Transport Category Research Articles

Transcriptional profiling of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in viable but nonculturable state

BackgroundXanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is an important seed-borne plant pathogenic bacteria that can cause a serious threat to cruciferous crops. Bacteria can enter into the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state under stress conditions, and cause potential risks to agricultural production because the VBNC bacterial cells will evade culture-based detection. However, little is known about the mechanism of VBNC. Our previous study showed that Xcc could be induced into VBNC state by copper ion (Cu2+).ResultsHere, RNA-seq was performed to explore the mechanism of VBNC state. The results indicated that expression profiling was changed dramatically in the different VBNC stages (0 d, 1 d, 2 d and 10 d). Moreover, metabolism related pathways were enriched according to COG, GO and KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs associated with cell motility were down-regulated, whereas pathogenicity related genes were up-regulated. This study revealed that the high expression of genes related to stress response could trigger the active cells to VBNC state, while the genes involved in transcription and translation category, as well as transport and metabolism category, were ascribed to maintaining the VBNC state.ConclusionThis study summarized not only the related pathways that might trigger and maintain VBNC state, but also the expression profiling of genes in different survival state of bacteria under stress. It provided a new kind of gene expression profile and new ideas for studying VBNC state mechanism in X. campestris pv. campestris.

Numerical study of the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil with high-lift devices

The subject matter of this article is the aerodynamic profile of the wing with high-lift devices in the aircraft transport category. When high-lift devices are released, the aerodynamic flow of the wing changes significantly, this changes the stress-strain state of the wing. This relates not only to an increase in lift force due to a change in the curvature of the wing and an increase of the wing area, but also due to a change of the position of the center of pressure relative to the chord of the wing. The goal is to study the influence of wing high-lift devices on the aerodynamic characteristics of the profile during take-off, cruise, and landing cases using numerical methods. The obtained data will be used to determine the loads on the wing in various flight cases. The task is to determine the aerodynamic coefficients of lift and drag forces, changing the position of the pressure center during flight cases: take-off, cruise, and landing. The aerodynamic profile b737c-il was used in the analysis. The single-slot slat and double-slots flap were used in the analysis model. The numerical methods with the CAE system ANSYS Fluent were used. The solver models k-epsilon and transition SST were used for comparison. The use of numerical methods in the process of designing aircraft structures is widely used to accurately determine the aerodynamic parameters of the wing in various flight cases. The following results were obtained: the dependence of the lift coefficient on the angle of attack, the lift coefficient on the drag coefficient, and the position of the center of pressure along the chord of the profile for cruise, take-off, and landing flight cases. Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: the use of numerical methods for determining the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with high-lift devices in particular, determining the dependence of the position of the center of pressure relative to the chord and at different angles of attack. The obtained results will be used to determine the load on the wing, in particular the distributed load on the slats and flaps, to clarify the torque moment in the wing section where high-lift devices are used.

ІНЖЕНЕРНА МЕТОДИКА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ КВАЛІМЕТРІЇ У СИСТЕМІ МЕТРОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕТАПІВ ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ АВІАКОНСТРУКЦІЙ ІЗ ПОЛІМЕРНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

In connection with the permanent growth worldwide, including in the domestic aircraft industry, of the use of polymer composite materials in the structures of civil aircraft, the problem of analyzing the effectiveness of the use of composites at all stages of the life cycle of the corresponding structures becomes relevant. An engineering method for the implementation of qualimetry in the system of metrological support for the main stages of designing structures made of polymer composite materials in civil aircraft of the transport category, based on the use of integrated quality indicators and expert assessment of the characteristics of the main design stages, is proposed and justified. General key tables for the synthesis of significance levels of the main stages of designing composite structures for expert evaluation of the effectiveness of operations have been developed. The main (defining) principles of integral indicators of quality of the components of design levels are established. The reliance of experts on the main features of the quality indicators of the design stages ensures the minimization of errors in establishing the significance ranks of these stages. The decomposition of the classifier of the type "Design of aircraft structures from polymer composite materials" was carried out, which systematizes the analysis and synthesis of the main steps for implementing the proposed engineering methodology for qualimetric support for the design of aircraft structures from polymer composite materials, the sequence and implementation by an expert group.A criterion for the effectiveness of an engineering methodology for qualimetric support for the implementation of design stages has been implemented in the form of an additive model of the ratio of the effect of each design stage, expressed as the sum of quality indicators to the total cost of funds for its provision, taking into account the coefficient of significance of the indicators. A hypothetical example of the implementation of the proposed engineering methodology for analyzing the effectiveness at the initial stages of its development at an enterprise that predicts a promising increase in the volume of use of composites in domestic aircraft of the transport category and their modifications is given. The proposed engineering method for the implementation of qualimetry in the system of metrological support for the stages of designing composite structures of domestic aircraft, after practical testing and refinement in a specific production environment, can become an effective tool for increasing the effectiveness of predicting the growth in the volume of use of polymer composite materials in the domestic aircraft industry.

