Zone Transport Research Articles

Understanding the acceleration impact of load and flowing water on the chloride ion transport properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete

In this study, the acceleration impact of load and flowing water on the Cl− transport properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FABGC) was studied for concrete in a complex environment. The results showed that when the erosion age remained unchanged, the concentration of Cl− gradually decreased, and the proportion of bound Cl− increased with an increase in depth from the FABGC surface. At a constant depth from the FABGC surface, Cl− mainly exists in the form of free Cl−. Both flowing water erosion and loading promoted the transport of Cl−, and their combined effect was the primary factor influencing ion transport in the tension zone. When its content in FABGC is high, Al will change the gel structure in FABGC, thus inhibiting the transport of Cl−. A Cl− transport model considering multiple factors (such as the bound Cl−, load, porosity, and flowing water) was established, and its rationality was verified.

Влияние особенностей северо-западной части Черного моря на развитие морской деятельности в регионе

The article highlights a unique geopolitical position and considers the specific features of the northwestern part of the Black Sea including its shallow water, seawater composition, rich natural resources, as well as many transport corridors passing through it. There is carried out analysis of the influence of the specific features on the de-velopment of marine activities in the studied region, development and use of marine resources. Modern ways of the developing international transport corridors and increasing flows of international transit of oil, gas, mineral fertilizers and food allow to consider the northwestern part of the Black Sea as a special transport zone connecting coastal states, as well as the countries of the Caspian and Mediterranean regions with Europe. The factors that make it possible to develop the ports in the region and transport logistics for transportation of goods and passengers between the countries are considered. The role of the significant availability of hydrocarbon reserves in the considered part of the sea in the development of specialized ports and related transport logistics is determined. Analysis of the dependence of the growing intensity of the development of ports and transport logistics on the development of maritime activities for the study, development and use of resources is carried out. It has been inferred about the significant influence exerted by the peculiarities of the north-western part of the Black Sea on the development of maritime activities of the coastal countries including Russia.

Titanium transport and isotopic fractionation in the Critical Zone

Stable Ti isotopes have been applied in the detrital sediment record to reconstruct the bulk composition of Earth’s continental crust due to the relationship between magmatic differentiation and Ti isotopic compositions. However, no study has systematically evaluated the influence of provenance, physical, and chemical weathering on the composition of sediments relative to the protolith they originated from. To test the influence of these processes on Ti isotopic compositions we investigate the Ti isotope composition of 82 surface samples including loess, volcaniclastic rocks, river sediment, and two separate weathering profiles through igneous rocks, collected from a broad geographical area and a range of environmental conditions. Limited but significant Ti isotope fractionation exists in samples subjected to extreme chemical weathering processes, potentially as a result of elemental mobilization. For example, the δ49Ti isotopic composition of bauxites developed on Columbia River basalt varies by up to 0.1‰, becoming isotopically heavier with increasing weathering intensity. However, negligible variation in δ49Ti was found in a second profile of saprolites developed on weathered diabase. Titanium isotope variations in loess do not correlate with chemical weathering intensity or size sorting, but may instead be related to the provenance of the sediment. We find that the δ49Ti of Amazon River sediments is correlated with the Al/Zr ratio, indicating that δ49Ti is impacted by sediment sorting. At our study sites, the river averaged offset between the isotopic composition of the bedload and the suspended sediment fraction is 0.051‰, with the largest offset being + 0.116‰. Our data suggest that during chemical weathering, heavy Ti isotopes are preferentially incorporated into secondary minerals producing higher δ49Ti in intensely weathered soils. During fluvial transport, the Ti isotopic composition of fine-grained sediment is heavier than that of its coarser counterpart. Crustal protolith composition and sorting during transport and sedimentation have a stronger effect on the Ti isotopic composition than chemical weathering. Our results have implications for studies that utilize the Ti elemental concentration to calculate relative enrichment or depletion during chemical weathering and physical transport processes in the Critical Zone and for studies using Ti isotopes in terrigenous sediments to infer the composition of their provenance.

