Transparent Process Research Articles

Stakeholder perspectives on the current status and potential barriers of patient involvement in health technology assessment (HTA) across Europe.

There are wide variations in the practices of patient involvement in health technology assessment (HTA) in Europe. The field is lacking a consensus on good practices, leading to divergent processes, methods, and evaluation of patient involvement. To identify potential good practice approaches and current gaps, a structured online survey was conducted among HTA stakeholders, including HTA practitioners, patient stakeholders, industry representatives, and others who had experienced patient involvement in HTA. The questionnaire was co-created by HTA experts, patient stakeholders, and industry representatives and disseminated between 29 April and 14 September 2022. Responses (n=168) were submitted from thirty-two European countries by HTA practitioners (n=33), patient stakeholders (n=75), industry stakeholders (n=42), providers (n=5), academics (n=7), and others (n=6). The responses indicated that "allowing access to treatments that have demonstrated value"is the principle rationale for conducting HTA. In terms of the importance of patient involvement, there was consensus across stakeholder groups that "patients have insights and information [that] no other stakeholder has" and that patient involvement is important "to inform HTA which evidence is most patient-relevant". Shortcomings were identified in the lack of systematic and transparent processes, an unsatisfactory level of information and guidance, and minimal communication and collaboration. The diverse stakeholders who responded highlighted the need for improving specific aspects of patient involvement practices, including better guidance and information, a more consistent flow of communication between the HTA body and participating patient stakeholders, and the need to develop and implement a consensus on good practices.

No viral no justice: is it a principle of social justice? (Study of viral cases on social media in Indonesia)

Purpose This study aims to analyze the impact of the virality of legal cases on social media on law enforcement. This research also aims to find a balance between virality and the value of justice in society so that it can have a positive impact on law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach The approach used in this research is a case approach. The case approach is used by analyzing the law enforcement process carried out by the police to the judge’s considerations (ratio dedicendi) in deciding legal cases that went viral on social media. The cases that became the research object were determined through the purposive sampling method. Findings The no viral no justice phenomenon is a form of community sympathy and concern in the digital space for injustice in the law enforcement process. As one of the countries with the largest number of social media users in the world, Indonesia has the potential for digital space to form large collective movements and contribute to upholding justice in a practical way. On the positive side, no viral no justice has succeeded in speeding up the law enforcement process and creating a transparent law enforcement process. From the negative side, no viral no justice does not guarantee and does not provide legal certainty and justice in the legal process (due process of law) because the law is influenced by strong public pressure. Research limitations/implications This research examines several legal cases that attracted public attention and went viral through the digital space in Indonesia. Practical implications The results of this research are useful for finding a balance between the principle of virality and the value of justice in society so that the no viral no justice phenomenon has a positive impact on law enforcement. Social implications For the community, the results and recommendations in this study can create and strengthen civic engagement in the law enforcement process through digital space. For law enforcers, especially police, prosecutors and judges, it is hoped that the results of this study will improve the quality of fair, transparent, fast and impartial law enforcement. Originality/value This research identifies and analyzes several legal cases that have gone viral so that the influence of the virality of legal cases and public pressure on law enforcement can be found.

Pengaruh Diskon Dan Cashback Terhadap Frekuensi Pembelian Pada Aplikasi Shopeefood Di Wilayah Kabupaten Jember

This study aims to examine the effect of discount and cashback programs on the frequency of purchases on the Shopeefood application. The background of this research is the rapid development of e-commerce in Indonesia, where Shopee remains the leader with the highest number of monthly visits by 2023. Shopeefood, as one of the main services on this platform, uses various promotional strategies to attract more users, one of which is the discount and cashback program. This study highlights that Shopeefood's strategies, especially the use of discounts and cashback, contribute to an increase in transactions. Discounts provide an immediate price cut that appeals to consumers while cashback offers a financial incentive in the form of a refund that encourages consumers to shop more frequently in the future. However, there are some complaints from consumers regarding the relatively long period of receiving cashback and the less transparent application process, which may affect their level of satisfaction. Through a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing, this study found that discount and cashback programs have a significant influence on the frequency of purchases at Shopeefood. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for companies to develop more effective marketing strategies, not only in increasing purchase frequency, but also in building consumer loyalty amid increasingly fierce competition in the food delivery service industry.

