Transport Of Matter Research Articles

Does foliar silicon application enhance the biomass yield of millet silage, and does it provide significant economic gains?

Millet is a grass that has been highlighted for silage production, especially for being a productive tropical plant, and undemanding concerning soil fertility. Silicon (Si) is an alternative low-cost solution to increase biomass production, and it has been noticed to be beneficial to plants, especially when there are stress conditions. So, we analyzed the effects of foliar silicon application to gas exchanges, dry biomass production, and economic efficiency. We used a completely randomized experimental design consisting of foliar application of the following five doses of Si: 0; 0.84; 1.68; 2.52; and 3.36 g L-1 of Si as potassium and sodium silicate, with five replications. We measured the plant height, leaf area, Si contents and accumulation in the plants, gas exchanges (stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis net), dry matter production, Si uptake and transport efficiency by plants and its economic efficiency. The Si content enhanced and accumulated in all parts of millet plants, reaching values between 2.5 and 3.3 g L-1. There were linear increases of approximately 9 and 27% in height and leaf area of millet plants to 3.36 g L-1 of Si. Stomatal conductance and transpiration reached maximum values representing an increase of 44.60 and 101.30%, respectively. The concentration of 3.36 g L-1 of Si increased photosynthesis by 76% and shoot dry matter production by 15%, when compared to the control. Si application is economically viable. The operational costs of application are suppressed, reaching to about US $ 45.32 ha-1 with the application of 2.52 g L-1 of Si.

Influence of Microdefect Size on Corrosion Behavior of Epoxy-Coated Rebar for Application in Seawater-Mixed Concrete

Corrosion behavior of epoxy-coated rebar with different size of microdefects in uncarbonated/carbonated simulated pore solution (U/CSPS) of seawater concrete was investigated. Specimens in both solutions underwent two stages of corrosion, according to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) response. The initial stage was the extension of corrosion. The second stage was dominated by the diffusion process, due to the corrosion products blocking the defects and hindering the transportation of the reaction matter. Local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) measurements and the observation of corrosion products indicated that 50 μm might be the threshold, because the corrosion of specimens with defects bigger than 50 μm in diameter was significantly more severe. Crevice corrosion was identified to occur in the experiments. The corrosion products of specimens in USPS and CSPS were mainly Fe3O4 and FeOOH, respectively. α-FeOOH and β-FeOOH exhibited an anion ion-selective property in the corrosion process, which induced crevice corrosion in CSPS. In particular, it is contended herein that Fe3O4 has the cation ion-selective property to protect the substrate in USPS.

Responses of Root Characteristic Parameters and Plant Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Transportation to Nitrogen Levels for Spring Maize in Northeast China

Improving nitrogen use efficiency is a significant scientific problem to be solved. Two maize hybrids JD27 (Jidan 27) and SD19 (Sidan 19) were selected to study the effects of nitrogen levels on root characteristic parameters and plant dry matter accumulation, distribution and transportation. We set five different nitrogen levels, which were nitrogen deficiency (000N), low nitrogen (075N), medium nitrogen (150N), high nitrogen (225N) and excessive nitrogen (300N). The results showed that the root length and root surface area of JD27 were significantly higher than those of SD19 under 075N. With the increase of nitrogen levels, the root difference among varieties gradually decreased. The root length, projection area, total surface area and total volume reached the maximum values at silking stage. The average root diameter kept stable or decreased slowly with the growth stage. The dry matter accumulation of JD27 was higher than that of SD19 at all growth stages. Increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the transport of dry matter to grain and improve dry matter transport efficiency after anthesis. Under the treatment of medium and high nitrogen fertilizer, maize was easy to obtain a higher yield, but excessive nitrogen fertilizer inhibited the increase of yield. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for maize production techniques.

