Concept Of Transparency Research Articles

Artificial intelligence and human rights: What is the EU’s approach?

Threats posed to human rights by the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) are considered, along with some potential legal mitigations. The active efforts of the EU in the field of AI regulation seem particularly relevant for research considering its approach centred on citizens’ rights. Thus, the present study aims to describe the key features of the EU approach to regulating AI in the context of human rights protection, as well as identifying both its achievements and deficiencies, and proposing improvements to existing provisions. The presented analysis of the proposed AI Act pays special attention to provisions that set out to eliminate or mitigate the main risks and dangers of AI. The currently intensive development of AI regulation in the EU (the Presidency Compromise Text presented by the Council of the EU, amendments of the European Committee of the Regions, opinions of interested parties and human rights organisations, etc.) makes this study especially timely due to its highlighting of problematic aspects. The analysis shows that, on closer examination, the proposed law leaves many sensitive and controversial issues unsettled. In the context of AI applications, the proposed solution is considered as an emergency measure in order to rapidly integrate purportedly trustworthy AI into human society. As a result of the analysis, the authors propose potential improvements to the AI Act, including the possibility to update the lists of all types of AI, clarify the concept of transparency and eliminate the self-assessment procedure. It is also necessary to consider the potential reclassification of some AI systems currently defined as presenting limited risk as systems presenting considerable risk or prohibited systems.

Definition and content of the concept of transparency of criminal justice

Common law approaches to the modern understanding of transparency in the sphere of public administration and judiciary have been considered. On the basis of the models for the definition of this concept and its content proposed in the specialized scientific literature, the author's definition of the transparency of criminal justice has been proposed. The circle of elements included in its content has been outlined, which have been also defined. Based on the provisions of the idea of judicial transparency in general, the definition has been formulated and the main features of the concept of criminal justice transparency have been outlined. Transparency of criminal justice is a principle that includes such principles of criminal court activity as transparency, openness, publicity, publicity, access to public information, accountability.
 On the basis of the analysis of criminal procedural norms that reveal the content of the principles of publicity and openness, suggestions have been made regarding: 1) increasing the degree of legal certainty of the norms that regulate the procedure for consideration by the investigating judge of a request for the conduct of secret investigative (search) actions; 2) it is necessary to take into account that the list of grounds provided for in Art. 27 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, is not exhaustive, and/or to provide for the grounds indicated in this article, or to indicate that other cases provided for by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine are possible. In this regard, it has been proposed to supplement Part 2 of Article 27 of the CPC of Ukraine with paragraph 6 as follows: “When the investigating judge considers the petitions of the investigator, agreed with the prosecutor, or the prosecutor to conduct covert investigative (search) actions, temporary access to things and documents (if there is a real threat of alteration or destruction of things or documents), as well as in case of need to ensure the seizure of property”; 3) the fact that the legislator, when setting out paragraph 1 of Part 2 of Article 27 of the CPC of Ukraine had not taken into account the fact that at the stage of pre-trial investigation the circumstances concerning the minor are also subject to consideration by the court, i.e. the investigating judge. Therefore, in such cases, one should talk about the expediency of protecting the personal interests of the suspect, who is already a minor, and not the accused. On the basis of the above, it has been proposed to set out paragraph 1, part 2 of Art. 27 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in the following version: “If the accused or suspect is a minor”.

Dissecting of BUMDesa Transparency Based on Governance Principles

This study has the purpose to convey in-depth information on the phenomenon of the concept of transparency regarding minimizing irregularities in the use of funds, preventing public districts, and achieving organizational goals. Observational data, interviews, and documentation were used as the basis for collecting qualitative data. An interpretive descriptive approach is used as a research methodology with the Yin, 2009 case study. Disclosure of the concept of transparency in the accountability of implementation, reporting, and liability of BUMDes Wija Sari shows orderly, budget discipline, participation, accountability, open system, clear and easy to understand standardization, precautionary principles, honesty, promptly, and policy announcements regarding revenue, financial and asset management. The theoretical and practical implications of research can be used as a reference and contribute to management and stakeholders in implementing the concept of transparency. As a highly regulated organization, the key to successful BUMDes transparency has great potential to be replicated by other BUMDes. The limitation of this research is that the researcher only uses informants who are the main key to BUMDes transparency. Keywords: Accountability, BUMDes, Implementation, Liability, Reporting, Transparency.