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZING THE DELIVERY OF HUMANITARIAN AID IN CRISIS SITUATIONS

The article is devoted to analyzing humanitarian logistics in Ukraine, which has developed significantly since 2014 and increased, in particular, during the full-scale invasion of 2022. Humanitarian logistics have become critical to supporting both the military and civilians affected by the conflict. The authors research the impact of various aspects of humanitarian aid, including economic factors such as reduced exports and a drop in the gross domestic product (GDP), on the volume and efficiency of humanitarian aid delivery. In particular, the impact of the closure of large metallurgical enterprises on the country’s economy is analyzed. The activities of such charitable organizations as “Come Back Alive” and “Volunteering and Help Center” were reviewed, which carry out mass transportation of humanitarian goods and provide support to both military and civilian persons. These organizations play a key role in providing the population with necessary resources, such as medicine, food, hygiene products, clothing, etc. They also actively collaborate with international partners and volunteer groups to coordinate aid and improve logistics processes. Data on the amount of support provided by category (hygiene, medicine, food, etc.) are also considered. The article provides an analysis of the logistics routes used for the delivery of goods, taking into account various factors such as the safety of the routes, the efficiency of the transportation process, and the speed of delivery. The importance of flexibility and adaptability of logistics systems in the conditions of continued martial law is highlighted. The research emphasizes the importance of cluster analysis and clustering methodologies for effective decision-making in the field of humanitarian logistics. The article also includes references to legislative acts and portals that regulate and support humanitarian aid in Ukraine. These resources provide a legal basis for the activities of charities and provide important information for donors and volunteers. They contribute to the transparency and accountability of the aid delivery process, which is critical for maintaining trust on the part of the international community and the population of Ukraine.

The Strategic Integration of ESG Metrics in Performance Evaluation: Insights from Management Accounting Practices

The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics into performance evaluation has become increasingly vital in achieving corporate sustainability and competitive advantage. This study investigates the impact of ESG metrics on organizational performance within the framework of strategic management accounting (SMA). Using a quantitative approach, secondary data were collected from ESG reports of 100 publicly listed companies across various industries. The analysis employs multiple linear regression to examine the relationships between ESG dimensions—Environmental, Social, and Governance—and financial performance indicators, including Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between ESG scores and financial performance, with the Environmental dimension exhibiting the strongest influence (β = 0.45, p < 0.01), followed by Social (β = 0.30, p < 0.05) and Governance (β = 0.25, p < 0.05). Firms with high ESG scores (≥75) reported 15% higher ROA and 20% higher ROE than those with lower scores. These findings underscore the importance of integrating ESG into SMA practices to enhance transparency, stakeholder trust, and sustainable decision-making processes. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive evaluation framework that aligns ESG metrics with corporate objectives. Practical recommendations include adopting global ESG standards, improving transparency in ESG reporting, and prioritizing strategic initiatives in sustainability. Future research could explore the long-term effects of ESG integration on non-financial outcomes, such as brand reputation and employee satisfaction.

Stokesy ct. Foakesy b. Woakesy

Abstract Using a data set of nicknames of elite athletes compiled from the mainstream British sporting press and media, this article explores grammatical patterns in the way we create hypocoristic nicknames like Hughesie, Robbo and Macca. It outlines the purpose of nicknames and their particular role in sport, and provides an analysis of the predictable morphological and phonological rules that apply to a type of nickname categorised here as ‘transparent’. It offers some initial observations on the social distribution of particular nickname variants and on the potential for creativity and playfulness inherent in transparent nicknaming processes.

Reconstruction of the Threshold Setting for Regional Head Candidacy in the Perspective of Electoral Democracy in Indonesia