Sedimentation of psbA Gene‐Containing Cyanophages, Cyanobacteria, and Eukaryotes in Marine and Estuarine Sediments

AbstractThe transport of planktonic microbes from the upper ocean to sediments plays an important role in marine ecology and biogeochemistry (e.g., the downward transport of organic matter). In order to have a better understanding of this important process, we investigated the diversity of allochthonous cyanophages, cyanobacteria, and eukaryotic algae in the sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and South China Sea based on psbA, the gene encoding the D1 protein involved in photosynthesis. The psbA is prevalent and diverse in sediments regardless of water depth, revealing that the vertical export of psbA gene‐containing planktonic microbes provide an important source of sedimental microbes. Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of Synechococcus, Synechococcus myovirus, Synechococcus podovirus, Prochlorococcus, Prochlorococcus myovirus, Prochlorococcus podovirus, and eukaryotic algae groups in the sediments. More than 80% of psbA amplicons belong to cyanophages, suggesting the potential prevalent downward transport of cyanophages from the photic zone to the seafloor. Diatoms Pseudosolenia calcar‐avis and Opephora were dominant in some sediment samples, different from planktonic community in the photic zones, indicating a potentially different vertical export efficiency among phytoplankton. The principal coordinate analysis indicated that psbA gene‐containing microbial community varied in estuarine, continental shelf and deep sea sediments. This study investigated the diversity of psbA gene‐containing microorganisms in marine sediments and could facilitate the evaluation of the output of photosynthetic organic carbon.

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15‐year cave‐monitoring study

AbstractUnderstanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid‐facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15‐year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid‐facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.

Heavy meson tomography of cold nuclear matter at the electron-ion collider

An important part of the physics program of the future electron-ion collider is to understand the nature of hadronization and the transport of energy and matter in large nuclei. Open heavy flavor production in deep inelastic scattering provides a new tool to address these critical questions. We present the first calculation of D-mesons and B-meson cross sections in electron-nucleus collisions at the EIC by including both next-to-leading order QCD corrections and cold nuclear matter effects. Our formalism employs generalized DGLAP evolution to include the contribution of in-medium parton showers, and is based on methods developed in soft-collinear effective theory with Glauber gluons that describe inclusive hadron production in reactions with nucleons and nuclei. The comprehensive study summarized here allows us to identify the optimal observables, center-of-mass energies, and kinematic regions most sensitive to the physics of energy loss and hadronization at the EIC.

Subsoiling increases aggregate-associated organic carbon, dry matter, and maize yield on the North China Plain

BackgroundSoil degradation is one of the main problems in agricultural production and leads to decreases in soil quality and productivity. Improper farming practices speed this process and are therefore not conducive to food security. The North China Plain (NCP) is a key agricultural area that greatly influences food security in China. To explore the effects of different tillage measures on aggregate-associated organic carbon (AOC), the accumulation and transport of dry matter, and maize yield, and to identify the most suitable tillage method for use on the NCP, a field experiment was conducted at Shandong Agricultural University from 2016–2017 using plots that have been farmed using conservation tillage since 2002.MethodsIn this study, Zhengdan 958 summer maize was used as the test material and undisturbed soil and plant samples were obtained under four tillage methods—no-tillage (NT, tillage depth: 0 cm); rotary tillage (RT, tillage depth: 10 cm); conventional tillage (CT, tillage depth: 20 cm); subsoiling (SS, tillage depth: 40 cm)—which were used to determine the AOC and dry matter contents, as well as the yields of two summer maize growing seasons. Each sample was replicated three times and the AOC content was determined via potassium dichromate oxidation colorimetry. Potassium dichromate oxidized organic carbon in organic matter was employed to reduce hexadecent chromium into green trivalent chromium. Colorimetry was then used to determine the amount of reduced trivalent chromium and calculate the organic matter content.ResultsThe resulting data were statistically analyzed and the results showed that, compared with CT, the AOC contents with NT and SS increased by 5.65% and 9.73%, respectively, while that with RT decreased by 0.12%. Conventional tillage resulted in the highest mean dry matter weight when the maize reached maturity, which was 19.19%, 9.83%, and 3.38% higher than those achieved using NT, RT, and SS, respectively. No significant difference was found between CT and SS treatments, both of which tended to increase the accumulation of dry matter as well as its contribution of assimilates to grain yield post-anthesis. Compared with CT, the mean yield increased at a rate of 0.18% with SS, while yields declined at rates of 17.17% and 11.15 with NT and RT, respectively. The yield with NT was the lowest, though the harvest indices with NT and SS were higher than those with RT and CT. Overall, SS increased the accumulation of dry matter and its contribution of assimilates to grain yields post-anthesis, as well as the AOC content and yields, making it the ideal tillage method for the NCP.