Provision of transparency of supply chains in the context of achieving sustainable development goals

Methods. The results are obtained with the following methods: analysis and synthesis were applied to state a problem, to formulate research tasks; scientific abstraction, comparison were used in determining the essence of the concept of supply chain transparency, in defining the benefits of ensuring the transparency of supply chains; methods of general and particular, analogy were applied to group the consumer companies according to the level of the transparency of their supply chains. Results. The issues of ensuring the supply chains transparency of the consumer companies are studied. The urgency and importance of these issues are justified from the point of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The essence of a concept of «supply chain transparency» is investigated at the fundamental and applied levels. The approach to grouping the consumer companies by the level of transparency of their supply chains is justified. Four groups of companies have been identified, namely, absolute majority; early majority; early adopters, and innovators, as well as the characteristics (parameters) of a company belonging to each of them. Attention is focused on the fact that meeting standards of sustainable development at various levels of the supply chain is an extremely important issue. It has been established that the requirements for ensuring transparency depend on the category of users of supply chain information – they are higher for governments or international non-governmental organizations than for local communities or for the end consumers. The obtained results made it possible to specify the advantages of ensuring the supply chains transparency of consumer companies. Novelty. The advantages of ensuring the supply chains transparency of the consumer companies in the context of the actualization of the concept of sustainable development have been substantiated. Practical value. Specifying particular advantages of ensuring supply chains transparency of the consumer companies helps increase the level of awareness of the business leaders and stimulate their interest in achieving the goals of sustainable development.

Экклесиологическая концепция Э. Мерша и ее восприятие богословами русской диаспоры

In 1933 the Catholic scholar Emile Mersch published his work “The Mystical Body of Christ” (Le Corps mystique du Christ), in which the concept of the “mystical body” was traced from early Christian times to the beginning of the 20th century. Having paid tribute to Eastern fathers, Mersch believed that this concept reaches its final synthesis in the works of the “French school” authors in the 17th century, where the concept of personal mystical unity with Christ, dating back to the Rhine mystics, is combined with the idea of St. Cyril of Alexandria and St. Hilary of Pictavia of the “natural” unity of the Church in the Eucharist. Mersch considered this synthesis to be a complete expression of St. Augustine’s teachings of the Church as the “total Christ” (the whole Christ) - totus Christus. Some authors of the diaspora paid their attention to the Mersch’s monography. M. Lot-Borodina wrote a review to this work. Fr. Sergey Bulgakov used this work as a source of the references to blessed Augustine. But it was Fr. Georges Florovsky who treated this work most thoughtfully. In the description of his response to the Mersch’s work, we need to remember that initially Fr. Georges based on the position, which was formed in Russian theology by representatives of “new theology” at the beginning of the 20th century, first of all – the position of metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky). This position was characterized by the constitution of the unity of the Church on the moral rather than Eucharistic level. The moral level was regarded, because of the personalistic concept of the mutual transparency of persons, as a natural unity. The article traces the gradual evolution of Fr. Georges’s views from the above concept, through an attempt to combine the teaching of totus Christus with the teaching of metropolitan Anthony, to the unambiguously expressed Christological emphasis in ecclesiology. As a result, Florovsky's late ecclesiology reveals a certain closeness to the ecclesiology of the French school, and hence to Mersch’s general conceptual conclusions.

Book Review Susskind, J. (2019). Politica viitorului. Tehnologia digitală şi societatea [Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech]. Bucureşti: Corint Books

This book includes analysis to help understand how digital technologies will influence our political system. “Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech” [Politica viitorului. Tehnologia digitală şi societatea] covers the theoretical methodology for addressing the future of political ideas, the concepts of power, freedom, democracy, justice, transparency, and postpolitics. The book presents the impact of digital technologies on the relationship between the individual and the state. We strongly recommend the book to anyone interested in political science.

Is AI recruiting (un)ethical? A human rights perspective on the use of AI for hiring

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in organizations’ recruiting and selection procedures has become commonplace in business practice; accordingly, research on AI recruiting has increased substantially in recent years. But, though various articles have highlighted the potential opportunities and ethical risks of AI recruiting, the topic has not been normatively assessed yet. We aim to fill this gap by providing an ethical analysis of AI recruiting from a human rights perspective. In doing so, we elaborate on human rights’ theoretical implications for corporate use of AI-driven hiring solutions. Therefore, we analyze whether AI hiring practices inherently conflict with the concepts of validity, autonomy, nondiscrimination, privacy, and transparency, which represent the main human rights relevant in this context. Concluding that these concepts are not at odds, we then use existing legal and ethical implications to determine organizations’ responsibility to enforce and realize human rights standards in the context of AI recruiting.