This study explores the reconstruction of threshold regulations for regional head candidacy within the framework of Indonesia’s democratic electoral system. The threshold regulation, requiring political parties or coalitions to meet specific parliamentary support levels for candidate nomination, has been a critical yet controversial component of Indonesia’s Pilkada process. While initially designed to ensure political stability and legitimacy, this policy has faced criticism for marginalizing independent candidates and smaller parties, undermining the principles of inclusivity and proportional representation. Grounded in the Constitutional Court Decision No. 60/PUU-XXII/2024, this research analyzes the implications of threshold policies and their alignment with democratic principles such as justice, equality, and broad-based participation. The decision emphasizes reducing the threshold percentage and simplifying the requirements for independent candidates, aiming to enhance electoral inclusivity and prevent political monopolies by dominant parties. The study highlights the importance of a nuanced policy design that accommodates regional sociopolitical diversity, promoting equitable competition while safeguarding electoral justice. Additionally, it proposes strategies to encourage coalition-building among smaller political parties and amplify opportunities for independent candidates, thereby enriching democratic representation. This reconstruction is anticipated to address long-standing criticisms of the threshold system, fostering a more inclusive and transparent electoral process. By aligning with democratic ideals, these reforms aspire to improve the quality of governance and enhance citizens’ trust in the democratic process at the regional level. The findings contribute to broader discussions on policy reform in electoral systems to balance stability, fairness, and inclusivity.

Systemic failures and human rights violations: lessons from the Life Esidimeni Tragedy

The Life Esidimeni tragedy represents one of the most egregious human rights violations in South Africa's contemporary history. This article examines the series of events that led to the deaths of 141 mental healthcare patients and the severe maltreatment of over 1,400 others following their forced relocation from the Life Esidimeni facility to various unlicensed NGOs. The Gauteng Department of Health's decision to end its contract with Life Esidimeni without adequate planning or consultation led to a humanitarian disaster characterized by neglect, abuse, and gross violations of human rights. This paper reviews the timeline of events, the systemic failures, and the outcomes of various inquiries and legal proceedings, drawing lessons from the incident to inform future healthcare policies and practices. The findings emphasize the need for stringent oversight, transparent decision-making processes, and the protection of vulnerable populations in healthcare settings. The discussion reflects on the broader implications for mental healthcare reform and the importance of accountability and justice in preventing such tragedies. It also underlines the necessity of comprehensive policy frameworks and robust enforcement mechanisms to safeguard the rights and well-being of mental healthcare users.

The development of the GIN‐McMaster checklist extension for guideline adaptation protocol

AbstractBackgroundTo ensure rigour and transparency in guideline adaptation and contextualization processes, standardized tools and methodological principles are needed. However, methodological challenges have been continuously documented in guideline adaptation processes.ObjectiveTo develop a guideline international network (GIN)‐McMaster guidelines development checklist (GDC) extension for guideline adaptation.MethodsThis project follows multiphase iterative approach, including (1) compiling a list of key methodological steps for guideline adaptation, based on scoping reviews of the current knowledge of guideline adaptation; (2) proposing methodological principles for guideline adaptation based on key methodological steps, in parallel to developing the GIN‐McMaster Guideline Development Checklist extension for adaptation (GDC‐adaptation extension) concerning the original checklist and methodological steps for adaptation; (3) iteratively refining the methodological steps through GIN Adaptation working group discussions, and GDC‐adaptation extension items through several rounds of Delphi consensus survey and (4) Public consultation and finalization. For methodological principles, this involves public consultation; for GDC‐adaptation extension, we will conduct user testing through semi‐structured interviews. Finally, we will submit the final outputs to the GIN board and seek final approval.DiscussionThe identification of the key methodological principles, together with the GIN‐McMaster GDC extension for guideline adaptation and contextualization, will provide clarity in the planning and execution of adaptation, adoption and/or development of recommendations. The aim of the checklist is to improve efficiency and reduce research waste in guideline development while maintaining rigour and transparency.

An XAI Approach to Melanoma Diagnosis: Explaining the Output of Convolutional Neural Networks with Feature Injection

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems, which combine medical image processing with artificial intelligence (AI) to support experts in diagnosing various diseases, emerged from the need to solve some of the problems associated with medical diagnosis, such as long timelines and operator-related variability. The most explored medical application is cancer detection, for which several CAD systems have been proposed. Among them, deep neural network (DNN)-based systems for skin cancer diagnosis have demonstrated comparable or superior performance to that of experienced dermatologists. However, the lack of transparency in the decision-making process of such approaches makes them “black boxes” and, therefore, not directly incorporable into clinical practice. Trying to explain and interpret the reasons for DNNs’ decisions can be performed by the emerging explainable AI (XAI) techniques. XAI has been successfully applied to DNNs for skin lesion image classification but never when additional information is incorporated during network training. This field is still unexplored; thus, in this paper, we aim to provide a method to explain, qualitatively and quantitatively, a convolutional neural network model with feature injection for melanoma diagnosis. The gradient-weighted class activation mapping and layer-wise relevance propagation methods were used to generate heat maps, highlighting the image regions and pixels that contributed most to the final prediction. In contrast, the Shapley additive explanations method was used to perform a feature importance analysis on the additional handcrafted information. To successfully integrate DNNs into the clinical and diagnostic workflow, ensuring their maximum reliability and transparency in whatever variant they are used is necessary.

