Transportation Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

Environmental Impact Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in the ‎Surface Soil Surrounding the Shwan Private Oil Refinery, Northeastern‏ ‏Kirkuk

The current study included finding the concentrations of heavy elements (Co, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Cd and Hg) in the surface soil and studying the environmental effects of Shwan Refinery within Kirkuk Governorate. Twenty surface soil samples were collected with a depth of 0-20 cm. The samples were prepared in the laboratory and sent to the laboratories of the Geology Department at the Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University for the purpose of conducting chemical analyzes using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results of heavy element concentrations in the surface soil of the Shwan Refinery showed that the mean value of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Hg was 33.99 mg/kg, 149.33 mg/kg, ‎24.62 mg/kg, ‎‎57.44 mg/kg, 6.18 mg/kg, 0.04 mg/kg, 0.95 mg/kg, respectively. The analyzes of heavy elements in the volumetric fractions (sand, silt and clay) indicated that most of the heavy metals increased their concentrations in the clay fraction (Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co) with a value of (1.13 mg/kg 9.23 mg/kg ,87.15mg/kg ,35.23 mg/kg ,189.2 mg/kg ,48.02 mg/kg) respectively. Except for mercury, which was concentrated in the coarse sandy part, whose value reached (49.4 mg/kg), may be due to the role of clay minerals that are characterized by the processes of ion exchange, absorption and deposition of heavy elements on their surfaces compared to the alluvial and sandy fractions. The geo-accummelation index (Igeo) in the study area showed that there is high pollution with the elements Co and Ni and the average pollution index for the elements a As and low pollution with the Zn, Cu, (Cd) and (Hg) which are attributed to the wind and to the public road and the parallel road for transporting petroleum products.

Energy saving and consumption reduction in the transportation of petroleum products: A pipeline pricing optimization perspective

Pipeline transportation is a low-energy and economical mode of transporting petroleum products in the downstream supply chain, however, there is almost no theoretical research on its pricing strategies. The unreasonable pricing strategy has resulted in low utilization of multi-product pipeline capacity as well as high energy consumption of petroleum products transportation. Therefore, this paper aims to improve pipeline turnover and promote the low-carbon transportation market from the perspective of pipeline pricing optimization. We propose an integrated framework for multi-product pipelines that couples pricing strategy and logistics optimization model. This framework simulates the pricing behavior of the pipeline carrier and the corresponding logistics planning behavior of the oil shipper. We apply the framwork to 10 pipeline pricing schemes for two regions in China with different logistics structures, and analyze the economic and environmental benefits of the new strategy. The results show that the well-performing scheme can increase pipeline carriers' revenue by 11.41 million CNY per month, significantly improve the competitive advantage of long-distance pipelines, and reduce energy consumption by 272 tce. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for policymakers at four levels. In conclusion, the new pricing strategy will help reverse the disadvantageous situation of the pipeline in the competitive market and promote energy conservation in the petroleum products logistics industry.

Legal Protection of the Marine Environment from Oil and Petroleum Product Spills

The article deals with social relations arising in the process of preventing and eliminating emergency oil and petroleum product spills in the marine environment. The danger of pollution of the marine environment by oil and petroleum products is reviewed, two major accidents related to the spill of oil and petroleum products are mentioned: the release of oil from the Exxon Valdez tanker and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The methods used to eliminate accidents in the Baltic Sea, as well as some features of this region, are considered. The special role of the Polar Code in the prevention of pollution of polar waters by oil and petroleum products is considered. The article also discusses the requirements for the prevention of accidental spills contained in international acts. The article notes that most of the existing international legal norms, as well as legal acts of national legislation, are aimed at ensuring compliance with the established rules for the transportation of oil and petroleum products, requirements for the operation of ships, their design features, as well as for the proper operation of equipment. It is necessary to eliminate gaps in legislation regarding the regulation of oil collection under ice in the polar region. It seems necessary to legislatively regulate the use of special means for monitoring oil spills. Legislation in the field of forecasting, accident prevention, as well as taking into account the natural features of the region of production and transportation of petroleum products needs further improvement