Microfluidic plasmas: Novel technique for chemistry and chemical engineering

As an emerging technology that features the integration of microfluidics and non-equilibrium plasmas, microfluidic plasmas not only allow the precise and effective matter and heat transport via the microfluidic system, but also provide an extremely reactive medium full of high energy plasma-generated species. Therefore, they could open new pathways for chemical synthesis or chemical engineering processes that are hardly achievable by conventional methods. In this review, three main microfluidic plasma configurations are reviewed, including plasmas confined within microchannels, plasma jets beyond microchannels and microfluidic plasma arrays. The state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques for characterizing the microfluidic plasma are also examined. A broad range of applications of microfluidic plasmas of particular interest to chemistry and chemical engineering, such as nanomaterials fabrication, surface modification, chemical synthesis, environmental application, and micro total analysis systems, are discussed. The research gaps, bottlenecks and future perspectives of this novel technology are presented.

Statistical Thermodynamic Description of Heteroaggregation between Anthropogenic Particulate Matter and Natural Particles in Aquatic Environments

Aggregation is a key process in understanding the fate and transport of anthropogenic particulate matter, namely, nanoparticles and microplastics, in aquatic environments. Recent research has subdi...

Ocean Surface Boundary Layer Response to Abruptly Turning Winds

AbstractTurbulence driven by wind and waves controls the transport of heat, momentum, and matter in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL). For realistic ocean conditions, winds and waves are often neither aligned nor constant, for example, when winds turn rapidly. Based on a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method, which captures shear-driven turbulence (ST) and Langmuir turbulence (LT) driven by the Craik-Leibovich vortex force, we investigate the OSBL response to abruptly turning winds. We design idealized LES experiments, whose winds are initially constant to equilibrate OSBL turbulence before abruptly turning 90° either cyclonically or anticyclonically. The transient Stokes drift for LT is estimated from a spectral wave model. The OSBL response includes three successive stages that follow the change in direction. During stage 1, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) decreases due to reduced TKE production. Stage 2 is characterized by TKE increasing with TKE shear production recovering and exceeding TKE dissipation. Transient TKE levels may exceed their stationary values due to inertial resonance and non-equilibrium turbulence. Turbulence relaxes to its equilibrium state at stage 3, but LT still adjusts due to slowly developing waves. During stages 1 and 2, greatly misaligned wind and waves lead to Eulerian TKE production exceeding Stokes TKE production. A Reynolds stress budget analysis and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation models indicate that Stokes production furthermore drives the OSBL response. The Coriolis effects result in asymmetrical OSBL responses to wind turning directions. Our results suggest that transient wind conditions play a key role in understanding realistic OSBL dynamics.

Impacts of long-range transports from Central and South Asia on winter surface PM2.5 concentrations in China