Mimari Tasarımda Cephe Kurulumunda Geçirgenlik Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Tektonik ve Yüzey

The concept of transparency in architectural design has been on the agenda since the 20th century in interdisciplinary approaches as well as its literal meaning. The article starts with the structural tectonic origins of architecture and makes an intellectual, perceptual, and historical questioning of the covering and façade/surface forming elements with the concept of permeability. The tectonic, realistic, and phenomenal, imaginary perception of the façade is evaluated in the fields of cultural meaning, visual communication, visualization, and aesthetics from the modern architectural movement to the present day. Thresholds and levels are determined in the historical background. Through the material construction of the Facade/Surface and its intangible artistic perception in architecture, the relationship between form and content is opened to strategic discussion.

The sinister side of transparency in architecture and social media in Ray Loriga’s Rendición (Surrender) (2017)

While the concept of transparency generally has positive connotations, as it suggests an attempt at honesty and the eradication of corruption, Ray Loriga explores its darker side in his 2017 novel Rendición. In his novel, a transparent domed city with buildings constructed entirely of glass is intended to be a utopian refuge in a country plagued by war and scarcity of resources; however, this self-sufficient city is hardly ideal, as transparency encourages citizens to constantly watch one another, engage in self-monitoring and suppress individuality. An analysis of the transparent structures in Ray Loriga’s novel Rendición facilitates a discussion about what transparency means on the internet, especially social media, and ways that utopian aspirations of transparency may sometimes have unintended consequences. This analysis is also informed by a survey of metaphorical appropriations of transparency in the cultural imaginary, with more of an emphasis on urban architecture and literature.

Transparency of AI in Healthcare as a Multilayered System of Accountabilities: Between Legal Requirements and Technical Limitations.

The lack of transparency is one of the artificial intelligence (AI)'s fundamental challenges, but the concept of transparency might be even more opaque than AI itself. Researchers in different fields who attempt to provide the solutions to improve AI's transparency articulate different but neighboring concepts that include, besides transparency, explainability and interpretability. Yet, there is no common taxonomy neither within one field (such as data science) nor between different fields (law and data science). In certain areas like healthcare, the requirements of transparency are crucial since the decisions directly affect people's lives. In this paper, we suggest an interdisciplinary vision on how to tackle the issue of AI's transparency in healthcare, and we propose a single point of reference for both legal scholars and data scientists on transparency and related concepts. Based on the analysis of the European Union (EU) legislation and literature in computer science, we submit that transparency shall be considered the “way of thinking” and umbrella concept characterizing the process of AI's development and use. Transparency shall be achieved through a set of measures such as interpretability and explainability, communication, auditability, traceability, information provision, record-keeping, data governance and management, and documentation. This approach to deal with transparency is of general nature, but transparency measures shall be always contextualized. By analyzing transparency in the healthcare context, we submit that it shall be viewed as a system of accountabilities of involved subjects (AI developers, healthcare professionals, and patients) distributed at different layers (insider, internal, and external layers, respectively). The transparency-related accountabilities shall be built-in into the existing accountability picture which justifies the need to investigate the relevant legal frameworks. These frameworks correspond to different layers of the transparency system. The requirement of informed medical consent correlates to the external layer of transparency and the Medical Devices Framework is relevant to the insider and internal layers. We investigate the said frameworks to inform AI developers on what is already expected from them with regards to transparency. We also discover the gaps in the existing legislative frameworks concerning AI's transparency in healthcare and suggest the solutions to fill them in.

ANALISIS TRANSPARANSI PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN ANGGARAN BADAN PENYELENGGARA PEMILU AD HOC PADA PEMILU 2019 DI KPU KABUPATEN TANJUNG JABUNG BARAT

The issue of money in elections is a crucial issue, because the realization of elections with integrity is determined by transparency and accountability in election finances. Several studies have found that the elections that have been held in Indonesia have not implemented the principles of transparency and accountability optimally. This study aims to analyze the transparency of the 2019 Election budget accountability by the Ad Hoc EMB’s in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. This research is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. To analyze the data, it is done using the concept of transparency proposed by Koppell (2005). The results of the study indicate that although the budget management activities by Ad Hoc EMB’s have been carried out openly, the information presented in the budget accountability report is not yet fully complete and accurate, so that the implementation of the principle of transparency has not run optimally. This is a consequence of the uneven competence of human resources due to the lack of training related to election finance management. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the competence of human resources through technical guidance or the like to the maximum.

Transparency beyond information disclosure: strategies of the Scandinavian public health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic

The concept of transparency has been problematized in risk research. This exploratory study contributes to the risk literature by considering an established three-dimensional transparency framework (information substantiality, accountability, and participation) and discussing the opportunities for and challenges to risk communication in relation to the framework. Furthermore, we examine the strategies of Scandinavian health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic and the different levels of public trust in these authorities. In general, Norwegian authorities received higher levels of trust than their Swedish and Danish counterparts. We argue that this was partly due to differences in transparency management. Our findings support the importance of the three transparency dimensions and indicate that transparency regarding uncertainties positively impacts levels of trust.