Molecular and ionomic responses of Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Micro-Tom) plants treated with a novel calcium-based plant biostimulant

In this study, we investigated the leaf treatment effects of a novel trace elements calcium-based fluid mixture with a supposed biostimulant action on Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom. Seedlings were grown on standard peat substrate and treated with two different products: a calcium-based fluid mixture and a common calcium fertilizer, CaCl2. Both treatments were compared to an untreated control. We first investigated the effects of treatments on fruit yield and dry matter production in greenhouse-grown tomato. These effects were then assessed in leaves by gene expression profiling of 60 genes involved in different biological pathways and functional categories, and by ionomic analysis. Leaf treatment on tomato with the calcium-based fluid mixture allowed the highest fruit yield per plant (6.17 fruits plant−1) and above-ground dry matter (13.99 g plant−1) to be obtained. Also, 4 genes related to the nutrient transporter category, NCX, NRAMP3, SI BOR2, and CHLM, were upregulated in plants treated with the novel product. CRK, a gene related to the calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK), was upregulated in plants treated with the novel product whereas SODCC.1, a gene related to the superoxide dismutase family, was downregulated in the same plants. A substantial reduction of elemental contents was observed for CaCl2-treated plants, while the novel Ca-based mixture increased the leaf mineral content of Zn (+61%) and Mn (+65%). These results highlighted the biostimulant activity of the novel product resulting in changes in fruit yield and dry matter production, gene expression, and ionome profiles of tomato leaves.

Transcriptome Analysis of Heat Shock Factor C2a Over-Expressing Wheat Roots Reveals Ferroptosis-like Cell Death in Heat Stress Recovery.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing areas in many regions of the world are subject to heat waves which are predicted to increase in frequency because of climate change. The engineering of crop plants can be a useful strategy to mitigate heat stress-caused yield losses. Previously, we have shown that heat shock factor subclass C (TaHsfC2a-B)-overexpression significantly increased the survival of heat-stressed wheat seedlings. Although previous studies have shown that the overexpression of Hsf genes enhanced the survival of plants under heat stress, the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this response, a comparative analysis of the root transcriptomes of untransformed control and TaHsfC2a-overexpressing wheat lines by RNA-sequencing have been performed. The results of RNA-sequencing indicated that the roots of TaHsfC2a-overexpressing wheat seedlings showed lower transcripts of hydrogen peroxide-producing peroxidases, which corresponds to the reduced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide along the roots. In addition, suites of genes from iron transport and nicotianamine-related gene ontology categories showed lower transcript abundance in the roots of TaHsfC2a-overexpressing wheat roots than in the untransformed control line following heat stress, which are in accordance with the reduction in iron accumulation in the roots of transgenic plants under heat stress. Overall, these results suggested the existence of ferroptosis-like cell death under heat stress in wheat roots, and that TaHsfC2a is a key player in this mechanism. To date, this is the first evidence to show that a Hsf gene plays a key role in ferroptosis under heat stress in plants. In future, the role of Hsf genes could be further studied on ferroptosis in plants to identify root-based marker genes to screen for heat-tolerant genotypes.