Assessing of the possibility of locating electric car charging stations using Fuzzy AHP and GIS - the case of Łódź, Poland

This paper examines the possibility of locating electric vehicle charging stations using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and GIS. The study presents an integrated approach, which can be helpful in spatial planning. Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in using alternative power sources for motor vehicles. It is stimulated by top-down factors, such as regulations introduced by the European Commission or the introduction of the so-called “clean transport zones” by some local governments, as well as the bottom-up ones, including the increase in the cost of maintaining fossil fuel-powered cars. Local governments can employ the analysis presented in the paper to find a coherent development strategy for using electric vehicles (EVs) in cities. Based on the verified hypothesis, the Łódź city area has diverse suitability for EV charging stations, with predominant unfavourable regions for such investments. The research aims to find the methodology for performing the suitability analysis to locate new infrastructure elements in an urban space.

Isotopic insights on quantitative assessments of interaction of eco-hydrological processes in multi-scale karst watersheds

The dynamics of hydrological processes and the storage mechanisms of karst water resources are the most important issues in karst hydrology. The impact of environmental changes on water quantity, and the evaluation and quantification of eco-hydrological processes remain poorly addressed. In this study, high-frequency continuous monitoring in multi-scale karst watersheds in Southwest China combined the approaches of water isotopes and the hybrid single-particle lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to identify the recharge mechanisms between atmospheric vapor, rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, and to reveal the interaction of eco-hydrological processes. The dominant moisture sources in Puding (PD) County were the Indian Ocean (43–69%) and local moisture (24–33%). The δ18O and deuterium excess (d-excess) values showed a positive correlation indicating that secondary or sub-cloud evaporation was prominent in the wet seasons. Karst water line-conditioned excess (lc-excess) indicated that karst water interacted with recent precipitation, groundwater, and evaporation across seasons. Owing to its specific hydrogeological structure, surface water and rainwater have a higher contribution rate to groundwater replenishment. The Chenqi stream replenished the Houzhai River mainly in the form of groundwater, with percentages ranging from 38.1 to 93.5% in the wet season, and 47.8–80.1% in the dry season. In the Houzhai outlet, surface water and groundwater interconverted frequently with a percentage of 45.6–49.1%. We believe this is the first systematic study to quantify the supply relationship between water vapor transport, rainfall, surface water and groundwater in the Chinese karst zone, making a significant move forward in the field of karst hydrological processes and improving the efficiency of water resource evaluation and management.

Struktura skalního sesuvu Kutiště vyvinutého v krystaliniku Hrubého Jeseníku

Slope failures developed in crystalline rocks of the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. (Czechia) are quite sparse phenomenon. So far, only a few deep-seated landslides have been described from areas near Keprník Mt. and Červená hora Mt., while shallow flood- related flows are more frequent. The newly identified Kutiště rockslide (GPS 50.1437297N, 17.0563289E) is located in the village of Jindřichov (Šumperk District, the Olomouc Region, Czechia) about 1 km northeast of Štolný hřbet Mt. (883 m a. s. l.) within the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. The rockslide has been geomorphologically mapped and structural analysis and geophysical measurements using electrical resistivity tomography have been carried out to interpret surface and subsurface structure of the landslide. It is a planar rockslide developed in biotitic orthogneiss of the Keprník Nappe, covering an area of approximately 0.13 km2 (ca. 500 × 250 m) with a total altitude difference of about 140 m. The landslide is dominated by a morphologically very distinct amphitheatre-like headscarp. The approximately 300 m long and relatively compact transport zone of the slide is dissected by several transverse fissures and tension cracks, and it is delimited towards the bedrock by a planar sliding surface at depths of 10–17 m. The accumulation part of the landslide, about 150 m long, has further collapsed by gravity. The resistivity image in this part indicates a sliding surface at a depth of about 25 m. The structural data indicate that the slope failure was structurally predisposed by an orthogonal system of longitudinal (NNW-SSE) and transverse (ENE-WSW) brittle structures, and the hillslope-conformal metamorphic foliation of orthogneiss inclined at an angle of 11° towards N to NNW. The resistivity image of the rockslide does not exclude the presence of deeper sliding surfaces throughout the entire extent of the slope deformation, which would enable its further development. The morphologically fresh appearance of the landslide is not necessarily a result of low age, but rather of the strong resistance of the orthogneiss to weathering.