Village Financial Transparency And Accountability (Empirical Study in Disadvantaged Villages in West Halmahera Regency)

This study aims to reveal the application of the principles of Transparency and Accountability in the administration of Village Government which is categorized as Disadvantaged in West Halmahera Regency. Transparency is related to information disclosure which is built on the freedom to obtain information related to the general interest of the village, which can be directly obtained by villagers who need it. While accountability realizes the obligation of the Village to account for and explain the process and achievement of financial and non-financial goals to Village residents. By practicing the concepts of transparency and accountability in village financial management, it is expected to create various positive influences for improving the quality of life and welfare of the Village Community. Researchers used a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods to achieve these goals. The results showed that the conditions for implementing transparency and accountability in Ulo Village, Jailolo District, Tewe Village, South Jailolo District and Togoreba Tua in North Ibu District were generally quite good. In addition, this study also found that in general there is evidence that the condition of underdeveloped villages in the three villages often results in a slowdown in the achievement of village performance; This is more because there are complex socio-cultural disputes between villagers and the village government.

The Practice of Data-Driven Journalism in Brazil: Between Disruption and the Reinstatement of Professional Values

This article presents an analysis of metadiscourses used by professionals and institutions that practice data-driven journalism (DDJ) in Brazil. It aims to understand how they define this practice and seek autonomy within the journalistic field. We conducted an argumentative analysis of editorial texts from 15 news outlets and carried out in-depth interviews with 33 professionals in the field, which allowed us to identify three prevalent metadiscourses: (1) cyberactivism; (2) reinforcing traditional journalistic values; and (3) authority. Using boundary-work as a theoretical basis for the analyses we discovered that all the discourses in these self-referential texts expressed some degree of disruption in DDJ, especially regarding data and its ability to reshape the concept of news transparency and introduce the values and practices of hacktivism in journalism. These discourses also reinforce elements of continuity and suggest a conservative restoration of production routines, values, and conventions in journalism without changing the basic ideology of the profession. Added to highlighting the flexibility and demarcation of this profession’s boundaries, this article also identifies the repertoires and identities mobilized in these processes that give Brazilian data journalism a higher profile.

Using Epistemology to Hack Islamic Management

Western epistimology departs doubt for truth, while Islamic epistemology departs on belief. The purpose of this study is to discover an epistemology of Islamic management that references to the Qur'an as a source of knowledge in Islam. Qualitative research is used as a research approach to acquire a thorough grasp of the study topic. The study data is gathered utilizing library research methodologies, beginning with the discovery of many verses in the Qur'an that are both relevant and substantively connected to management. Furthermore, by doing interpretation and context analysis, the verse is demonstrated to be connected to management. According to the findings of this study, the epistemology of Islamic management is split into two categories: tawhid epistemology and operational epistemology. The aim of monotheistic epistemology based on tawhid is to combine the notion of tawhid with the concept of Islamic management; without the concept of tawhid, it is impossible to accomplish ridho Allah SWT. The goal of operational epistemology is to include the concepts of responsibility, transparency, trust, justice, professionalism, and accountability into Islamic management systems as a form of devotion to Allah. SWT.

AccTEF: A Transparency and Accountability Evaluation Framework for Ontology-Based Systems

This paper proposes a new accountability and transparency evaluation framework (AccTEF) for ontology-based systems (OSysts). AccTEF is based on an analysis of the relation between a set of widely accepted data governance principles, i.e. findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) and accountability and transparency concepts. The evaluation of accountability and transparency of input ontologies and vocabularies of OSysts are addressed by analyzing the relation between vocabulary and ontology quality evaluation metrics, FAIR and accountability and transparency concepts. An ontology-based knowledge extraction pipeline is used as a use case in this study. Discovering the relation between FAIR and accountability and transparency helps in identifying and mitigating risks associated with deploying OSysts. This also allows providing design guidelines that help accountability and transparency to be embedded in OSysts. We found that FAIR can be used as a transparency indicator. We also found that the studied vocabulary and ontology quality evaluation metrics do not cover FAIR, accountability and transparency. Accordingly, we suggest these concepts should be considered as vocabulary and ontology quality evaluation aspects. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the relation between FAIR and accountability and transparency concepts has been found and used for evaluation.