Analysis of Human Factors in Typical Accident Tests of Certain Type Flight Simulator

With the improvement of modern aviation equipment manufacturing technology, there are relatively few failures due to the unreliability of the aircraft. However, human factors which resulted in air crashes and unsafe events are raised. In this paper, for many typical accident scenarios of a particular plane, the flight simulation verifications of the pilot’s workload and behavior are carried out on the certain transport category airplane, namely the six-degrees-of-freedom full-motion flight simulator. The subjective and physiological evaluation methods combine to analyze the human factors of pilots in the sudden typical accident scene during a flight mission. The study uses eye trackers, professional heart rate monitors, cameras, and other equipment to collect the pilot’s physiological information during the flight mission, and allows the pilots to fill in the subjective evaluation scale, establishing a subjective and objective evaluation index system. Thus, the human factors of pilots in typical fault situations are analyzed. The analysis shows the combined personal and accurate evaluation method, with the test equipment and environment proposed by this paper being feasible for the human factor evaluation in the accident or incident of transport category airplanes. It will benefit aviation stakeholders in determining the proper action to decrease the workload to an acceptable level.

Digital management of electricity consumption as a factor of transport company value

Transport industry enterprises consume a significant amount of electricity, and management impacts on this process with the help of digital technologies will reduce costs and allow to obtain other beneficial effects. The paper points out that the development of transport infrastructure, electric transport and all categories of smart transport increases the dependence of the efficiency of the functioning of transport companies on the consumed volumes and quality of electric energy. The authors considered the effects from using new methods of digital management of resource consumption, which include increasing the stability of the power system, increasing the accuracy of measuring consumed resources, as well as solving the problems of effective planning and resource allocation. The influence of the effects of digital management of electricity consumption is considered from the standpoint of value-based management. The key conditions for the information support of the functioning of control systems is a change in the format and method of information exchange, i.e. the transition from the transmission of analog data to digitized information blocks. The results of the study are to confirm the positive impact of the use of digital technologies in the management of electricity consumption, primarily on reducing operating costs and, as a result, increasing the value of transport companies, as well as highlighting the prospects for their widespread use in transport systems, which may be the subject of future research.

Theoretical Model of the Methodology of Landing Gear Bracket Design Taking into Account the Adjusted Calculation for Shear Bolt Design

The subject of this paper is the methodology of main landing gear (MLG) design, in particular, the algorithm. The new algorithm considered in this paper is intended for designing modern structures of the MLG using a large number of methods of mathematical modelling of the stress-strain state and maximum autonomy of this process. The initial conditions of this algorithm are the Airworthiness Standards for Transport Category Airplanes (NLG25).

First Year of COVID-19. The Impact of Pandemic Waves on Public Transport Usage in Cluj-Napoca, Romania

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has had a significant influence on public transportation usage and service provision. As many countries begin to return to normality, new public transportation planning standards are being developed. Considering these new standards, there is a critical shortage of understanding the possible impact of the pandemic on public transportation systems and models that can help service planning face these challenges. This paper analyzes data collected in Cluj-Napoca (Romania), from late-February 2020 to late-March 2021. As local authorities began to remove restrictions aimed at limiting the propagation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the study investigates the travel changes in various modes of transportation, travel plans, and user categories. Results confirm that low-income groups depend on public transit the most; consequently, they had considerably lower declines in usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also identifies various daily average patterns of demand for public transportation in Cluj-Napoca throughout each stage of the pandemic. All of these data contribute to extending the global understanding about COVID-19’s influence on transport usage by comparing these outcomes with the ones from other cities. They offer pertinent information for transportation authorities to develop adaptation policies to a major event like this pandemic. Although there is still apprehension about using public transportation, the collected data show that the regular public transport users from before the pandemic have been gradually returning to their transport of choice once the restrictions have been relaxed (March-May 2020).

The method of automated synthesis of the finite-element model of the under-skew wing of a regional aircraft of the transport category

The article describes a method for the synthesis of a finite element model of a wing with a strut for regional aircraft of the transport category. The method is based on the functional principle of decomposition, in which the general wing model is synthesized from individual models of substructures, which include the detachable part of the box and the wing strut. It is shown that, thanks to the use of the method of automated synthesis, it significantly reduces the amount of data entered "manually", which makes it possible to reduce the synthesis time and reduce the probability of errors.