The role of continental evapotranspiration on water vapour isotopic variability in the troposphere

ABSTRACT Rainforests play an important role in hydrological and carbon cycles, both at regional and global scales. They pump large quantities of moisture from the soil to the atmosphere and are major rainfall hotspots of the world. Satellite-observed stable water isotope ratios have played an essential role in determining sources of moisture in the atmosphere. Satellites provide information about the processes involving vapour transport in different zones of the world, identifying sources of rainfall and distinguishing moisture transport in monsoonal systems. This paper focuses on major rainforests of the world (Southern Amazon, Congo and Northeast India) to understand the role of continental evapotranspiration in influencing tropospheric water vapour. We have used satellite measurements of 1H2H16O/1H2 16O from Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS), evapotranspiration (ET), solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), precipitation (P), atmospheric reanalysis-derived moisture flux convergence (MFC) and wind to discern the role of ET in influencing water vapour isotopes. A global map of the correlation between δ 2Hv and ET-P flux indicates that densely vegetated regions in the tropics show the highest positive correlation (r > 0.5). Using mixing models and observations of specific humidity and isotopic ratio over these forested regions, we discern the source of moisture in pre-wet and wet seasons.

Lateral Advection of Particulate Organic Matter in the Eastern Indian Ocean

AbstractThe Argo Abyssal Plain (AAP), south of Java and northwest of Australia in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean, is an oligotrophic region (low in chlorophyll and nutrients), downstream of the Indonesian throughflow. The processes that supply nitrogen to the AAP and support ecosystem production are unknown. Here we quantified lateral advection of particulate organic matter (POM) and the role of this advected POM in supplying new nitrogen (i.e., allochthonous nitrogen supply) to the mixed layer of the AAP using 14 yr of remotely sensed data, combined with sampling undertaken on a research cruise in February 2022. Our results indicate that the average net primary productivity of phytoplankton in this offshore oligotrophic region is 98.5 Gg C d−1 and that lateral advection transports 1.21 Gg C d−1 of particulate organic carbon (POC) into the region. We find that lateral advection of POM within the mixed layer supplies an annual average of 12% (95% C.I. = 5.2%–49%) of allochthonous “new” nitrogen supporting phytoplankton productivity, if regenerated to nutrients through microbial processes. Accounting for lateral transport in the deep euphotic zone, lateral transport supplies an average of 32% (10%–>100%) of new nitrogen, although this calculation is less certain due to inability to constrain subsurface POM fields. Our data suggest that lateral advection is a quantitatively important but not dominant source of nitrogen supporting new production. Overall, approximately half of the lateral transport is driven by transient eddies (mostly during winter) highlighting the importance of mesoscale circulation.

Study on the Influence of Salt Marsh Vegetation on Tidal Current and Sediment Transport in Intertidal Zone

Due to the sensitivity of the environment and immoderate human activities, the coastal zone in China is facing resource conflicts and environmental pressures. Salt marsh vegetation is regarded as an important measure for coastal ecological restoration. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the influence of salt marsh vegetation on hydro-sediment dynamics. Based on the measured topography and tidal sediment data, a generalized model of salt marsh vegetation is established to study its effects on the dynamics of nearshore water and sediment. The results show that salt marsh vegetation has prominent effect of attenuating flow velocity and promoting sedimentation, and the ability differs depending on vegetation. Salt marsh vegetation can promote the development of tidal channels to shore, causing intensified erosion in the deep trough. The expansion of the vegetation area will allow the tidal channels to extend small branches to shore and connect with the vegetation front.

Water and heat exchange responses to flooding and local storm events in the hyporheic zone driven by a meandering bend