Abstract A quantitative analysis of the impacts of particulate matter transported from Central and South Asia on winter surface PM2.5 concentrations in China is investigated from 2013 to 2017. The chemical boundary conditions generated by the MOZART4 global model (MOZ-CBC) are used to drive WRF-Chem regional model as the long-range transport inflow to China. The long-range transport effects of PM2.5 were estimated by the difference caused by primary aerosol (PA), secondary aerosol (SIA), and dust separately from the corresponding component changes in MOZ-CBC. On the five-year average, the long-range transports of particulate matter increase the winter surface dust concentrations by 6–30 μg/m3, PA concentrations by 0–2 μg/m3, and SIA concentrations by 0–1.2 μg/m3. Except for Xinjiang, which is closest to the western border, North China Plain is the most significant region in the mainland of China that could be affected by the long-range transport, indicated by the average increase at 1.6 μg/m3 (4.5%) in PA, 0.9 μg/m3 (1.8%) in SIA, and 16 μg/m3 (35%) in dust. The average increment in PA, SIA, and dust is decreased during El Nino and increased during La Nina. Wind anomalies in the El Nino event weaken prevailing westerly wind but favor the meridional circulation, increasing the precipitation and wet scavenging contribution in the eastern seaboard and resulting in the decrease of the PM2.5 concentration in China caused by long-range transport, while these phenomena are opposite in La Nina events. However, the MOZART4 model might overestimate the frequency of dust storms in winter and the vertical height that dust could reach.

On the Nonlinear Dynamics of Rapidly Moving Splashes

The splashes that form on the surface of water bodies under the effect of strong winds have a considerable effect on evaporation, as well as on the exchange by heat and momentum and the transport of matter, e.g., salt aerosol, which affects clouds and precipitation. An important factor in this case is the height of splash rise and the time it spends in the air. In the case of rapidly moving splashes, these characteristics are difficult to evaluate because of the nonlinear law of resistance at high speed. An efficient calculation method is proposed, providing approximate explicit dependences of the parameters mentioned above on the initial speed and the size of splashes.

Impact of Submesoscale Eddies on the Transport of Suspended Matter in the Coastal Zone of Crimea Based on Drone, Satellite, and In Situ Measurement Data

High-resolution measurements by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), satellite and in-situ data are used to study the optical structure of coastal submesoscale eddies and their influence on the transport of total suspended matter (TSM). It is shown that submesoscale cyclones cause intense cross-shelf TSM fluxes and its subsequent accumulation in their cores, similar to what is observed in large mesoscale anticyclones. UAV measurements make it possible to observe intensive dynamic processes on the periphery of eddies, seen as a periodic structure with scales of 20–100 m; the spiral structure of TSM transport; and convergence of TSM in the cores of cyclones. Using UAV guidance, detailed measurements of the distribution of hydrological and hydro-optical characteristics of one of these eddies, with a diameter of about 2 km, were obtained during a scientific cruise in October 2019. Warm brackish water with a high TSM content and the descent of all isosurfaces were observed in the core of this cyclone, located near the topographic slope. We suggest that the probable reason for the convergence in such submesoscale cyclones is the interaction of radial currents with the topographic slope, which causes downwelling in the coastal part of eddies.

External controls on CO2 in Gibraltar cave air and ground air: Implications for interpretation of δ13C in speleothems

The principles of cave ventilation and ground air advection are outlined. CO2 concentrations were monitored every 2–4 h from 2006 to 2012 at twelve locations in two Gibraltar caves, New St. Michael's (240–275 m altitude) and Ragged Staff (0–70 m), providing detailed records of spatial distribution and temporal changes responding to transient meteorological conditions and seasonal cycles. Cave atmospheres are dynamic mixtures of external air and CO2-rich ground air containing soil-respired CO2 augmented by CO2 derived from oxidation of organic matter washed down into the vadose fracture porosity. The dominant feature of the cave air records is seasonal alternation between high and low CO2 states caused by reversals in ventilation and ground air advection into or away from the caves. The high and low pCO2 states are tightly coupled between the two caves in an antiphase relationship, with rapid switching in response to temperature-controlled density differences between external air and isothermal ground air at mean annual surface temperature (18 °C). The diurnal temperature cycle modulates this pattern, producing four ventilation-advection modes. Summer and winter modes occur when diurnal temperatures are respectively entirely above or below the core temperature of the Rock. During transitional modes the core temperature lies within the diurnal range and pCO2 fluctuates rapidly as the flow of low-CO2 external air through cave entrances alters in response. Strong easterly winds reduce CO2 concentrations in ground air entering the caves and progressively lower cave air CO2. The effects of the CO2 regime on δ13C in speleothem are restricted to variations of 2–3‰, suggesting that larger changes of up to 6‰ across major climatic transitions probably reflect changes in production, transport and oxidation rate of organic matter in the vadose zone. Direct observations of these processes would improve future understanding of the climatic significance of δ13C records in speleothems.