Prioritization of research questions in health crises-presentation of aconcept developed during the COVID-19 pandemic

In acute crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific questions need to be addressed quickly in order to protect the health of the population and to maintain the function of the healthcare system. The prevailing urgency and the large number of issues to be addressed, combined with the limitation of time, personnel, or monetary resources make prioritization indispensable. In the COVID-19 Evidence Ecosystem (CEOsys) project initiated by the University Medicine Network (NUM), aprocedure for the rapid prioritization of questions was used specifically for evidence syntheses and clinical guideline recommendations, which was further developed in the follow-up project PREparedness and Pandemic Response in Germany (PREPARED).The result is aconcept paper on the prioritization of research questions and topics with amore generic orientation. The content of the concept is presented in this article. The core subjects are basic principles of successful prioritization as well as an explicit seven-step process with information on organizational framework conditions and the procedure. The concept offers possibilities for adaptation, as research prioritization is highly context-dependent.The application of such asystematic, transparent prioritization process contributes to comprehensible and informed decisions about which research questions are relevant and urgent, in which order they should be processed, and which issues are not critically urgent or have to be postponed.

Nigeria at Crossroad: Re-positioning the Nation Politically and Economically

Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy, faces persistent political and economic challenges, and widespread poverty. This article examines the country’s woes and proposes comprehensive solutions. The paper argues that Nigeria’s transformation hinges on institutional reforms, economic diversification and inclusive governance. Recommendations such as enhancing the transparency and efficiency of the electoral process, effective decentralization strategy, strengthening anti-corruption institutions and economic diversification through agriculture and infrastructural development, implementing these measures requires a strong political will and leadership commitment, citizens engagement and participation, and strategic successful implementation of these measures as outlined in the paper can yield to improved governance and transparency, economic growth, diversification, and political participation, among others. This article concludes by providing a road map for Nigeria’s political and economic resurgence, highlighting the need for collective action and commitment from government, citizens and stakeholders.

A Novel End-to-End Provenance System for Predictive Maintenance: A Case Study for Industrial Machinery Predictive Maintenance

In this study, we address the critical gap in predictive maintenance systems regarding the absence of a robust provenance system and specification. To tackle this issue, we propose a provenance system based on the PROV-O schema, designed to enhance explainability, accountability, and transparency in predictive maintenance processes. Our framework facilitates the collection, processing, recording, and visualization of provenance data, integrating them seamlessly into these systems. We developed a prototype to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach and conducted comprehensive user studies to assess the system’s usability. Participants found the extended PROV-O structure valuable, with improved task completion times. Furthermore, performance tests demonstrated that our system manages high workloads efficiently, with minimal overhead. The contributions of this study include the design of a provenance system tailored for predictive maintenance and a specification that ensures scalability and efficiency.

Smart Contract Powered Framework for the Next Generation Industry 4.0 Business Model

Blockchain stands as a crucial technology capable of enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency within various sectors. Particularly in Industry 4.0, blockchains can be employed to monitor the movement of goods and materials across the supply chain, ensuring data integrity, transparency, immutability, accountability, and industrial process interoperability. Industry 4.0 companies must interact with various external players, which often requires collaborations and partnerships to access new technologies, shared data and analytics, and required resources for their processes. However, current business process management in the industry is mostly centralized, untraceable, unreliable and lacks automation. Smart contracts hold the potential to tackle these concerns by offering a remarkable level of automation, transparency, and security while also aiding in regulatory compliance. However, the adoption of smart contracts in Industry 4.0 is still limited due to various obstacles. The challenges facing the deployment of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) in Industry 4.0 are multifaceted, encompassing issues such as interoperability across different blockchain systems, scalability and performance constraints, limitations on ensuring data privacy, difficulties in accessing external data sources, and the significant transaction costs often associated with executing smart contracts. To tackle these obstacles comprehensively, we advocate for the development of an interoperable consortium blockchain framework tailored to meet the versatile business processes required by Industry 4.0 enterprises or groups. This proposed architecture, distinct from any specific internal system, incorporates private channels and ensures secure access to external data, thus addressing broader interoperability concerns beyond just smart contracts. Our goal is to establish a comprehensive DLT framework that assures data integrity and traceability throughout its lifecycle, from creation and processing to its final utilization for business insights. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated through its application in a real-world industrial scenario, undertaken in partnership with Fagor Automation, a global leader in the industrial sector.