Demokrasi dan Politik Biaya Tinggi (High Cost Politics)


 Democracy is a concept of state and politics which is considered the most ideal today. Democracy also has an important role in arranging the rules of the political and state game in Indonesia. So that after the 1998 reformation democracy became one of the important ideologies in Indonesian politics. The concepts of justice, openness, representation, transparency and accountability are a series of epic concepts in democracy. The basic concept is actually very noble. However, in practice, democracy is not just a raw concept. Electoral political events have resulted in a logical consequence, namely high-cost politics that cannot be separated from every moment of democracy. So do not be surprised if in political moments such as the Presidential Election, Legislative Member Election, Regional Head Election from Province to Regency and City and even Village Head Election requires large funds. Both in terms of implementation to the succession of candidates. The result is a widespread culture of corruption that occurs in our country. So this will certainly affect state politics in Indonesia. Democracy does have an extraordinary ideal concept, but the implementation of democracy requires a lot of funds.

Transparency in port governance: setting a research agenda

This study examines the concept of transparency as practiced (or not) in ports. It explores the availability of information to the general public and port stakeholders through the ports’ most public face—its website, studying public ports in North America, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. This exploratory research centred on identifying the parameters that would be useful for the general public to have sufficient information to monitor, review and in many cases, participate in the decision-making processes carried out by the port authority, irrespective of whether or not laws mandate such disclosure. Fifty-one items were identified for the examination of each port’s website, focusing primarily on four major categories: decision-making governance, port communications and accessibility, transparency in reporting and in port operational activities. Using nine items as proxies for the 51, the research reveals uneven levels of port transparency both regionally and by governance model. The study reveals a need for increasing and differentiating the existing levels and standards of transparency in the governance of the port industry, and for greater consistency between ports within and across regions. The study concludes with a research agenda for future research.

On the Concept of Transparency: A Systematic Literature Review

Over a decade since transparency was introduced as a first-class concept in computing, transparency is still an emerging concept that is quite poorly understood. Also, despite existing research contributions, transparency is yet to be incorporated into the software engineering practice, and the promise it holds remains unfulfilled. Although there is evidence of increasing stakeholders’ demand for software and process transparency, the realization of such demand is yet to be fully witnessed within the software engineering practice. There is a need to uncover transparency and how it has so far been conceptualized, operationalized, and challenges faced. We applied a systematic literature review method in search of articles published between January 2006 and March 2022. This study reports a systematic review of the explicit conceptualization and application of transparency in 18 articles out of a total of 162 selected for review. Our study found that transparency remains an under-researched non-functional quality requirement concept, especially as it impacts information and software systems development. Of the 18 articles reviewed, only three studies representing 16.67% conceptualized transparency in software development and focused on the transparency of software artifacts. The remaining 83.33% of studies conceptualized transparency in information systems, focusing on general information and fully functional information systems. Transparency is yet to be fully explored from a theoretical gathering point of view and as a non-functional indicator of software quality hence its slow adoption and incorporation into mainstream software practice. Apart from providing a catalog of transparency factors that stakeholders can use to evaluate transparency achievement, the paper proposed a roadmap to enhance transparency implementation and also provides future research directions.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF ENSURING THE TRANSPARENCY OF FINANCIAL RELATIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

One of the key ways to increase the effectiveness of public financial policy is to ensure the necessary degree of publicity and transparency of financial relations at all levels of the economic system. Transparency is an effective tool for preventing negative manifestations and abuses in the financial sphere in both public and corporate and personal finances. The aim of the work is to study the essence and content of the concept of transparency of financial relations at different levels of the economic system and its role in ensuring the financial security of the state. The article analyzes the latest research and publications on the transparency of financial relations and found that modern scholars are focusing their efforts on researching various aspects of this process and the features of ensuring its maximum effectiveness. The definitions of the concept of "transparency", which are present in modern scientific thought both in the general definition and with a focus on the level of public, corporate and personal finance, are considered. It was found that the vast majority of publications focus on the transparency of financial relations at the public and corporate levels, virtually ignoring the level of personal finance, where the need for publicity and transparency is also important. The bibliometric analysis of publications on this topic in the Scopus database showed the presence of close relationships with other economic and financial categories and concepts, which once again confirmed the relevance of these studies. The normative and legal framework formed in Ukraine during the period of independence, which regulates the transparency of financial relations at different levels of the economic system, has been comprehensively studied. It was found that the key legislative acts in this process are the Law of Ukraine "On Openness of Public Funds", the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and Financial Reporting in Ukraine", the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" and a number of other legal documents. At the same time, despite the constant development of opportunities to ensure the transparency of financial relations in Ukraine, the level of shadowing of the economy and corruption remain quite high, which makes further research in this direction promising.