Occurrence and source apportionment of organic pollutants in deep sediment cores of the Venice Lagoon

In this study, recent and aged inputs of five classes of organic contaminants (i.e. PCBs, OCPs, PCDD/Fs, PAHs, and n-Alkanes) were evaluated in eight deep sediment cores of the Venice Lagoon, collected along the path of a new waterway whose excavation is under evaluation by local authorities, to assess the environmental quality status of the area. Diagnostic indices were calculated for identifying pollutant distribution patterns and their major emission sources, whose relative contribution was quantified by a Positive Matrix Factorization source apportionment model. Sedimentary depth profiles highlighted higher contamination in the top layer, mainly related to ship traffic combustion and vehicular/industrial emissions from the mainland. Nevertheless, a significant level of pollution has been detected also in the deeper layers, probably due to the transport of particulate matter through the aquifers underlying the lagoon seabed. The results underlined the threat posed by the possible resuspension of pollutants in the water column during contaminated sediment dredging.

Responses of photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter formation in waxy sorghum to row ratio configurations in waxy sorghum-soybean intercropping systems

Abstract In intercropping systems, microclimate environment, especially light environment induced by row ratio configurations, is crucial to crop productivity. However, little information is available on how waxy sorghum canopy light environment is affected by row ratio configurations in waxy sorghum-soybean intercropping systems. Hence, field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to study the responses of photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter formation, and yield performance of waxy sorghum to seven treatments: sole waxy sorghum (SW), sole soybean (SS), two rows of waxy sorghum alternated with one row of soybean (2W1S), two rows of waxy sorghum alternated with two rows of soybean (2W2S), three rows of waxy sorghum alternated with one row of soybean (3W1S), three rows of way sorghum alternated with two rows of soybean (3W2S), and three rows of way sorghum alternated with three rows of soybean (3W3S). The results showed that intercropping increased the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and leaf area index (LAI) of waxy sorghum compared to SW treatment. This increase in PAR and LAI increased the photosynthetic characteristics of waxy sorghum canopy, including chlorophyll content (SPAD value), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal limitation value (Ls). These changes resulted in increased dry matter accumulation, its distribution, and promoted the dry matter transportation from vegetative organs to grain in waxy sorghum. Likewise, intercropping increased the grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of waxy sorghum, and ultimately increased the land equivalent ratio (LER). Moreover, the 2W1S treatment showed the most suitable light environments and greatest resource utilization to obtain the highest LER and economic benefits. Based on the present results, we suggested that the 2W1S should be used as optimal row ratio configuration of waxy sorghum-soybean system to attain maximum benefits.

Quarkonium semiclassical transport in quark-gluon plasma: factorization and quantum correction

We study quarkonium transport in the quark-gluon plasma by using the potential nonrelativistic QCD (pNRQCD) effective field theory and the framework of open quantum systems. We argue that the coupling between quarkonium and the thermal bath is weak using separation of scales, so the initial density matrix of the total system factorizes and the time evolution of the subsystem is Markovian. We derive the semiclassical Boltzmann equation for quarkonium by applying a Wigner transform to the Lindblad equation and carrying out a semiclassical expansion. We resum relevant interactions to all orders in the coupling constant at leading power of the nonrelativistic and multipole expansions. The derivation is valid for both weakly coupled and strongly coupled quark-gluon plasmas. We find reaction rates in the transport equation factorize into a quarkonium dipole transition function and a chromoelectric gluon distribution function. For the differential reaction rate, the definition of the momentum dependent chromoelectric gluon distribution function involves staple-shaped Wilson lines. For the inclusive reaction rate, the Wilson lines collapse into a straight line along the real time axis and the distribution becomes momentum independent. The relation between the two Wilson lines is analogous to the relation between the Wilson lines appearing in the gluon parton distribution function (PDF) and the gluon transverse momentum dependent parton distribution function (TMDPDF). The centrality dependence of the quarkonium nuclear modification factor measured by experiments probes the momentum independent distribution while the transverse momentum dependence and measurements of the azimuthal angular anisotropy may be able to probe the momentum dependent one. We discuss one way to indirectly constrain the quarkonium in-medium real potential by using the factorization formula and lattice calculations. The leading quantum correction to the semiclassical transport equation of quarkonium is also worked out. The study can be easily generalized to quarkonium transport in cold nuclear matter, which is relevant for quarkonium production in eA collisions in the future Electron-Ion Collider.