Enzyme Activities in Tissues of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Mullet Fish (Liza falcipinus) and Crab (Callinectes amnicola) from Oil Impacted Abuloma and Woji Jetties, Rivers State Nigeria

This research was carried out to examine the distribution of enzymatic activities of some tissues (liver, muscles and gills) of selected aquatic organisms (Nile tilapia, Mullet fish and Crab) collected from some crude oil polluted rivers (Abuloma Jetty and Woji Jetty) and Ojimba-ama a non-oil polluted area which served as control. The aquatic organisms were obtained from rivers which are used as jetty for transportation of petroleum products and other industrial activities like welding, dredging, refuse dump, etc. Enzyme activities of fish and crab tissues (liver, muscles and gills) were measured for some biomarker enzymes such as catalase, rhodanase and glutathione S-transferase. Results were shown in means of triplicate values which were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Enzyme activity in Nile tilapia across the three locations ranged from 44.39±0.01 μ/mgprotein to 171.45±0.01 μ/mgprotein with GST in gills having the lowest value and rhodanase in the liver recording the highest value. Enzyme activity in Mullet across the three locations ranged from 18.58±0.10 μ/mgprotein to 120.37±0.02 μ/mgprotein with catalase in muscles having the lowest value and rhodanase in the liver recording the highest value. Enzyme activity in Crab across the three locations ranged from 40.79±0.03 μ/mgprotein to 130.72±0.01 μ/mgprotein with GST in gills having the lowest value and rhodanase in the liver recording the highest value. Rhodanase showed the highest level of enzyme activity in all the tissues. Liver recorded the highest enzyme activity across all samples from the three locations which may be as a result of the liver being the principal detoxification organ for xenobiotic substances. From this study, there was an increase in the enzyme activities of the biomarkers across all the tissues which indicate a contamination from pollutants capable of causing oxidative stress in the organisms.

Environmental problems in the transportation of petroleum products in Kazakhstan

The presented article tells about the placement of countries in terms of reserves and processing volumes. About the state of oil production and oil refining in Kazakhstan and the presence of environmental risks in the transportation of petroleum products. Without the transportation of oil and oil products, economic development is impossible. For Kazakhstan, the possibility of organizing the correct transit of oil and oil products is an urgent task. The profits from transportation should be commensurate with the environmental risks in the event of an accident. To reduce environmental risks, the authors of the article recommend using only modern specialized vehicles, tight control when unloading oil products at small gas stations and huge fines if spills and leaks are allowed. For multimodal transportation, it is recommended to use flexitanks and conduct constant environmental monitoring in the process of transporting oil and oil products. All this can easily be done if there is mandatory certification according to ISO 14000 standards.

Theoretical essentials for designing viscous liquid pumping systems in the conditions of the Arctic region

The purpose is the creation of a scientifically based solution for the design of hermetic electromechanical converters adapted to existing pipelines, as well as those under construction and development. These pipelines meet the energy efficiency requirements and operate in the conditions of the Arctic region. Methods: methods of mathematical analysis, numerical methods, and methods of mathematical programming were used as the main mathematical means. The CFD design package of Ansys Maxwell was used. Research results: we showed that an increase of the efficiency of the system of technological transportation of petroleum products at low temperatures is possible through the use of electromechanical devices that combine the functions of heating and pumping the working liquid. We solved the field problem based on the analytical calculations carried out by a computer. This allowed us to determine the distribution of eddy current density in the structural elements of these devices responsible for creating pressure and heating the pumped petroleum products. The importance of the electrical parameters of the secondary windings has been confirmed numerically and experimentally. The hydraulic characteristics, mechanical losses, volumetric losses and efficiency are determined. Taking into account the outcomes of theoretical studies the experimental sample of the sealed electromechanical converter with the specified physical and chemical characteristics was created at Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University. Practical relevance: the obtained analytical formulas can be used at the development of the systems for pumping viscous liquids at low temperatures using the sealed electromechanical converters which helps to reduce the installed power of energy equipment without degrading the values of technological indicators.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ПРОЦЕССЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ НЕФТЕПЕРЕРАБОТКИ

