can efficiently perform first-principle calculations based on the Landauer-Büttiker formalism. The computational repertoire of tinie includes calculations of transmission, conductivity, and currents running through arbitrary multi-terminal two-dimensional transport devices, with additional tools that enable the computation of the local density of states. The generality of tinie ranges from wide-band approximation calculations to investigating systems subject to an external magnetic field. The future prospects of tinie include the simulation of, e.g., two-dimensional cavities, quantum dots, or molecular junctions. The package is written in Python 3.6, and its well-documented modular structure is designed with an intent to create a platform suited for continuous expansion and development. With tinie it is possible to obtain specific information about the effects of impurities and imperfections in quantum devices, particularly between ballistic and diffusive transport regimes. Program summaryProgram title:tinieCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/7487cpj9hm.1Developer's repository link:https://gitlab.com/compphys-public/tinieLicensing provisions: MIT LicenseProgramming language: Python 3.6Nature of problem: Numerical calculation of the properties of a two-dimensional nanoscale electron transport system in a uniform magnetic field (zero or non-zero), specifically the currents running through the reservoirs (leads) coupled to a quantum dot (central region) and the corresponding transmission coefficients.Solution method: The problem solution is split into two stages. The first stage (tinie_prepare stage) prepares the transport system data for the main transport calculation. This data comprise Hamiltonian matrices of the uncoupled reservoirs and quantum dot regions, their respective sets of eigenfunctions and the coupling matrices between the quantum dot and the reservoirs. The second stage (tinie stage) performs the transport calculation for the given system using the embedding self-energy technique.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The code is restricted to the non-interacting equilibrium transport problems.The code is modular in structure, allowing for easy extension and introduction of different reservoir/quantum dot/coupling types. Additionally, tinie is compatible with systems in a non-zero uniform magnetic field.The source code is available at https://gitlab.com/compphys-public/tinie and Python package in https://pypi.org/project/tinie/. An extensive documentation of the code functionality can be found in the README.md file accompanying the code.

Plastic packaging flows in Europe: A hybrid input‐output approach

AbstractThe European Union (EU) set ambitious goals toward more sustainable use of plastics, but the basis for measuring performance and monitoring progress toward these goals remains inadequate due to a limited understanding of the complex systems behind plastic consumption. In this work, we study the region‐wide material flows of plastics related to packaging in 2014 using a hybrid approach that combines data on the production and end‐of‐life management of plastic packaging with a monetary input‐output model for the EU. The approach enables us to gain insight into interindustry flows and the connection between production and final demand. We map supply chains with a relatively high resolution, including polymer types, packaging forms and application categories. Results estimate the total packaging placed on the market (POM) and then discarded amounted to 18,000 kt., excluding a net increase in stocks of 500 kt. This means that waste generation could have been up to 15% higher than accounted in official statistics, reinforcing potential underreporting accounts as well as remaining data gaps. Thirty‐five percent of postconsumer packaging waste was directed toward recycling. However, only 5% contributed to new domestic packaging production, a reflection of the broad challenges to plastic circularity. Although first steps are taken in this work, we point to an acute lack of information on industrial streams, compounded by missing policy focus, for example, on transport packaging. We suggest areas for deeper investigation and emphasize the potential of hybrid approaches to establishing baselines and assessment of both production and consumption‐side mitigation strategies.

Acceleration spectrum analysis of hyperbolic tangent package under random excitation

AbstractMany packaging cushion materials follow the hyperbolic tangent type of constitutive relation, so a hyperbolic tangent stiffness non‐linearity was derived to describe the stiffness property of the package. Transport package was modelled as the single degree of freedom (SDOF) of hyperbolic tangent spring–mass–damping (SMD) system. The displacement and velocity responses of the system were obtained by Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation. Based on the kinematic equation and integral transforming, the approximate analytic solution of the acceleration response power spectral density (PSD) of the hyperbolic tangent package was established for the first time, and the influences of system non‐linearities on the acceleration response PSD were investigated. Validation experiment with a complete packaged computer was carried out to verify the proposed approach. Non‐linearity of the stiffness influenced the acceleration response PSD through the effect of parameter γ and statistical moment mi0. The frequency corresponding to acceleration response peak was determined by the damping correlation coefficient α and parameter γ, which was determined by system characteristic parameter β, frequency parameter ω0 and statistical moment mi0. The proposed approach can be used to predict the acceleration response PSD of transport package, and the analysis has important value for packaging optimization design.

Scheme Design of Returnable Transportation Packaging System between Shandong Province and South Korea

The main trade product categories and logistic packaging standard systems were firstly investigated between Shandong province and South Korea. Based on the results, the auto parts were chosen as the target product to design the returnable transportation packaging system. Therefore, the system composed of standardized plastic pallet, nested plastic returnable box and top cover were designed for the light auto parts, while the folding visualized metal mesh box was designed for the heavy auto parts. By simulating the adaptability among different specifications of packaging equipment and the shipping containers, the recycling plastic pallet with size of 1140 mm×980 mm, plastic packaging boxes with size of 480 mm×380 mm were preferred to match 40 ft containers, the plane and space loading efficiencies of which are 94.89% and 87.35%, respectively. While, the metal mesh boxes with 1000 mm×800 mm×760 mm were preferred to match with 20 ft containers, with the plane and space loading efficiencies of 94.89% and 87.35%, respectively.

