Transport Of Horses Research Articles

Physiological responses of horses to 24 hours of transportation using a commercial van during summer conditions.

Fifteen mature horses (mares, n = 6); geldings, n = 9) were used to assess the physiological responses of 24 h of transport in a commercial van under California summer conditions. The study was conducted on four consecutive days, and data were collected on d 1 and d 2 to obtain baseline values and to determine any diurnal variation in the individual measurements. Travel commenced on d 3 at 0800 for 24 h, with a total of 1,622 km traveled. Blood samples were collected at 0800, 1100, 1400, 2000, and 0200 each day. Horses were weighed and rectal temperatures recorded at 0800 each day and at 2000 each day except d 3. Body weight, rectal temperature, serum cortisol, serum lactate, and white blood cell (WBC) counts exhibited diurnal variation (P = .0001) on d 1 and d 2. Body weight immediately after unloading showed a 6% loss. At 24 h following transit, a 3% deficiency in body weight loss remained. The WBC counts showed a progressive increase with duration of travel and peaked at the termination of transport. Dehydration measures of hematocrit and total protein increased during transport and returned to baseline during the posttransport period. Serum concentrations of lactate, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase increased during transport and in the early posttransit period, but returned to baseline values at the conclusion of the 24-h posttransport period. Glucose concentration increased with the initiation of transport and did not decrease to baseline concentration at the end of the 24-h posttransport period. Plasma cortisol and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio increased with duration of transit and returned to baseline during the posttransport period. These data clearly showed physiological responses of horses undergoing 24 h of transport including changes in muscle metabolism, stress indices, dehydration and immune parameters, and body weight. These responses may increase disease susceptibility and influence energy availability for athletic performance following long-term transport of horses.

Funding finalized for commercial transportation of horses for slaughter

Funding finalized for commercial transportation of horses for slaughter

Horse transport

Horse transport

The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective by Joel A. Tarr

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 781 on a larger scale. From the end of the 1920s, for example, efforts were intensified to recruit new customers and to propagate new forms of electricity use (electric heat)—to increase the rate of utili­ zation of the output capacities (p. 235). In this respect, the results of Gilson’s study represent a critical argument against Thomas P. Hughes’s opinion in Networks of Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983) that by centralized supply via superpower sta­ tions (Grofikraftversorgung) electric energy can be provided in any case more economically because of the better load factor and energy mix. Gilson’s study is a convincing demonstration of the significance of economic interests and political power in the formation of huge technical systems. For everybody who is interested in the beginning of the still-existing structure of electricity supply in Germany, this book is a must. Siegfried Buchhaupt Dr. Buchhaupt is research assistant in the Department of History, Technical Uni­ versity Darmstadt. The Searchfor the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in HistoricalPerspective. ByJoel A. Tarr. Akron, Ohio: University ofAkron Press, 1996. Pp. xlvii+419; illustrations, figures, tables, notes, index. $44.95 (cloth); $24.95 (paper). In 1971, Joel Tarr published a pioneering article on the horse as a polluter in American cities. Environmental history was not yet a recognized field, and scholars had paid little attention to the history ofpollution, yet Tarr saw rich possibilities in the subject. In the years since, he has published dozens of original and influential works on the history ofsmoke pollution, industrial wastes, water-quality policy, and sewage recycling, to name just four examples. Now his most important works are available in one volume, and the collection should bring Tarr new readers in a number of academic and techni­ cal fields. The Searchfor the Ultimate Sink holds special interest for people in­ terested in the past and future use of technology to solve environ­ mental problems. Throughout his career, Tarr has focused on his­ toric moments of technological choice. Why did city officials decide to build combined storm and sanitary sewer systems in the late 19th century? Why did railroads take decades to adopt the cleaner and more efficient electric-diesel engine? For Tarr, the answer to such questions never is narrowly academic. As a professor with a joint appointment in history and public policy at Carnegie-Mellon Univer­ sity, he has worked with colleagues in the engineering disciplines on a number of large projects intended to provide policy makers with historical perspective. He also has published his work in a re­ 782 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE markable variety of venues—from Technology and Culture to Waste Management and Research, from American Heritage to the AmericanJour­ nal of Public Health—and the variety testifies to his ability to speak to a range of audiences. The range of Tarr’s research also is impressive. Tarr has found new ways to look at familiar sources: The Search for the Ultimate Sink includes a fascinating reading of the Pittsburgh Survey—a classic study of the city by early-20th-century reformers—as a kind of envi­ ronmental impact statement. Yet Tarr often has made use of innova­ tive sources and methodologies. With the help of a colleague, for example, Tarr reconstructed the major sources of pollution in the Hudson-Raritan region since 1700. Though he has explored a considerable terrain, this collection makes clear that Tarr has pursued one great issue from the first. The 1971 piece on horses is a vivid case study of the American pen­ chant for overlooking or downplaying the potential costs of techno­ logical solutions to environmental problems. In the early 1900s, a host of commentators extolled the internal combustion engine as a way to avoid the environmental hazards of horse transport—the flyinfested piles of manure, the dead carcasses, the unsanitary manure dust, the nerve-shattering noise of horseshoes on cobblestone—yet cars and trucks soon created a new set of environmental problems. Tarr has found similar patterns again and again. The title piece of The Search for the Ultimate Sink—probably the most often cited essay in the historical literature on pollution—of­ fers a particularly...

Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function.

To evaluate the effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function in horses and to compare results from transported horses with those obtained in earlier experiments from horses confined with heads elevated. A prospective study. Six horses were transported by road for 12 h. Clinical and haematological examination, transtracheal aspiration and cell function studies were conducted before and after transportation. Results obtained after transportation were compared to pre-transportation values. After transportation, peripheral blood leucocyte and neutrophil numbers were increased and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Transtracheal aspirates showed an accumulation of purulent respiratory tract secretions with increased numbers of bacteria, particularly beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp and members of the Pasteurellaceae family. Three horses also had increased numbers of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family relative to corresponding samples from earlier studies. Phagocytosis by peripheral blood neutrophils was significantly reduced, while the oxidative burst activity of peripheral blood leucocytes was either unchanged or enhanced. Bacterial contamination of the lower respiratory tract occurs as a routine consequence of transportation of horses and is likely to be an important determinant in the development of transport-associated respiratory disease. Inflammatory airway secretions and increased numbers of bacteria were rapidly cleared, without clinical evidence of significant pulmonary disease and without additional treatment, in normal horses that were allowed to lower their heads after transportation. Peripheral blood neutrophilia and a reduction in neutrophil phagocytic function were evident for at least 36 h after transportation, suggesting that horses may require a number of days to recover from the stress of transportation. As the potential role of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family in the development of transport-associated respiratory disease has not been elucidated, horses which develop clinical disease following transportation should undergo thorough bacteriological investigation to ensure appropriate treatment.

Slaughter horse transportation legislation introduced in U.S. senate

Slaughter horse transportation legislation introduced in U.S. senate

International shipping of competition horses

This report outlines the practical considerations of a veterinarian responsible for the international transport of competition horses and is based on the author's experience. The paper addresses preparation, planning and the actual shipping and arrival. Cooperation with the transport agent and horseman is stressed.

The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate by Kathleen Biddick

512 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE the European Middle Ages was a marvelous period of technological experimentation. Holt should recognize the ingenuity not only of those people who concocted the post mill and struggled with the means to achieve its proper foundation but also of others whose efforts in the technology of milling made significant contributions. These remarks are only qualifications for a work well done. If the author has sometimes overstated his case without regard for circum­ stantial developments, it is because he wishes to maintain the tightness of his arguments. The Mills of Medieval England is a superlative piece of scholarship. John Muendel Dr. Muendel is a lecturer at Lakeland College. His research and writing involve the technology of medieval Tuscany. The Other Economy: Pastoral Husbandry on a Medieval Estate. By Kath­ leen Biddick. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Pp. xvii + 230; figures, tables, notes, appendixes, bibliography, in­ dex. $30.00. Kathleen Biddick’s The Other Economy is an in-depth study of the estates of Peterborough Abbey from the Anglo-Saxon period to the early 14th century. Biddick concentrates her efforts not on the great open fields of the abbey but on its pastoral activity. In doing so, she changes forever the way historians will have to deal with agrarian lordship. Her study clearly shows that cereal agriculture, which has been the focus of most of the work on the manorial economy, cannot be understood separate from pastoral production. Her work casts doubt on the commonplace notion that large estates in the High Mid­ dle Ages were simply grain factories organized to generate cash. In­ stead, by taking into account Peterborough’s pastoral agriculture, Bid­ dick shows that household consumption was the driving force behind production and exchange. Her statistics, taken from the account rolls of the abbey, prove that a large portion of the cereal produced by the abbey went either to feed the monks or to feed the animals they used for hauling, for meat, or for traction. The cash raised from the grain sales made on a few of the abbey’s manors was almost completely offset by the monastery’s purchase offeed for other ofits estates. Biddick also shows that the abbey expended considerable cash to improve its grain harvest by utilizing technological innovations or by purchasing labor to manure and weed its fields, but that the greater yields were pumped back into the abbey’s kitchens or its livestock. In creating her argument, the author makes a number of other important, indeed revolutionary, suggestions. She shows, for example, that the raising of legumes was motivated not by the hope of soil improvement or by the desire to provide the dependent peasantry with TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 513 a cheap source of food but by the need to feed the swine eaten by Peterborough’s monks. She calculates the expenses incurred by the abbey for horse transportation and finds that, because of the huge amount of oats consumed by these animals, this form of haulage was prohibitively expensive. She has also uncovered the intricate and so­ phisticated methods used by large-scale landlords to breed, raise, and cull cattle. All of these discoveries make Biddick’s book an important one. It is not, however, a book without difficulties. The arcane vocabulary of the medieval manorial economy, with its “hoggs,” “affers,” “vif-gage,” and “full-virgaters,” can be tough going at the best of times, but in Biddick’s work this terminology is unhappily combined with the equally taxing jargon of “inputs” and “intermanorial transfers.” The two together make for a difficult read. And the portion of her book dealing with the early history of the abbey is problematic both because of her handling of the evidence (with which she is obviously less comfortable than with the manorial accounts of the 14th century) and because of her interpretation of this evidence. She speaks, for example, of secular lords’ attempts in the 9th century to deflect “sacral power from the monasteries,” but her single piece of evidence for this bold assertion comes from the mid-llth century (p. 13 and n. 20). She compares population figures from Domesday Book with those found in...