Building information modeling in construction projects: the case of the Portuguese code of public contracts

Purpose This study aims to address gaps in the integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) into procurement processes for construction works under the Portuguese Code of Public Contracts (CCP). The goal is to improve procurement procedures with practical recommendations benefiting both public and private sectors, and applicable in other countries, promoting efficient BIM use in construction projects. Design/methodology/approach The study involved a literature review and expert interviews to identify opportunities within the CCP related to construction procurement that impact BIM implementation during construction works. It critically analyzed these insights and proposed specific adjustments to the CCP to enhance BIM application in public construction works. Findings The study provides practical recommendations to address two main gaps identified in the literature: the neglect of non-specific digitalization factors influencing BIM implementation, and the lack of consideration for specific constraints in public procurement, particularly those dictated by legal frameworks like the CCP. These recommendations aim to optimize traditional procurement provisions for public construction, thereby improving BIM utilization on-site. Social implications The study’s social implications include enhanced transparency and efficiency in construction processes, leading to reduced delays and costs for both stakeholders and the public. By optimizing BIM practices, public resources can be used more effectively in construction projects. The research may also accelerate the adoption of advanced technologies in the industry and improve urban development through better-planned and executed infrastructure projects. Additionally, the study’s recommendations could serve as a model for other countries, fostering the adoption of higher construction standards on a global scale. Originality/value The study’s original contribution lies in its comprehensive examination of public procurement procedures, particularly within the CCP context, to enhance the utilization of BIM during construction works. It uniquely identifies literature gaps and provides practical recommendations addressing non-specific digitalization factors and legal constraints in public procurement.

Promoting Robo-Advisor Adoption among B40 in Malaysia through Advisory Transparency and UTAUT Models

The B40 is generally considered to have disadvantages in financial literacy and monetary resources, which often prevents them from making sound investment decisions. Therefore, based on recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and financial technologies, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the notion of advisory transparency as a mediator, this study investigates factors influencing the intention to adopt financial robo-advisors among the B40 in Malaysia. The 217 responses collected using self-administered bilingual questionnaires were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results show that advisory transparency plays a significant role in mediating performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and effort expectancy to robo-advisor adoption intention. Specifically, the results imply that better advisory transparency, performance, and facilitating conditions of robo-advisor usage with minimal effort can, directly and indirectly, promote the intention of robo-advisor adoption. Consistent with the characteristics of B40, who are typically risk-averse and lack digital finance literacy, the findings suggest that more emphasis should be placed on the transparency of the robo-advisory process and digital financial education to promote robo-advisor adoption among the B40. This study fills a gap by integrating advisory transparency into the UTAUT model and providing insight into how advisory transparency interacts with UTAUT factors in promoting robo-advisor adoption. The results of this study can be a reference for policymakers, particularly in devising social welfare and educational policies to eradicate poverty in the country.

Advanced Integration of ES-MADM II in HRM: A Balanced Approach to Appraisal and Promotion Decisions

Personnel appraisal and promotion are fundamental processes in Human Resource Management (HRM), requiring advanced methodologies that adeptly combine objective data with subjective assessments. This paper introduces ES-MADM II, an enhanced iteration of the Entropy Synergy Multi-Attribute Decision-Making model, designed to strengthen decision-making robustness and stability. The model incorporates key entropy-based indices such as Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Criteria Effectiveness Score (CES), Conditional Stability Factor (CSF), and the newly introduced Alternatives Distinction Index (ADI). Together, these indices offer a comprehensive framework for assessing not only decision accuracy but also the overall resilience and clarity of the evaluation process. The effectiveness of ES-MADM II is showcased through military HRM case studies, illustrating how the model enhances personnel performance appraisals and promotion decisions by harmonizing subjective judgments with objective metrics. A detailed sensitivity analysis further demonstrates the model’s adaptability to variations in input data while preserving decision integrity. ES-MADM II ultimately fosters a more transparent, balanced, and equitable decision-making process, making it an indispensable tool for HR decision makers in complex organizational settings. This refined approach underscores the model’s capacity to navigate the complexities of HR evaluations with rigor and fairness.