Predicting the effective diffusivity across the sediment–water interface in rivers

Abstract Hyporheic exchange directly controls and regulates the transport of nutrients, heat, and organic matter across the sediment–water interface (SWI), thereby affecting the biochemical processes in rivers, which is critical for maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems. The interface exchange is controlled by multiple processes, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, which can be modeled by the effective diffusion model using an effective diffusion coefficient, Deff, to quantify the hyporheic exchange rate. In this study, genetic programming (GP), a machine learning (ML) technique based on natural selection, is adopted to search for a robust relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient and surface flow conditions, bedforms, and sediment characteristics on the basis of published broad interfacial mass exchange flux measurements. By utilizing a data set covering a wide range of environmental condition parameters, the effective diffusion coefficient prediction models for the SWI with and without bedforms are developed. Results show that the dimensionless effective diffusion coefficient is not only related to the permeability Reynolds number, ReK, but also to the channel Reynolds number, Re. Compared with the flat bed, ReK has a greater effect on the hyporheic exchange when bedforms present at the SWI by affecting the pumping advection strength. The new Deff predictor with a relatively concise form exhibits considerable improvements with regard to prediction ability and is physically sound relative to the existing predictors.

Viscoelastic particle focusing in human biofluids.

Saliva and blood plasma are non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids that play essential roles in the transport of particulate matters (e.g., food and blood cells). However, whether the viscoelasticity of such biofluids alters the dynamics of suspended particles is still unknown. In this study, we report that under pressure-driven microflows of both human saliva and blood plasma, spherical particles laterally migrate and form a focused stream along the channel centerline by their viscoelastic properties. We observed that the particle focusing varied among samples on the basis of sampling times/donors, thereby demonstrating that the viscoelasticity of the human biofluids can be affected by their compositions. We showed that the particle focusing, observed in bovine submaxillary mucin solutions, intensified with the increase in mucin concentration. We expect that the findings from this study will contribute to the understanding of the physiological roles of viscoelasticity of human biofluids.

Origin of hydrodynamic instability from noise: From laboratory flow to accretion disk

We attempt to address the old problem of plane shear flows: the origin of turbulence and hence transport of angular momentum in accretion flows as well as laboratory flows, such as plane Couette flow. We undertake the problem by introducing an extra force in Orr-Sommerfeld and Squire equations along with the Coriolis force mimicking the local region of the accretion disk. For plane Couette flow, the Coriolis term drops. Subsequently we solve the equations by WKB approximation method. We investigate the dispersion relation for the Keplerian flow and plane Couette flow for all possible combinations of wave vectors. Due to the very presence of extra force, we show that both the flows are unstable for a certain range of wave vectors. However, the nature of instability between the flows is different. We also study the Argand diagrams of the perturbation eigenmodes. It helps us to compare the different time scales corresponding to the perturbations as well as accretion. We ultimately conclude with this formalism that fluid gets enough time to be unstable and hence plausibly turbulent particularly in the local regime of the Keplerian accretion disks. Repetition of the analysis throughout the disk explains the transport of angular momentum and matter along outward and inward direction respectively.