The article discusses methodological approaches to the organization of processes for managing the transportation of petroleum products using existing logistics technologies in optimizing functioning flows. The peculiarities of transport operation in the studied systems during the transportation of dangerous goods are revealed. The issues of the application of specialized infor-mation systems in the management of the transport of enterprises of the oil refining industry are in-vestigated. The mechanisms for implementing information interaction in the process of managing the transportation of refined products based on ER-diagrams are proposed for the development of a project for automating the logistics accounting of the supply chain for an oil refinery.

Tabu-Based Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for Multi-Depot Petrol Station Replenishment With Open Inter-Depot Routes

The petrol station replenishment problem (PSRP) refers to the process of transporting petroleum products from oil depots to petrol stations via tank trucks. It mainly consists of two parts: allocating petroleum products to tank trucks and planning the travel route of each truck. In this study, we examine a new variant of PSRP by considering a multi-depot vehicle routing problem with open inter-depot routes (MDVRPOI). Each depot can act as an intermediate replenishment facility, and each truck can be reloaded at any depot any number of times within the working period. Moreover, trucks can end their routes at any depot instead of making a long empty drive to the start depot. The trucks are heterogeneous with multiple load-specific compartments. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Given the problem’s complexity, a tabu-based adaptive large neighborhood search (T-ALNS) algorithm is proposed, which integrates the tabu search approach into ALNS to solve the problem effectively. The T-ALNS executes multiple problem-tailored destroy/repair operators on the station, trip, and route levels. A local search procedure with problem-specific operators and an adaptive strategy is further embedded into T-ALNS. We use the real data of an oil company in China to evaluate our algorithm. Computational results show that our T-ALNS significantly outperforms the CPLEX solver and other algorithms in terms of solution quality and computation time. Further, it realizes an average reduction in transportation cost of about 45% compared to the company’s actual strategy.

SPIDER4LEGS MOBILE ROBOT DESIGN CONTROLLED BY THE ESP32 PLATFORM

The grazing robot is a dynamic system, consisting of a platform (the body of the robot) and a number of legs with structures similar to the kinematic chains of manipulator robots. Grazing robots can have a redundant number of legs, therefore they can ensure a static stability even if one or more legs are destroyed [10]. The objective of the work is to design a mobile robot controlled with the Arduino board controlled by an ESP 32 logic processor. The robot proposed in the paper is a spider-type robot with four legs, named SPIDER4LEGS. The components used to make the robot are the following: ESP32 development board, ESP ROOM-32, WiFi and Bluetooth BLE, Dual Core; PCA9685 module, I2C interface, 16 CH, servo motor; 12 Servo motors SG90 180 degrees. A possible field of application of these robots is the internal inspection of pipelines transporting petroleum products [7],[8],[9].

DIESEL FUEL WAYS AND THEIR ELIMINATION METHODS

The efficient operation of agricultural machinery depends on the purity of the oil products used in its operation. Purification of fuels and oils is mainly carried out by filtration through porous separators. Currently, oil refineries (refineries) produce a thorough cleaning of the fuel. However, due to repeated resale and transportation, fuel contamination occurs. Due to poor flushing of the tank, other oil products and when filling the tank during precipitation, water and impurities can enter the fuel during its transportation. Water can enter the fuel tank in the form of condensation. Due to the long chain of transportation of petroleum products from refineries to consumers and non-compliance with transportation standards, customers receive low-quality fuel. Modern power systems for cars and tractors do not allow the presence of water and small impurities in the fuel. In this regard, in this paper, the problem of watered diesel fuel is considered. An assessment of the influence of such fuel on fuel equipment and engine operation is given. The data are given for the content of water in the fuel. Consider the saturation of the market with filters that allow you to separate water and fine particles from fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of each existing filter and compared with the proposed membrane filter are considered. A technology has been introduced to separate water and fine impurities in diesel fuel by installing an additional fine filter in the tractor power system. This article confirms the urgency of the problem of diesel fuel flooding. Data on the type of water contained in the fuel are given. An assessment of the effect of water in the fuel on fuel equipment and engine operation is given. The existing solutions to the problem of watering diesel fuel are presented and the effectiveness of the proposed filter is confirmed. A diagram of the proposed installation is presented, as well as plans for the modernization of the fuel cleaning.