Structural benefits on prescription? Exploring potentials and challenges of the pSVV concept in the approval process of digital health applications in Germany

With the introduction of the Digital Healthcare Act (DVG) at the end of 2019, digital health applications (DiGA) were included in the statutory health insurance in Germany. DiGA are digital medical products whose primary function is based on digital technologies. In the definition of the approval process, the term "therapeutic benefit", which is crucial to the evaluation of pharmaceuticals, was expanded to include the broader concept of "positive healthcare effect" ("pVE"). In particular, the concept of "patient-relevant structural and procedural improvements" (pSVV) has been introduced alongside the well-known "medical benefit" to facilitate market access for applications that specifically aim to strengthen the role of the patient in healthcare. Three and a half years after the implementation of DiGA, it has become evident that the concept of pSVV has not yet been adopted in the healthcare system to the extent intended by the legislation. As of July 1st 2024, only one of the 56 listed DiGA uses pSVV as a primary endpoint, with ten others using pSVV as a secondary endpoint. A qualitative approach was chosen to explore the new and under-researched topic of DiGA and, in particular, pSVV. The Grounded Theory method was applied in combination with the Gioia method, which is particularly suitable for analyzing innovative subject areas. The inductive approach allows for new concepts to be developed from the data of the study participants, thus supporting flexible and dynamic theory building. Decision-makers from groups including DiGA manufacturers with and without pSVV, manufacturers of digital medical products without DiGA approval, consultancies, and institutions involved in the DiGA approval process were included in the study by conducting semi-structured interviews. The evaluation was conducted through a multi-step analysis leading to the identification of first-order concepts, second-order themes, and aggregated dimensions. The developed data structure was supported by the presentation of relevant quotes as part of the Anhang A. The analysis indicates that refining the benefit definition for the pSVV categories defined in the DiGA guidelines is critical to the successful establishment of the pSVV concept. Additionally, further analysis of potential methods for demonstrating pSVV, suitable measurement tools, and the general inclusion of economic considerations in the benefit analysis appear sensible. The qualitative analysis demonstrates that refining the pSVV concept and defining appropriate measurement methods are essential for a successful implementation in the German healthcare system. An economic evaluation could bring objectivity to the debate on DiGA costs and contribute to transparency in the approval process. Further research and the involvement of key stakeholders are necessary to clarify the intended benefits within the pSVV categories, thereby promoting the introduction of digital health applications with a particular focus on empowering patients in healthcare.

Implicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en la metodología de investigación

This systematic review explores how advanced data analysis technologies are transforming scientific research methodology. Sources describing the transformation of various stages of the research process by these tools, from hypothesis generation to results interpretation, were examined. These technologies offer unprecedented possibilities to enhance research. They allow for the identification of complex patterns, such as subtle trends in genomic data or unexpected correlations in sociological studies, which might go unnoticed with traditional methods. Additionally, they automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more in-depth analysis. Significant ethical and practical challenges are highlighted. Algorithmic biases, for example, could perpetuate existing prejudices in training data, affecting the validity of results in fields such as medical or socioeconomic research. Concerns also arise regarding the privacy of study participants and the risk of exclusion for groups underrepresented in the data. The review concludes that adopting a holistic and responsible approach is imperative. In practice, this involves developing robust ethical frameworks, fostering collaboration between disciplines such as computer science, ethics, and social sciences, investing in specialized education, promoting transparency in algorithmic processes, and strengthening global cooperation through responsible data sharing and the development of common research standards.

Engaging stakeholders in Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Implementation Research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a scoping review protocol

IntroductionNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) present a significant health challenge globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Effective Implementation Research (IR) is vital in addressing this challenge, with stakeholder engagement playing...