EVALUATION OF WING STRUCTURES AT THE CONCEPTUAL STAGE OF TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT PROJECTS

The purpose of this research is to improve the approach for evaluating of new design solutions based on sensitivity analysis of takeoff mass (SFM) to initial changes in the basic project. The approach is based on the changes assessment in maximum takeoff mass of a developed project or an already existed basic variant of an aircraft with local design (project) changes, including the aerodynamic ones, that ensure the developing of a more advanced aircraft. In comparison with the existed known approaches based on the mass growth factors, which were considered constant, the proposed approach takes into account more exactly the dependence of the takeoff mass on the initial local change in mass in terms of their functional purpose, as well as the aerodynamic characteristics. This approach allows the designer to calculate more precisely the final maximum takeoff mass changes in the early (preliminary) stages of conceptual design when looking for new design solutions. On numerical examples, carried out on the examples of transport category airplanes, a significant dependence of the wing aspect ratio influence on fuel efficiency is shown. The considered approach using SFM with semi-analytical aerodynamic analysis combination is simple, reliable and convenient in the analysis and synthesis of a new project for the design process based on the base variant.

Ultrafiltration in patients on automated peritoneal dialysis with Homechoice Claria connected to Sharesource: A pilot study

Fluid overload is an unavoidable problem in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is associated with poor outcomes. The aim of our study was to estimate ultrafiltration (UF) under different dextrose concentrations (DCs) and four peritoneal transport levels. 70 patients, with a total of 1,848 daily treatment records and 8,266 single dwells on automated PD (APD) through Homechoice Claria with Sharesource were followed in October 2020 and categorized into two groups according to the DC (D1.5% and D2.5% groups). Baseline characteristics, peritoneal membrane characteristics, and daily PD treatment records from Sharesource were obtained. We compared UF under the different conditions. The mean night UF per cycle, the mean night UF corrected by fill volume (FV) per cycle, and the mean night UF corrected by FV and dwelling time (DT) per cycle were all significantly higher in the D2.5% group than in the D1.5% group (95.8 vs. 220.3 mL, 5.5 vs. 12.0%, and 5.0 vs. 11.60/000/minutes, all p< 0.001). However, there was no significant difference among the four transport categories in any group. This retrospective study presents precise UF measurements with two solutions at different DCs and four peritoneal transport levels. With a 2-L indwell (DT ranging from ~1 to 3 hours), the mean net UF rate was 1.0mL/min in the D1.5% group and 2.3mL/min in the D2.5% group.

Benefits of Parallel Hybrid Electric Propulsion for Transport Aircraft

As battery and electric machine technologies improve, the electrification of aircraft propulsion systems may have the potential to reduce the energy consumption and emissions of transport aircraft. Incorporating electrical components adds a dimension to the propulsion system design space and introduces new tradeoffs between weight and efficiency. In this article, we apply numerical optimization to the conceptual design of regional transport category airplanes to quantify the energy efficiency benefits of parallel hybrid electric propulsion, identify the mechanisms of the benefits, and characterize the scaling effects of design parameters such as range and electrical technology parameters such as battery specific energy. The results show that the state-of-the-art technology may provide energy savings up to 1%–8% over conventional turboprop engines, while projected improvements in electric technology may allow greater savings of up to 14%, albeit at a reduced range relative to conventional gas turbine-powered aircraft. By supplementing the gas turbine engine with electrical power in high-thrust conditions, the overall efficiency of the propulsion system can be improved throughout the mission. Improvements in battery specific energy and power electronics specific power are identified as enablers for efficient hybrid electric aircraft propulsion.