The hyporheic zone, i.e. the groundwater-surface water interface within riverine/riparian ecosystems, plays a key role in water transport, energy flow and biogeochemical cycling at watershed scales. Water and heat exchange are fundamental processes regulating biogeochemical cycles in the hyporheic zones. To improve the understanding of hyporheic flow and heat transport in meandering streams, high-resolution measurements of water level and temperature, combined with a 3-D coupled model of flow and heat transport in the hyporheic zone of a meandering bend, were carried out during a summer flood season. Results show the distinct spatio-temporal variations of hyporheic water and heat exchange. Flooding events (the incoming flood water generated by the upstream rainfall) and local rainstorm events (the storm or rainfall occurring over the local study area) are major drivers for the coupled processes. Incoming flooding from the upper stream increases the hyporheic water and heat exchange in the riverbed and inner bank leading to the longer intra-meander residence times, and warms the riverbed and riverbanks due to the post-rainfall thermal recovery. Local rainstorm event increases hyporheic water and heat exchange flux both laterally and vertically and cools down the riverbed and riverbanks. The water exchange and thermal regimes in the intra-meander seems more driven by the local exchange flows, while the counterparts in the outer bank are dominated by the regional groundwater flow. The temperatures in the inner banks are 1 to 3 °C higher than those in the outer banks, indicating the better hydrological connectivity between river water and groundwater in the intra-meander. The meander apex is a hot spot for hyporheic water and heat exchange. The results highlight the close coupling among river morphology, hyporheic flow, and thermal heterogeneity in a meander system.

Classification of Engine Type of Vehicle Based on Audio Signal as a Source of Identification

In this work, a combination of signal processing and machine learning techniques is applied for petrol and diesel engine identification based on engine sound. The research utilized real recordings acquired in car dealerships within Poland. The sound database recorded by the authors contains 80 various audio signals, equally divided. The study was conducted using feature engineering techniques based on frequency analysis for the generation of sound signal features. The discriminatory ability of feature vectors was evaluated using different machine learning techniques. In order to test the robustness of the proposed solution, the authors executed a number of system experimental tests, including different work conditions for the proposed system. The results show that the proposed approach produces a good accuracy at a level of 91.7%. The proposed system can support intelligent transportation systems through employing a sound signal as a medium carrying information on the type of car moving along a road. Such solutions can be implemented in the so-called ‘clean transport zones’, where only petrol-powered vehicles can freely move. Another potential application is to prevent misfuelling diesel to a petrol engine or petrol to a diesel engine. This kind of system can be implemented in petrol stations to recognize the vehicle based on the sound of the engine.

Effect of operational and geometric parameters on the hydrodynamics of a Wurster coater: A CFD-DEM study

A coupled CFD-DEM method was used to study the hydrodynamics of a Wurster coater. Firstly, the CFD part of the model was validated by the accurate prediction of the pressure drops over a pseudo-2D fluidized bed under various gas velocities. The effect of gas velocity, gap height, tube length and batch volume of the particles on the cycle time and the residence time of the particles was thoroughly investigated. The central jet gas velocity u1 was found to speed up the particle cycle but undermine the coating efficiency. The gas velocity at the horizontal transport zone u2 was able to promote the horizontal transport of the particles but should not be too high, otherwise, it would obstruct the normal falling back of the particles in the downward zone. Big gap heights would decrease the coating efficiency but tube length had little impact on that. The increment of batch volume would commonly abase the cycle time and the working efficiency under a given u1. The de-fluidization problem arose when the batch volume increased to 550 mL. However, this problem could be swept out by the optimization of u1 and u2. In a mixture of different sizes, the coarse particles enjoyed higher coating efficiency and could travel closer to the nozzles. This may shield the fine particles from getting enough coating liquids, and thus coarse particles and fine particles were not recommended to get coated in the same batch.

Grain-scale investigation of swash zone sediment transport on a gravel beach using DEM-MPS coupled scheme

ABSTRACT Sediment transport in the swash zone directly affects beach changes such as shoreline recession; thus, detailed understandings of sediment transport mechanisms are necessary to accurately estimate the short-time scales sediment transport rate. However, these detailed mechanisms under runup waves have not been elucidated because of the complex solid-gas-liquid multiphase turbulence flow. In this study, we attempt to numerically investigate the sediment grain-scale mechanism to overcome the shortcomings of experimental measurements and the free surface treatment in many numerical simulations. The gravel transport process on a sloped beach under regular waves was simulated using a 2D coupled model of the discrete element method (DEM) and a modified moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method; a sub-model was built into the DEM-MPS model to improve fluid volume conservation. After validating the simulated performance by comparing it to a previous experiment, the gravel motions were investigated for turbulence and inner beach structure. The Shields number, estimated using the drag force distribution, revealed that significant turbulence contributed to onshore gravel transport near the rundown limit. The inter-gravel contact structure inside the beach explained the decrease in offshore sediment transport during backwash as increased resistance to gravel motions resulting from beach compaction.