Haemophilus equigenitalis infection of horses reproductive tract

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) is a reportable foreign animal disease in the United States caused by the organism Taylorella equigenitalis. Import and export regulations regarding transport of horses into the United States from countries which either have a high prevalence of CEM or those that trade freely with countries having a high prevalence of CEM have failed to prevent the 2008 outbreak, which has not yet been traced to the original horse. It is important to recognize the clinical signs of acute CEM infections (endometritis, infertility, and abortion) to prevent further outbreak of disease. With early recognition, proper testing, and quarantine measures, the outbreaks and economic losses to the United States can be kept to a minimum. However, there are certain characteristics of the disease that are difficult to diagnose and control, such as the ability of the organism to infect an animal without creating clinical signs and the difficulty in culturing it. A review of the transmission, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prevention of CEM as well as a brief summary of the 2008 outbreak of CEM within the United States has been discussed in this article.

Current Perspectives On Stone Ring Structures in Northeastern Colorado

Stone ring structures include almost all of the currently identified prehistoric architectural manifestations in northeastern Colorado. Rings are found singly or in groups, in or near the short-grass prairie that vegetates the area. Data are included for 32 stone ring sites in the Livermore, Keota, and Ft. Morgan areas of Colorado and the nearby Point of Rocks area in western Nebraska. Ring diameters usually range from 2.5 to 5 m. It is suggested, but not proven, that occasional sites with consistently larger rings reflect horse transport mechanisms. Most ring sites have small surface collections that typically lack the projectile points, sherds, or other artifacts that would provide typological chronological placement. The excavated T-W-Diamond site (5LR200) yielded radiocarbon dates of A.D. 1020±230 and A.D. 1170±270 in association with side-notched projectile points and plain ceramics. Collections from some other ring sites in the area include similar artifacts and may be contemporaneous. Future research plans include (1) re-collection of known sites to increase the size of surface collections and their potential for typological dating, (2) detailed mapping of surface features on surveyed sites, and (3) excavation of selected stone ring sites to increase knowledge about subsurface remains. Particular attention will be focused on research goals as identified by Adams in Alberta. Additional problems to be addressed include vegetable food resources available, season of occupation, and social implications of numbers of rings per site.

Recent developments in air transportation of farm animals and horses

This paper deals with some recent developments in the air transportation of cattle, sheep, pigs and horses and comments on the factors involved which influence the results.

Body temperatures and sweating during exhaustive exercise.

Body temperatures and sweating during exhaustive exercise.

The Accuracy of Data Collected From Firms

How reliable are our facts and figures on the working of British industry? This was one of the problems considered by a conference on the difficulties found in the collection of data from firms, held recently by the Acton Society Trust. The conference was held in the belief that, although people looking for different things must adopt different approaches, there is a sufficient common basis to the search for facts in industry to make an exchange of experience among research workers worthwhile. The twenty-five people invited to the conference were therefore drawn from a range of studies in the social sciences including economists, sociologists, psychologists, statisticians, and those all-in wrestlers who do operational research. Some of the topics discussed were of interest chiefly to research workers. Should the research worker, for example, have any technical knowledge? If he is studying the details of processes in the factory he clearly needs such knowledge, but if he is making a more general study of, say, prices, a display of too much knowledge may make firms unwilling to give him information. There was also some discussion on how to get an entrance into the firm in the first place, and, having got there, how to win the co-operation of everyone on whom one is dependent for information being on good terms with one department in a firm frequently makes one persona non grata with another. But when the conference discussed the sort of errors to which data collected from firms are subject, it was dealing with matters of interest to the much wider public who use these data when they have been processed and published in the form, for example, of economic statistics. To understand the type of error that is liable to occur, we need first to look at our published facts and figures in their embryonic stage, as primary data. One of the most common forms in which primary data are collected is 'the little black book' the notebook kept by the foreman on the job. If, as often happens, the foreman is only semi-literate, one source of error is obvious. A similar type of primary data is the return completed in a small branch depot and sent to the head office one investigator, inquiring into the efficiency of horse transport, discovered what appeared to be a remarkable performance by the horses at one depot. In fact the depot had had no horses for twenty years, but the man who sent in his'stastistics'

The Transport of Horses by Sea and Land.*

The Transport of Horses by Sea and Land.*

Horse Transport and Motor Transport.

Horse Transport and Motor Transport.

The Abolition of Horse Transport in the Administrative Services

The Abolition of Horse Transport in the Administrative Services

Transport of Horses by Sea

Transport of Horses by Sea