Designs to Prevent Thermal Runaway Propagation in Lithium-Ion Cell Shipping Packages

Thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion cells and batteries has been an area of intense study in the past few years based on the fires experienced with these cells and batteries during transportation as well as in field use. The UL team has worked on designs that will prevent the propagation of thermal runaway. Materials of different types and different designs of shipping packages have been studied to determine their effectiveness in preventing the propagation of thermal runaway. A single cell in a shipment package is triggered to go into thermal runaway and a baseline test with no mitigation designs will be compared to various materials and designs used to mitigate the propagation. The results of our test program will be presented.

Monte Carlo approach for calculation of mass energy absorption coefficients of some amino acids

This study offers a Monte Carlo alternative for computing mass energy absorption coefficients of any material through calculation of photon energy deposited per mass of the sample and the energy flux obtained inside a sample volume. This approach is applied in this study to evaluate mass energy absorption coefficients of some amino acids found in human body at twenty-eight different photon energies between 10 keV and 20 MeV. The simulations involved a pencil beam source modeled to emit a parallel beam of mono-energetic photons toward a 1 mean free path thick sample of rectangular parallelepiped geometry. All the components in the problem geometry were surrounded by a 100 cm vacuum sphere to avoid any interactions in materials other than the absorber itself. The results computed using the Monte Carlo radiation transport packages MCNP6.2 and GAMOS5.1 were checked against the theoretical values available from the tables of XMUDAT database. These comparisons indicate very good agreement and support the conclusion that Monte Carlo technique utilized in this fashion may be used as a computational tool for determining the mass energy absorption coefficients of any material whose data are not available in the literature.

STAGES OF EXPERTISE OF EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF VETERINARY PRODUCTS

The long moratorium on state control (supervision) over the activities of business entities has led to an increase in the volume of unregistered, low-quality, counterfeit and counterfeit veterinary products on the Ukrainian market. Violations by manufacturers regarding the entry into circulation of dangerous products are also due to the long absence of licensing of production and sale of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. In these circumstances, there are numerous complaints from consumers about the low quality and safety of veterinary drugs, feeds, feed additives and premixes. The article covers the issues of examination of product appearance, labeling, primary (group) and secondary (transport) packaging, which is carried out in order to establish the conformity of manufactured products to the requirements declared in the regulatory documentation, which will identify dangerous products on the domestic market. In carrying out the examination of veterinary goods presented by consumers and other enterprises or institutions, the general procedure for its conduct shall be established. They check the completeness of the sent materials and check their availability with the corresponding list in the cover letter, open the sealed samples by commission and find out whether the veterinary drug has been registered in Ukraine. Then the data presented in the materials are compared with the registration materials and normative documentation, and a protocol of product inspection for compliance with the requirements declared in the dossier, registration certificates, technical conditions, quality certificates, etc. is drawn up. Examination of the appearance of the label is carried out visually, comparing with the original or with the materials of the relevant registration dossier. Check the correct labeling and packaging of products, and it is important to pay attention to the statement of the summary product of characteristics.
 As a result of the procedures for assessing the correctness and reliability of the appearance of veterinary products in accordance with the original sample, registration dossier and regulatory documentation, a conclusion is issued, which provides a detailed description of the research and the conclusions drawn from their results.

Toward a high-performance transportable microwave frequency standard based on sympathetically cooled 113Cd+ ions

We report a high-performance transportable microwave frequency standard scheme based on sympathetically cooled 113Cd+ ions using 40Ca+ as coolant ions. A transportable physical package (1.4 m3) with high-performance magnetic shielding (radial shielding coefficient 460 000) has been built. In experiments, more than 105 113Cd+ ions were sympathetically cooled to 90 mK in a Paul trap and the ion-loss time constant extends to 84 hours. Without direct cooling procedures, the Dick effect-limited Allan deviation due to the deadtimes is reduced to 1.8×10−14/τ. Under our scheme, the uncertainties in the main frequency shifts such as those from second-order Zeeman and second-order Doppler terms were reduced below the order of 10−15. The relevant ac Stark shifts uncertainties were estimated to be below 5×10−18. Minor shifts further reflect the superiority of coolant ions 40Ca+ for 113Cd+. These results indicate that a microwave clock based on this sympathetic cooling scheme shows potential in establishing a vehicle transportable ground-based time-frequency reference for navigation systems.

Effect of Relative Humidity on Main Resonance Frequency for Paper Honeycomb Packaging System

Paper honeycomb sandwich plate is often used as transport packaging for the good cushioning and vibration isolation properties. However, the change of relative humidity has a great influence on the vibration performance of paper honeycomb sandwich plate because of its strong water vapor absorbing characteristics. In order to avoid the system resonance and reduce the product vibration damage, the main resonance frequencies for the paper honeycomb packaging system were evaluated by the sinusoidal vibration tests, further the effects of relative humidity, static compression stress, and the geometric parameters of honeycomb core on the main resonance frequencies were investigated. The results show that the main resonance frequency decreases with the increase of relative humidity, static compression stress, honeycomb cell length, and plate thickness.

