Transplantation Of Human Tissue Research Articles

Transplantation of human endocrine tissues to nude mice:

Abstract. After transplantation of human tissue to nu/nu mice the human lymphocytes disappear. In this context, interestingly, the DR-expression is not detectable anymore after transplantation of the tissues from patients with autoimmune thyrotoxicosis and cancer. Neopterin release was only demonstrable when T-lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune thyrotoxicosis or PHA-stimulated lymphocytes were added, independently of the presence of DR-expression in the used culture tissues. These results seem to exclude a functional role of DR-expression as a trigger mechanism of autoimmunity. It is supposed that DR-priming on epithelial cells is mediated by kinine production of activated T-lymphocytes or macrophages.

Continuous production of erythropoietin by an established human renal carcinoma cell line: development of the cell line.

Establishment of a stable, transformed human renal carcinoma cell line that produces erythropoietin in vitro and has maintained this function continuously since 1981 and for greater than 150 passages in monolayer culture was accomplished by transplantation of human renal clear cell carcinoma tissue from a patient with erythrocytosis into an immunosuppressed athymic mouse. In addition to its immunocrossreactivity with native human urinary erythropoietin, the tumor erythropoietin demonstrates biological activity in the in vitro mouse erythroid colony-forming unit assay and in tumor-bearing nude mice. The cloned renal carcinoma cell line has an abnormal human karyotype and has ultrastructural features characteristic of human renal clear cell carcinoma. This cell line provides a reproducible model system for the production of an erythropoietin-like material and for the study of its synthesis and secretion.

Xenogeneic transplantation of human preneoplastic tissues of the intestinal tract into nude mice

Xenogeneic transplantation of human preneoplastic tissues of the intestinal tract into nude mice

Human Tissue Transplants: Legal Liability in Different Jurisdictions

This article discusses the legal liability, in different jurisdictions, of human tissue transplants.

Transplantation of human embryonic tissues into nude mice

Various tissues of 8-10-week-old human embryos and 5-8-month-old fetuses were transplanted to nude mice. Liver, stomach, colon and musculocutaneous tissues were used for transplantation. Embryonal tissue transplants showed much more rapid growth than tissues of human fetuses.

Transplantation of normal and ectopic human endometrial tissue into athymic nude mice

Implants or tiny circumscribed nodules of endometrial tissue were found in all female nude mice given intraperitoneal injections of fragments of human normal (proliferative and secretory) or ectopic (endometrioma) endometrium. Half of these animals received estrogen supplementation and the other half received none. The endometriosis tissue present in these animals at 28 or 56 days after inoculation consisted of glands and stroma with an infiltration of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Glands in tissue transplants of animals given supplemental estrogen tended to be larger, and the secretory endometrium tended to revert to a proliferative pattern. Palpable nodules at the site of subcutaneous inoculations of proliferative endometrium became undetectable grossly and microscopically within 24 to 32 days, whereas endometrioma tissue remained detectable for up to 70 days and resembled the intraperitoneal tissue microscopically. This study demonstrates that human endometrial tissue can be successfully transplanted into the nude mouse and will retain its basic morphology.

HLA-DR products are a subset of human Ia antigens

Human Ia antigens are polymorphic cell-surface sialoglycoproteins which have restricted tissue distribution. They are bimolecular complexes of 34,000 (alpha) and 28,000 (beta) molecular weight and most of the polymorphism is found in the smaller polypeptides. They are involved in the initiation of immune responses and particular Ia antigens are associated with increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also the major barrier to human allogeneic tissue transplantation. Whereas serological analysis and mixed lymphocyte typing have defined three polymorphic families of Ia antigens, HLA-DR, -DC and -SB, protein sequencing results and studies with monoclonal antibodies indicate that the complexity is much greater. Thus the HLA-DR and DC specificities as defined by alloantisera, could represent groups of antigens which are controlled by HLA genes in linkage disequilibrium. Here, we have used a monoclonal antibody specific for HLA-DR2 to show that this determinant is carried by molecules which are distinct from those of the DC series and which represent 30% of the Ia antigens expressed on the cell surface of an HLA homozygous line PGF.

ATP-ase positive cells in human oral mucosa transplanted to nude mice.