Water transport in continental subduction zones: Constraints from eclogite from the Dabie orogen, east-central China

Water transport in continental subduction zones: Constraints from eclogite from the Dabie orogen, east-central China

A Lagrangian study of summer upwelling along the Uruguayan coast

This study focuses on the surface transport in the Uruguayan coastal zone during summertime under favorable wind upwelling conditions. The surface transport in the area was investigated for the first time with the application of a Lagrangian technique computing the backward-in-time Finite Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLE) using the current velocity field derived from a high resolution numerical model (CROCO, 1/36° horizontal grid). Intense summer upwellings were studied focusing on surface stirring characterized by FSLE temporal averages. Subsequently, the analysis of the attracting FSLE field maxima allowed the detection of Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS), providing information on the location of the upwelling frontal regions and on the transport patterns associated with the flow. The FSLE analysis during summertime revealed an intense mixing activity concentrated in the oceanic coastal area, concordant with the location of the summer climatological upwelling, while during the most intense upwelling dates an increase in the mixing activity was found in the estuarine coastal region. When concentrating on the FSLE maxima during intense upwelling dates, we identified attractive LCS in the estuarine region locating retention fronts. The identified structures' location coincided with the frontal regions observed from both, simulated SST and satellite Chlorophyll-a distribution, highlighting the Lagrangian approximation's importance in locating retention fronts with different origins. Finally, the LCS evolution analyzed for two particular upwelling events, together with the simulated dispersion of synthetic Lagrangian particles, evidenced the importance of this approximation to study the transport processes in the area.

Soil salinity simulation based on electromagnetic induction and deep learning

In pursuit of fine modeling and forecasting of water-salt transport in arid zones, this study uses the rapid electromagnetic induction survey as the main tool to establish an empirical relationship between soil volumetric water content, salinity and electrical conductivity based on on-site measurement data. By using deep learning to set up a surrogate model for electromagnetic induction inverse problem, the vertical distribution of soil salinity during salt leaching at non-growth season is revealed. HYDRUS-1D was used to perform inversions of soil hydraulic parameters to obtain accurate numerical solutions. The results show that the surrogate of electromagnetic induction inversion using a deep convolutional encoding-decoding network (NET) with a learning rate of 0.0006 and 1500 sets of training samples has high accuracy, with an R2 of 0.9930 and RMSE of 0.2585 mg/cm3. The HYDRUS inverse modeling was performed using synthetic ECa data, water content and soil salinity observation data, and the combination of ECa and shallow ground (10 cm deep) water content respectively. It was shown that although the accuracy of the water-salt transport model obtained by using ECa data is slightly lower than that of the inversion model using traditional observation data, it can still accurately simulate the water-salt distribution and has the incomparable advantages of being fast, convenient and low-cost, and the accuracy of the model is improved to some extent by incorporating shallow ground water content data into the inversion based on ECa data. Therefore, the water-salt transport simulation framework incorporating soil apparent electrical conductivity proposed in this study can accurately simulate salt transport and can provide strategies and methods for the simulation and prediction of soil water-salt transport using electromagnetic induction technology.

Deformation process and kinematic evolution of the large Daxiaowan earthflow in the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Intermittently moving earthflows are widespread geomorphological phenomena in mountainous regions. The Daxiaowan (DXW) earthflow in Zhouqu County, Bailong River Corridor of north-eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has been active for over a decade. The earthflow covering has an area of ∼1.1 km2 and a length of ∼2.7 km, and it has developed four large secondary landslides and two potential landslides. The slope movements pose great threats to the safety of the local residents and the provincial highway S314 at the toe of the DXW. In this study, we used a combination of interferometric synthetic aperture radar technology, unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, geomorphological interpretation, and field investigations to study the deformation process and kinematic evolution of the DXW between 2007 and 2020. Field investigations of the earthflow revealed distinct source, transport, and compressional zone with different movement attributes. The displacement time-series results indicated that the deformation process of the DXW earthflow could be divided into two stages: steady deformation with cracks propagation and scarps slumping (during 2007–2016); progressive deformation with surges in the rainy season (during 2017–2020). Rainfall was the primary driver of deformation since 2017. The catchment topography generated by the Pingding–Huama fault has caused flowing water to accumulate on the left side of the catchment, as indicated by the Topographic Wetness Index, leading to the reactivation of DXW. This earthflow was initially reactivated from the middle part of the ancient landslide body, characterized by the gradual development from cracks and scarps to four secondary landslides. Our characterization of the mode of evolution of the DXW earthflow potentially improves our understanding of earthflow movement and landslide hazards in the Bailong River Corridor, and it provides a scientific reference for mitigating disasters risks in this and similar areas.