Facile preparation for gelatin/hydroxyethyl cellulose‐SiO2 composite aerogel with good mechanical strength, heat insulation, and water resistance

AbstractThe advanced thermal insulation materials with low cost and high mechanical properties play an important role in transport packaging and thermal protection fields. An inorganic/organic composite aerogel was prepared through hydrogen bonds and chemical crosslinking among silica aerogel particles, gelatin (GA), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The as‐prepared GA/HEC‐SiO2 composite aerogels were characterized by compression tests, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analyzer, and contact angle tests to investigate the chemical composition and physical structure. The GA/HEC‐SiO2 composite aerogels exhibited a strong mechanical strength (0.53–4.01 MPa), a high compression modulus (1.33–11.52 MPa), a lower volume density (0.035–0.081 g/cm3), thermal conductivity as low as 0.035 W/[m K]), a porosity of more than 93%, and hydrophobic angle as high as 150.01° after hydrophobic modification. These results indicate that biopolymer composite aerogels embedded with SiO2 aerogel particles display a bright future in thermal insulation.

Tkwant: a software package for time-dependent quantum transport

Tkwant is a Python package for the simulation of quantum nanoelectronics devices to which external time-dependent perturbations are applied. Tkwant is an extension of the kwant package (https://kwant-project.org/) and can handle the same types of systems: discrete tight-binding-like models that consist of an arbitrary central region connected to semi-infinite electrodes. The problem is genuinely many-body even in the absence of interactions and is treated within the non-equilibrium Keldysh formalism. Examples of Tkwant applications include the propagation of plasmons generated by voltage pulses, propagation of excitations in the quantum Hall regime, spectroscopy of Majorana fermions in semiconducting nanowires, current-induced skyrmion motion in spintronic devices, multiple Andreev reflection, Floquet topological insulators, thermoelectric effects, and more. The code has been designed to be easy to use and modular. Tkwant is free software distributed under a BSD license and can be found at https://tkwant.kwant-project.org/.

How to design policy packages for sustainable transport: Balancing disruptiveness and implementability

In order to achieve emission reduction targets in the passenger transport sector, the demand side and especially the mobility behavior of consumers deserve special attention. It is unlikely that such behavior will change without significant political intervention, nor will single policy instruments be sufficient to induce the needed changes. In this study, therefore, we analyze the design of so-called disruptive policy packages required to drastically reduce passenger transport emissions in industrialized countries and illustrate it for the case of Austria. Our research approach consists of three methods: a literature review to develop a policy category system, expert interviews to build effective policy packages and a stakeholder workshop to identify the specific needs of different geographical areas. For the design of successful policy packages, we identify two critical dimensions, disruptiveness (having high-level and rapid effectiveness) and implementability. A well-balanced combination of diverse policy instruments is required to adequately address both dimensions.

Research on Compressive Strength of High Strength Corrugated Box Based on Finite Element Analysis

Corrugated boxes are a recyclable, recyclable green packaging product that is an essential tool for packaging. Corrugated boxes are used as transport packaging products, which play a very important role in the protective properties of the packaged goods. Corrugated boxes in the flow application, impact, vibration, static pressure, dynamic pressure, climatic conditions, etc., have become an important factor in the damage to the carton, so the physical properties of corrugated boxes determine whether the package can be intact the arrival of the land in the hands of consumers has become a major factor affecting the consumer experience. One of the most fundamental items in testing the physical properties of corrugated boxes is compressive strength, which is an important indicator for measuring the compressive strength of corrugated boxes. In this paper, several factors such as environmental humidity, structural size and structure are selected for research. Corrugated boxes with different humidity, different sizes and different structures were studied, and their compressive strength was gained, and the variation law was studied. By comparing the effects, the environmental humidity of the corrugated box and the influence of the structural size on the compressive properties are gained, and a more effective finite element model is gained. The results of this study have important guiding significance for the structural design of corrugated boxes in different geographical environments.

Low activation materials of transport packaging sets

One of the tools for ensuring nuclear safety during the transportation of spent nuclear fuel is the creation of a high-strength transport container that effectively absorbs radioactive radiation from fission products. This raises the problem of creating appropriate structural materials. In this regard, it seems very promising to use a metal absorbing coating on high-strength corrosion-resistant steel, which is well mastered by the industry. However, ensuring the effectiveness of such a coating is possible only at a high concentration of neutron-absorbing elements in the cladding layer. One way to reduce the induced radioactivity of packaging sets is to use low-activated ferritic-martensitic steels such as EP450 (12Kh13M2BFR), EP823 (16Kh12SMVFBR) and 16Kh12V2FTaR. These steels have shown a high level of serviceability as structural materials for fuel element cladding and RBN fuel assemblies (BN-600, BN-350, BOR-60, etc.). Currently, a promising direction is the laser coating on the surface of transport packaging complexes. This paper explores the method of protection transport packaging sets against neutron radiation by laser surfacing of metallic powder.