A model to study the differentiation of human oral epithelium in vivo utilizing transplantation of human tissue to nude mice has been described. Previous studies have described the epithelial cells in this model. In this study we demonstrate that 8 d after transplantation, Langerhans cells, identified as ATP-ase positive dendritic cells, have almost disappeared from the transplanted epithelium whereas at day 21 after transplantation such cells were abundant. It is suggested that the ATP-ase positive cells which reappear in the transplanted epithelium are of mouse origin.

Human Buccal mucosa transplants in nude mice

The development of a model to study tissue interactions in human oral mucosa in vivo utilizing transplantation of human tissue to nude mice is described. Ninety-six samples of normal human buccal mucosa were transplanted to subcutaneous sites in the flank region of nude mice and were protected from overlying cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue by polyethylene capsules or by Millipore filters. Transplant recovery rates were 47% an 69%, respectively. The histologic features of the epithelium of transplanted specimens were compared to 20 biopsies of normal buccal mucosa. The epithelium of transplants maintained for 3 weeks or longer with either type of protection, maintained features essentially similar to the normal controls but was somewhat thinner.

The nude mouse. A possible experimental model for investigation of human thyroid tissue.

The effect of transplanting hyperfunctioning human thyroid tissue to athymic, nude mice was explored. The thyroid tissue was obtained from a patient with diffuse, thyrotoxic goiter preoperatively treated with a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker. One transplant was placed in each groin of 4 nude mice. Light microscopy after 4 weeks showed that transplants consisted mainly of typical follicles; capillaries were common at the periphery of the transplant but not in between the follicles. The ultrastructure of the follicle cells in the transplants was similar to that of follicle cells in general. All 8 transplants accumulated 125I as revealed by external counting; the uptake in each transplant 24 h after administration of radioiodine was 4-25% of that in the thyroid of the transplanted mouse. The release of radioiodine, measured during a period of 14 days, from the thyroid of a transplanted mouse was delayed as compared to a nontransplanted control; this indicates that the mouse thyroid activity was suppressed due to hormone production in the transplants. Electron microscopic autoradiography 24 h after injection of 125I showed that protein-bound label in transplants was located mainly in follicle lumens. The radioiodine was incorporated in thyroglobulin as demonstrated by separation of soluble proteins from transplants by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The present study shows that human thyroid tissue can be transplanted to nude mice with maintained structural and functional properties. Transplantation of human thyroid tissue might be a useful model for studies of thyroid diseases.

Human tissue transplants.

Human tissue transplants.

Boolean analysis of histocompatibility data and genetic mapping

We present a new and simple set-theoretic analysis of a special class of antigen-antibody reaction data as an essential step toward the consistently successful transplantation of human tissue. The analysis is shown to determine the most “elementary” biochemical antigenic components at the genetic level, including the determination of the number of chromosomal loci and alleles that are responsible for histocompatibility. The results of such analysis of preliminary data are given.

Psychological and Social Aspects of Human Tissue Transplantation: An Annotated Bibliography

Psychological and Social Aspects of Human Tissue Transplantation: An Annotated Bibliography

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT NO. 1—compiled by Jacquelyn H. Hall, M.S., and David D. Swenson, M.D. PHS Publication No. 1838-1, National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information, 1969, 40 pages. Single copies available free from the clearinghouse, 5454 Wisconsin Avenue, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20015

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT NO. 1—compiled by Jacquelyn H. Hall, M.S., and David D. Swenson, M.D. PHS Publication No. 1838-1, National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information, 1969, 40 pages. Single copies available free from the clearinghouse, 5454 Wisconsin Avenue, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20015

Psychological and Social Aspects of Human Tissue Transplantation. An Annotated Bibliography.

Psychological and Social Aspects of Human Tissue Transplantation. An Annotated Bibliography.

Human Tissue Transplantation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on primarily renal transplantation in man. In the process of transplanting livers, kidneys, and skin in the human the development of new syndromes was found. The behavior of man to the allografting of tissues and organs is similar to that of lower mammals, it is not identical. It is possible in man to transplant skin, to inject peripheral leukocytes and platelets, and to transplant kidneys. The rejection of an allograft in man is due to an immune response in the recipient against an antigen present on the tissues in the donor and absent in the host. Small-vessel thrombosis occurs with rapidity, no lymphocytes are seen at the site of the rejected graft, and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes that appear seem to be a response to necrosis rather than to an immune reaction. Rejection characterized by acute vasculitis and minimal cellular response is also seen when kidneys are transplanted into previously immunized dogs, and this counterpart has been seen in man immunized by leukocytes or platelets in previously administered blood transfusions. The first successful kidney allograft was accomplished in 1959 when a kidney was transplanted from a healthy nonidentical twin to his sibling. In adult mice, thymectomy combined with total-body irradiation can result in homograft tolerance.