АНАЛІЗ КОНСТРУКТИВНО-ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ РЕСУРСУ СЕРЕДНЬОЇ ЧАСТИНИ ФЮЗЕЛЯЖУ В ЗОНІ ВИРІЗУ ПІД ДВЕРІ ЛІТАКІВ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ КАТЕГОРІЇ

This article is devoted to the analysis of the design and technological features of ensuring the resource of cutouts in the middle part of the pressurized fuselage of transport category aircraft. Aircraft fuselages, due to their functional features, have a large number of different cuts and irregularities. During flight, the fuselage structure perceives loads in the form of transverse and longitudinal forces, bending and torsional moments, which are caused by the general bending of the structure due to the action of aerodynamic, inertial and dynamic loads, as well as overpressure, which is formed in the middle of the pressurized part of the fuselage during operation of the air conditioning system.The main cutouts can be: cutouts for windows, doors, luggage, maintenance and emergency hatches, cutouts for the cargo hatch. Particular attention must be paid to the cutouts that are in the sealed area of the fuselage. The presence of a cutout in the structure of the fuselage shell leads to a weakening of the cross section of the fuselage in the cutout area. As an object of study, a cutout was chosen, which is located in the middle part of the fuselage under the door (1922x1012 mm). The presence of such a cutout in the fuselage shell creates a sufficiently high concentration of stresses, namely in the area of the cutout corner rounding radii. There, in addition to the concentration due to the corners of the cutout, which are rounded, there is also a concentration around the holes for fasteners, which are located near the rounding radii. It is in this zone that there is the highest probability of the formation and development of fatigue cracks.To achieve the desired durability indicators in the zone of significant stress concentration, a number of design and technological solutions are used. The use of constructive and technological solutions provides the requirements of static strength and durability in the areas of cutouts in the pressurized fuselage and puts forward the problem of obtaining a structure with a minimum mass

COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO CALCULATE EXTERNAL LOADS AT FLIGHT IN CONTINUOUS TURBULENCE

The external loads from the continuous turbulence on the elastic high aspect ratio wing of the transport category aircraft are calculated by Dynamics of Turbulence Air (DTA) and Interactive Multidisciplinary Aircraft Design (IMAD) methods. The response to continuous turbulence was determined taking into account the requirements of CS-25.341(b). The model of the aircraft structure is directed by symmetrical spatial beam schematization. Determination of aerodynamic forces and moments was performed using the methods of linear computational aerodynamics: the panel method of Doublet-Lattice and Constant Pressures (DLM/CPM) and the method of circulation. Comparison of the results of load determination showed that, in general, the values of the loads calculated using IMAD are lower than the values calculated using DTA. Therefore, when designing an aircraft, it is advisable to combine these methods: calculate the loads using IMAD, as a more functional method, and then the loads obtained in the critical points of the calculated flight area should be confirmed using the DTA method. Thus, this study determined the difference between the results of the calculation of loads from the continuous turbulence on the elastic wing of the transport category aircraft using DTA and IMAD methods.

Long-term mercury contamination does not affect the microbial gene potential for C and N cycling in soils but enhances detoxification gene abundance.

Soil microorganisms are key transformers of mercury (Hg), a toxic and widespread pollutant. It remains uncertain, however, how long-term exposure to Hg affects crucial microbial functions, such as litter decomposition and nitrogen cycling. Here, we used a metagenomic approach to investigate the state of soil functions in an agricultural floodplain contaminated with Hg for more than 80 years. We sampled soils along a gradient of Hg contamination (high, moderate, low). Hg concentrations at the highly contaminated site (36 mg kg–1 dry soil on average) were approximately 10 times higher than at the moderately contaminated site (3 mg kg–1 dry soil) and more than 100 times higher than at the site with low contamination (0.25 mg kg–1 dry soil; corresponding to the natural background concentration in Switzerland). The analysis of the CAZy and NCyc databases showed that carbon and nitrogen cycling was not strongly affected with high Hg concentrations, although a significant change in the beta-diversity of the predicted genes was observed. The only functional classes from the CAZy database that were significantly positively overrepresented under higher Hg concentrations were genes involved in pectin degradation, and from the NCyc database dissimilatory nitrate reduction and N-fixation. When comparing between low and high Hg concentrations the genes of the EggNOG functional category of inorganic ion transport and metabolism, two genes encoding Hg transport proteins and one gene involved in heavy metal transport detoxification were among those that were highly significantly overrepresented. A look at genes specifically involved in detoxification of Hg species, such as the mer and hgc genes, showed a significant overrepresentation when Hg contamination was increased. Normalized counts of these genes revealed a dominant role for the phylum Proteobacteria. In particular, most counts for almost all mer genes were found in Betaproteobacteria. In contrast, hgc genes were most abundant in Desulfuromonadales. Overall, we conclude from this metagenomic analysis that long-term exposure to high Hg triggers shifts in the functional beta-diversity of the predicted microbial genes, but we do not see a dramatic change or breakdown in functional capabilities, but rather functional redundancy.