Legal Understanding of Management Decisions in Hydrocarbons Cross-Border Marine Shipping: Digital Hedging Technologies

The paper examines one of the areas of law application that is methodologically based on an individualized approach to the norms of law with their subsequent broad interpretation in relation to specific legal situations. Similarly, the vector of rule-making is determined in relation to the transportation of crude oil and its refined products entirely by sea. The work not only reflects the basic doctrines of legal understanding, but also presents an assessment of their law enforcement potential, the ability to influence the formation of sectoral, intersectoral institutions of law. The author examines financial intermediation and hedging that performs the same dealer functions, but with much lower costs than classical banking institutions. Implementation of the institution of a derivative credit instrument in law enforcement practice is of particular interest to the author. The paper considers such a phenomenon as confrontation between natural and positive law in the context of entrepreneurial activity. Transportation of petroleum products’ tenders is considered as a compensated use of property. The positivist legal understanding is seen by the author as no less important. The paper explains to what extent it can serve as a basis for making management decisions concerning market risks, risks of changes in portfolios of financial instruments, risks of probable losses.Transactions with a digital asset quite reasonably belong to the field of hedging, if there is a causal relationship between the types of the underlying asset and the hedging strategy, using digital examples. Connecting factors to the law of the payment currency, terms and amounts of payments are considered both in line with hedging strategies and utilitarially in the context of making a record of the rights’ transfer. The author draws a conclusion concerning the purpose of short and long positions of net assets hedged against margin trading limits if the security of an oil transportation transaction is found to be insufficient. Merchants receive borrowed capital secured by their own assets.Management solutions ensure the sequence of identification of all relevant risks, facilitate attracting exclusively licensed counterparties for the formation of loan coverage, regularly replenishing the reserves of liquid funds when conducting transactions with virtual currencies and other impersonal (in personal terms) assets. With management decisions being considered as one of the measures of value, hedging is similar to a loan agreement, since they have a common goal — to gain mandatory tranche for the derivative financial instruments that invariably maintain a high level of liquidity and volatility.

Optimal Planning for Transportation of Petroleum Products via Pipe-line According to the Demand Time Window for Minimizing Costs

Optimal Planning for Transportation of Petroleum Products via Pipe-line According to the Demand Time Window for Minimizing Costs

Risk-Based Inspection Due to Corrosion Consequences for Oil and Gas Flowline: A Review

The petroleum industry, which is one of the pillars of the national economy, has the potential to generate vast wealth and employment possibilities. The transportation of petroleum products is complicated and changeable because of the hazards caused by the corrosion consequences. Hazardous chemical leaks caused by natural disasters may harm the environment, resulting in significant economic losses. It significantly threatens the aim for sustainable development. When a result, determining the likelihood of leakage and the potential for environmental harm, it becomes a top priority for decision-makers as they develop maintenance plans. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the risks associated with oil and gas pipelines. It also tries to identify essential risk factors in flowline projects, as well as their likelihood and severity, in order to reduce loss of life and increased expenditures as a result of safety issues. The monetary quantification was used to determine the leakage-induced environmental losses. Using a 5-by-5 probability-currency matrix, the level of environmental risk was evaluated the safety and risk-based inspection (RBI) is evaluated through the use of specific schedules to determine the likelihood of failure (LOF) and Consequence of Failure (COF). The risk level appears in the matrix, and appropriate maintenance steps should be taken to reduce risks, such as injecting corrosion inhibitors to protect the Pipelines, activating cathodic protection or coating. Overall, this research contributes to the prevention of petroleum product leakage due to the corrosion consequences in the transportation sector. Also, encourage non-environmental risk decision-makers to gain a better understanding of the risk level.