Reestablishment of ovarian periodicity after transplantation to the Syrian hamster cheek pouch.

Homologous and autologous ovarian transplantation has been successfully accomplished in a variety of mammalian species. Sites have varied from orthotopic to general abdominal, to tail, ear, leg, and anterior chamber of the eye(l). Homologous orthotopic transplantation reestablished limited fertility in mice(2), and apparently normal cyclic ovarian periodicity in several other species for short durations. Newly established ovarian grafts respond characteristically to gonadotropins, may resume normal steroid synthesis for a short time, but soon begin to secrete excessive quantities of androgen after location in these peripheral sites. Under these conditions cyclic activity comes to a halt and investigation is limited to short-term experiments. In each of the grafting sites mentioned there also appears a limitation either of restricting the size which the graft may attain or difficulty in making direct observation of the transplant. The cheek pouch of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) provides excellent opportunity for both tissue growth and visual inspection of the graft throughout extended investigation. Results of our experience in transplanting ovaries to this site are reported herein. The pouch was first used in 1951 for transplantation of neoplastic tissue (3) but more recently normal pancreas(4), oviduct(5), and uterus(6) have been accepted by this highly vascular area. Homologous grafts may persist indefinitely, and tissues from rat and rabbit continue to be supported for weeks. Even human tissue transplants have been maintained in the cheek-pouch for at least 45 days. As a partial explanation for the unique suitability of the pouch for transplantation studies, Shepro(y) has pointed to its alym-phatic nature and has suggested that outward diffusion of graft antigens may be slowed by the large quantity of dense connective tissue that makes up a major portion of the pouch's inter-membranous space.

Transplantation of marrow in man.

Success in transplanting tissues in animals, particularly the lifesaving effect of transplants of marrow after lethal exposures to radiation, has awakened interest in the transplantation of human tissue. In general the tissues of one person do not flourish in the body of another. Genetic differences in the chromosomes of host and donor predetermine differences in their cellular constituents, 1 presumably at the molecular level. 2 These differences are sufficient to excite immunologic response. 3 Except in the case of identical twins, a graft is recognized by the defense system of the recipient as possessing foreign antigens. 4 The lymph centers react accordingly, 5,6 and the transplanted tissue is subjected to round-cell infiltration and inflammatory change. In a week or two the graft is rejected. The invasion of the graft by lymphocytic cells is decisively important. Grafts protected against cellular invasion by semipermeable membranes remain alive until accumulations of fibrous tissue impair nutritive exchange. 7 Transplanted

PRESERVATION AND TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN TISSUES

PRESERVATION AND TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN TISSUES

Successful transplantation of human and cat corneal tissue into rabbit corneae.

<h3>Abstract</h3> The vascular organization of the human brain can determine neurological and neurophysiological functions, yet thus far it has not been comprehensively mapped. Aging and diseases such as dementia are known to be associated with changes to the vasculature and normative data could help detect these vascular changes in neuroimaging studies. Furthermore, given the well-known impact of venous vessels on the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, information about the common location of veins could help detect biases in existing datasets. In this work, a quantitative atlas of the venous vasculature using quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM) acquired with a 0.6 mm isotropic resolution is presented. The Venous Neuroanatomy (VENAT) atlas was created from 5 repeated 7 Tesla MRI measurements in young and healthy volunteers (n = 20, 10 females, mean age = 25.1 ± 2.5 years) using a two-step registration method on 3D segmentations of the venous vasculature. This cerebral vein atlas includes the average vessel location, diameter (mean: 0.84 ± 0.33 mm) and curvature (0.11 ± 0.05 mm⁻¹) from all participants and provides an in vivo measure of the angio-architectonic organization of the human brain and its variability. This atlas can be used as a basis to understand changes in the vasculature during aging and neurodegeneration, as well as vascular and physiological effects in neuroimaging.