Transport and natural attenuation of benzene vapor from a point source in the vadose zone

The vadose zone is a very dynamic and active environment that directly affects natural attenuation and vapor intrusion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, it is important to understand the fate and transport of VOCs in the vadose zone. A column experiment combined with model study was conducted to investigate the influence of soil type, vadose zone thickness, and soil moisture content on benzene vapor transport and natural attenuation in the vadose zone. Vapor-phase biodegradation and volatilization to atmosphere for benzene are two main natural attenuation mechanism in the vadose zone. Our data showed that biodegradation in black soil is the main natural attenuation mechanism (82.8%) while volatilization is the main natural attenuation mechanism in quartz sand, floodplain soil, lateritic red earth and yellow earth (>71.9%). The R-UNSAT model-predicted soil gas concentration profile and flux were close with four soil column data except for yellow earth. Increasing the vadose zone thickness and soil moisture content significantly reduced the volatilization contribution while increased biodegradation contribution. The volatilization loss decreased from 89.3% to 45.8% when the vadose zone thickness increased from 30 cm to 150 cm. The volatilization loss decreased from 71.9% to 10.1% when the soil moisture content increased from 6.4% to 25.4%. Overall, this study provided valuable insights into clarifying the roles of soil type, moisture, and other environmental conditions in vadose zone natural attenuation mechanism and vapor concentration.

Modeling and Solving a Linear Integer Problem (PLNE) for the Optimal Localization of a Hub Air Transport in the WAEMU Zone

In this article, we propose a linear integer model for the optimal location of a hub for air traffic in the WAEMU zone. A hub represents for an airline a base where an essential part of its activities is concentrated. Its location must therefore be judiciously determined. The hub location problem is one of the new and promising areas of research in the field of location theory. In order to satisfy a demand, the location of the hub involves the movement of people, goods between origin destination pairs required. Hubs are applied to reduce the number of transport links between the origin and destination airports. The proposed model minimizes the distances and takes into account the flow of passengers registered in the different airports and minimizes the total cost of the transfer via the hub airport. The simulations were made with the programming language Python.

Glyphosate and AMPA dynamics during the transition towards conservation agriculture: Drivers under shallow groundwater conditions

The environmental fate of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA were investigated in buried lysimeters in a factorial combination of two cropping systems (conservation and conventional agriculture) and two water table depths (120 and 60 cm). Glyphosate was applied at a rate of 1.44 kg ha−1 a.i., and pore-water was sampled for 48 non-consecutive days along the soil profile (15, 30 and 60 cm) as well as the groundwater. Glyphosate and AMPA concentration in soil was detected to compare the effect of different soil-crop managements on transformation/dissipation dynamics and a full characterization of the soil profile was performed. Freundlich adsorption coefficients were calculated down to 110 cm depth and correlated to laboratory-estimated soil properties. Clay minerals, soil organic carbon, phosphate content, Al and Fe amount were the driving factors influencing most of the glyphosate sorption, regardless of the crop and water management system that did not differentiate between adsorption dynamics. In contrast, conservation practices differently affected glyphosate concentration in the soil profile, although its adoption was limited to two years. Moreover, the occurrence of a shallow water table influenced glyphosate transport in the vadose zone, and its detection in groundwater supported the hypothesis of fast transport of the molecule as mediated by preferential pathways, compromising groundwater quality, especially in agricultural lands. On the contrary, AMPA has never been detected in the groundwater, giving evidence of a diverse adsorption and transport dynamic compared to glyphosate.