DEPENDENCE OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NI‒P-COATING ON THE HEAT TREATMENT MODE AND THE FORMED PHASE COMPOSITION

The appearance of defects is possible on the surface of parts coated in the process of chemical nickel plating after its crystallization annealing. The effects of heat treatment modes of steel samples with composite Ni‒P-coating on the phase composition, hardness and levels of elastic deformations of the substrate leading to the formation of cracks in the coating has been evaluated. By uniaxial tension at a low rate (1 mm/min) of load application on specially prepared samples, the cracking load was initially recorded and repeatedly confirmed. The fact of coating defects (cracks and pore chains) was established by means of wetting the controlled surface with indicator solution. The experimental data were recalculated by the method of sections into true values of stresses arising in the material of the sample and coating. The Vickers hardness at a load of 100 g was checked on each sample. The dependence of the surface hardness level of coated samples on the ratio of crystalline phases in its composition was revealed. A coating consisting of 70 % of crystalline nickel and 15 % Ni3P is characterized by high hardness (at the level of 1010 HV) and low cracking threshold (100‒170 MPa). If more than 65 % nickel phosphide is present in the structure, the hardness of the coating is slightly higher at 1050 HV. At the same time, the level of deformations contributing to the appearance of defects is higher by 100 % and it is within the range of 270‒340 MPa. The revealed patterns of formation of physical and mechanical characteristics of the Ni‒P-coating made it possible to determine and recommend the technological mode of heat treatment of parts with coating which creates the optimal properties of parts used in gas, oil and petroleum products transportation equipment.

Optimizing The Transportation of Petroleum Products in A Possible Multi-Level Supply Chain

The goal of many supply chain optimization problems is to minimize the costs of the entire supply chain network. However, since environmental protection is one of the main concerns, the green supply chain network has been seriously considered as a solution to this concern in order to minimize its effects on nature. This article refers to the modeling and solution of a green supply chain network for the transportation of petroleum products in order to reduce the annual costs, considering the environmental effects. In this article, the cost elements of the supply chain such as the transportation costs of each petroleum product, operating costs, the cost of purchasing crude oil products and the fixed costs of building oil centers as well as the components of the environmental effects of the supply chain such as the amount of gas emissions and volatile organic particles produced by transportation options in the supply chain. considered green. Considering these two components (cost and environmental impact), we have proposed a multi-objective supply chain model. In this facility model, oil centers have limited capacity and at each level of the chain, there are several types of transportation options with different costs. To solve the problem, we have used two multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms and genetic multi-objective optimization algorithm with non-dominant sorting II with a priority-based decoding to encode the chromosome. Finally, we have used TOPSIS method to compare these two algorithms.

Technological features of the ducker device for transportation of petroleum products

The efficient operation of main oil pipelines - one of the most important and urgent problems of Russia. Ducker - one of the most technologically advanced stages of construction of the road trunk pipeline. It is important to make the right choice of the method for installing the pipeline, since the speed of construction, economic costs of work, the reliability of the underwater crossing section, and, as a consequence, the uninterrupted operation of the entire main oil pipeline, environmental friendliness of both the installation and further operation will depend on this. underwater passage. Thus, the purpose of this work is to perform a comparative analysis of the methods for the construction of siphons, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The results of the work can be applied in the construction of a new route, as well as in the overhaul of underwater crossings that have worked out their time.

Investigation of the state of hydrographic objects in the area of oil production according to remote sensing of the Earth

Currently, there are thousands of spills of petroleum products and their components, which have different concentrations of harmful substances, therefore, one of the most important environmental problems is the pollution of hydrographic facilities. The main source of pollution of water areas are accidental oil spills that occur during the extraction and transportation of petroleum products. They are a significant threat to water pollution and the reduction of species of marine life. This problem determines the relevance in the study of the state of hydrographic objects in the area of oil production according to remote sensing of the Earth. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to identify the state of the Usa and Kolva rivers using PlanetScope space images taken at different times. The object of the study is the Usa River and its tributary Kolva, the state of which, as studies show, is very critical.