On sheaves in finite group representations

Given a general finite group G , we consider several categories built on it, their Grothendieck topologies and resulting sheaf categories. For a certain class of transporter categories and their quotients, equipped with atomic topology, we explicitly compute their sheaf categories via sheafification. This enables us to identify G -representations with various fixed-point sheaves. As a consequence, it provides an intrinsic new proof to the equivalence of M. Artin between the category of sheaves on the orbit category and that of group representations.

The effect of surface treatments on the interlaminar shear failure of GLARE laminates subjected to pre‐cyclic thermal loads

AbstractIn this study, both the individual and combined effect of thermal cycling and surface treatment on the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of glass laminate aluminum‐reinforced epoxy (GLARE) 3/2 sheet material are investigated experimentally. Three kinds of surface treatments including sandpapering, degreasing and both degreasing and sandpapering are applied to AA6061‐T6 sheets before manufacturing of hot‐pressed GLARE 3/2 sheet material. Two different cyclic thermal conditions, which are referred to the flight characteristics of a typical transport category aircraft, are then applied to short‐beam GLARE specimens by changing temperature limits and keeping the number of cycles the same. Three‐point bending tests are lastly performed to examine the effects of surface treatments on the ILSS of GLARE laminates under pre‐cyclic thermal conditions by comparing with the specimens under acyclic condition at room temperature. The results show that the ILSS of surface‐treated laminates have an increase by between 29% and 73% against untreated ones according to the cyclic thermal profile. If sandpapering and degreasing apply together as a combined mechanical–chemical surface treatment process, then ILSS is totally preserved or reduced by only 4% under certain thermal pre‐cyclic conditions.

Evaluation of the Mass and Aerodynamic Efficiency of a High Aspect Ratio Wing for Prospective Passenger Aircraft

The application of the wings with a high aspect ratio for future-oriented transport category aircraft is being considered. Such a solution makes it possible to increase fuel efficiency by reducing induced drag. This goal is achieved by increasing the wingspan, when the wings made of composite materials are used. The wings of an increased span complicate the arrangement of the aircraft in the existing infrastructure of airports. To eliminate this drawback, the application of folding wingtips was considered. The effect of such a folding device on the mass of the airplane was estimated. The approach to estimating the mass of composite structures with folding wingtips has been proposed. A conceptual assessment of the Boeing 737 and A-320 aircraft with higher aspect ratio composite wings was performed.

The use of vortex generators to improve the take-off and landing characteristics of transport category aircraft

The issue of using vortex generators to improve the take-off and landing characteristics of a transport category aircraft has been considered. Three directions have been analyzed. The first: the installation of vortex generators on the nacelles of the main engines to increase the maximum value of the lift coefficient in landing modes. The second: the installation of vortex generators on the upper surface of the flap to increase the lifting characteristics of the wing by improving the flow around the flap. The third: the installation of vortex generators in the tail unit to increase the efficiency of control surfaces and reducing handling speeds. Examples of the use of vortex generators in each of the directions are given. It is shown that the improvement of the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft is possible in the presence of wing separation boundaries on the lifting surfaces in flight operating modes and the elimination of these zones by installing vortex generators. The results of computational studies, experiments in wind tunnels, as well as data from flight tests of an experimental aircraft confirming the effectiveness of using vortex generators are presented. The concept of increasing their stability by installing vortex generators in places with maximum flow velocity is proposed. Considering this concept, new locations for installing vortex generators on the upper surface of the flap, as well as on the fin of an experimental aircraft for repeated flight tests have been selected. The installation of vortex generators on the fin involves increasing the efficiency of the rudder to reduce the handling speeds. The possibilities of optimizing the parameters of the installation of vortex generators are considered. Recommendations are given on the choice of shape, size, and angles of their installation, depending on the tasks solved with the help of vortex generators and considering the possible increase in drag from their installation.