Evaluation of deep learning approaches for oil & gas pipeline leak detection using wireless sensor networks

Pipelines are one of the most common systems for storing and transporting petroleum products, both liquid and gaseous. Despite the durable structures, leakages can occur for many reasons, causing environmental disasters, energy waste, and, in some cases, human losses. The object of the ESTHISIS project is the development of a low-cost and low-energy wireless sensor system for the immediate detection of leaks in metallic piping systems for the transport of liquid and gaseous petroleum products in a noisy industrial environment. In this study, two distinct leakage detection methodologies are presented. First, a 2D-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model undertakes supervised classification in spectrograms extracted by the signals acquired by the accelerometers mounted on the pipeline wall. This approach allows us to supplant large-signal datasets with a more memory-efficient alternative to storing static images. The second methodology entails a Long Short-Term Memory Autoencoder (LSTM AE), which directly receives the signals from the accelerometers, providing an unsupervised leakage detection solution. Field tests for the validation of our methods were performed using an experimental pipeline network, while evaluation of their efficiency in a real environment was conducted in the premises of an oil refinery in Greece. Results evince the potency of the LSTM AE to recognize in real-time the emergence of deficiencies and the efficacy of the CNN models to classify accurately spectrograms reflecting the operational condition of the monitored pipelines.

Ensuring Safety and Environmental Protection During International Sea Transportation of Hydrocarbons

The subject of the study is the norms of international law regulating the activities to ensure safety during the transportation of oil and petroleum products. Special attention is paid to the protection of the marine environment from pollution. The author analyzes the international legal documents regulating the protection of the marine environment during the transportation of oil and petroleum products by sea, the existing mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of possible accidents. Recommendations are given to improve the level of marine environment protection during the extraction and transportation of hydrocarbons. It is shown that liquefied natural gas has a number of environmental, commercial and energy advantages over other types of fossil fuels. Since a common cause of accidents that entail oil and petroleum product spills is the wear and tear of the equipment used in various cycles of production and transportation of both oil and LNG, it is concluded that proper monitoring of the technical condition of the equipment in operation, improvement of the legal framework in this area, as well as compliance with the requirements of legislation in order to identification of objects whose condition poses a threat to the environment. It is noted that a special role in preventing the negative impact on the state of the environment during the transportation of petroleum products belongs to regional agreements on the protection of the marine environment, since in this case the issue has a more substantive character for each region. The article discusses various directions of using artificial intelligence to increase the level of safety of international sea transportation of hydrocarbons.

Reliability analysis with corrosion defects in submarine pipeline case study: Oil pipeline in Ab-khark island

The offshore industry widely uses offshore pipelines to transport petroleum products due to their high capacity and reasonable installation costs. Corrosion is the leading failure cause of offshore pipelines, and their reliability analysis is necessary for reducing maintenance costs. This study presents a corrosion analysis in the bursting mode of the pipeline using a codified method based on probabilistic space theory, considering the monitored data of the oil pipeline and the pigging data of the AB-KHARK pipeline. The relationship between pigging data, parameters affecting corrosion, and the reduction of pipe wall thickness are determined based on the indicators of Regression and Neural Network machine learning methods. A new method is presented for modeling the failure modes of offshore pipelines based on their historical data and statistical computation results. Finally, the system is investigated by the first-order reliability method considering the limit state function provided by evaluating the offshore pipeline reliability. The proposed method is evaluated using a dataset from AB-KHARK island in IRAN indicate zero percentage error in failure prediction versus related works with 1% error for PRCI and MB methods, 6, 8, and 11 percentages error against RITCHE, DNV, and AMSE methods, respectively.