Activities Of Transnational Corporations Research Articles

Research on Environmental Legal Risks in Foreign Investment of Chinese Transnational Corporations

Since the development of the trend of economic globalization, the number of China's overseas investment projects has risen sharply, but at the same time, the potential environmental problems and risks in the investment process have become evident. This essay discusses the environmental legal risks faced by Chinese transnational enterprises in the process of outbound investment and analyzes the specific impact of host country environmental regulation risk and multilateral treaty environmental regulation risk. As global environmental problems become increasingly serious, the investment activities of transnational corporations (TNCs) may be harmful to the local environment while promoting local economic development. This essay summarizes the current status of research on environmental legal in Chinese and international academia, emphasizes that home countries should take responsibility for environmental protection in their investment places when promoting overseas investment. This essay proposes a strategy covering three dimensions--international level, home country and TNCs, in order to promote the sustainable development of TNCss overseas investment.

Business-based and Ethical Assessments of CSR Efficiency

The paper aims to assess the effect of CSR on the performance of transnational corporations. The theoretical aspects of social responsibility and its relationship with the results of the activities of transnational corporations were highlighted based on the literature review. The empirical studies aimed at assessing the effect of social responsibility on the performance results of enterprises were analysed and systematised. The findings of the empirical studies showed that CSR has an impact on the operational and financial results of transnational corporations. Ethical considerations are also discussed, especially with respect to the issue of genuine social contribution versus greenwashing.

Foreign Direct Investment’s Impact on the Activity of Transnational Corporations

The purpose of this article is to analyse how FDI impacts transnational corporation, local firms’ productivity and investment climate, and its influence on domestic enterprises. Positive and negative effects of foreign capital movement on the economy of the recipient country are examined. The evaluation of FDI flows, variations in global FDI by country, and net annual FDI flows are considered while determining global capital movement policies. Direct and indirect FDI spillover effects on domestic firms across countries are considered factors of production. The challenges faced by governments in creating policies to attract FDI practices in emerging economies are reflected. An attractive policy that encourages the expansion of foreign capital is proposed.

Legal regulation of corporate governance in global business: Main problems and current trends

The relevance of the study is determined by the current absence of a clear mechanism for managing transnational companies in global doctrine, leading to various problems. Given this, the purpose of the paper is to identify the main problematic aspects of regulations. To achieve this, methods such as legal hermeneutics, logical analysis, formal- legal, deduction, induction, synthesis, and others were used. The study established that transnational corporations are unique subjects of international economic relations with a complex structure, acting as a unified mechanism, complicating their legal regulation since they are not ordinary legal entities. It is disclosed that one of the key problems is that international legal norms regulating the activities of transnational corporations are recommendatory and not mandatory for implementation. Another issue is the need to strike a balance between the interests of transnational corporations and the countries in which they operate. Accordingly, the conclusion is drawn about the importance of introducing control over the activities of transnational corporations by the countries of origin, aimed at ensuring that transnational corporations adhere to international standards and do not harm the countries that host them. The paper identifies problematic aspects and prospects for the development of transnational corporations in Ukraine and Georgia, providing relevant recommendations. The practical value of the obtained results lies in the development of an international and national mechanism that enables the regulation of problematic aspects and enhances the effectiveness of legal regulation of the activities of transnational corporations

Transnational Corporations – Duty Bearers of Obligations to Respect Right to Food and Right to Environment as Human Rights: From Utopia to Reality?

Summary Human rights promotion and protection is no more the issue of States only. Other non-states actors are directly or indirectly involved in this area. This is even more right for so called rights of second or third generation where States´ activities are interconnected with economic and social stakeholders. Especially, the right to food and right to environment are at stake when speaking about business activities of transnational corporations. The present article discusses the role transnational corporations play in the implementation of right to food and right to environment. Authors first addresses basic interconnections between TNCs´ business activities and right to food and right to environment (1); second they theoretically approach TNCs´ obligation to respect human rights (2), before developing general issues of right to food and right to healthy environment (3). Finally, they pinpoint scenarios of TNCs as duty-bearers with respect to right to food and right to environment.

International legal principles of cooperation in the field of social security

The research deals with the issues of cooperation between states in the field of legal regulation of social security. In the context of globalization, the emergence of new social challenges, such as the coronavirus pandemic, international migration, the activities of transnational corporations, joint measures are needed to ensure that all states ensure minimum standards of social security. Issues of international legal regulation of social security are considered in relation to the Millennium Sustainable Development Goals, as well as in relation to the standards and norms established at the UN and ILO levels. International social security standards are researched and reviewed within the framework of our proposed classification. It is proposed to base the classification on social relations governed by the corresponding numbers of law. Legal measures are proposed to improve the efficiency of legal regulation of social security at the national level.

The influence of transnational corporations on the Ukrainian economy development in the post-war period

Transnational corporations, as a form of international business, currently significantly influence the development of strategies for developing Ukraine's economy, becoming the leading players in modern international relations. In modern realities, the transnationalization of enterprises in Ukraine can be an economic tool that forms new directions of social development, goals of foreign economic activity, and the specifics and conditions of the country's participation in the global division of labor and international trade. Today, transnational corporations are a significant element in many countries' economic systems, helping to increase economic efficiency. The article aims to study transnational corporations' influence on the country's economy in the post-war period. The results. The article analyzes aspects of the activities of transnational corporations in Ukraine and their impact on the country's economy. A classification of the main methods transnational corporations implement in their external expansion is presented. It was determined that the main activities of transnational corporations include investing funds through direct foreign investment (creating joint ventures, branches abroad, developing a corporate network), exporting products and services, selling licenses to foreign partners, and forming strategic alliances with other companies. It was determined that the activities of transnational corporations are based both on the use of their production resources and on cooperation with independent enterprises. Such corporations often exploit cheap labor and favorable tax conditions by locating their branches in countries with low taxes or other competitive advantages. Conclusions. The definition of the main characteristics of transnational corporations, which emphasize their significant contribution to forming the country's economic structure, has been clarified and expanded. It has been proven that due to their significant financial potential, transnational corporations often have advantages over local companies, as they provide the exchange of goods, services, information, and production resources necessary for the reconstruction of the country in the post-war period. Keywords: transnational corporations, investments, innovations, investment and innovation development, country reconstruction.

Comparative Assessment of Global Value Chains' Influence on National Economies

In recent decades, a predominant trend in the transformation of national economies worldwide has been the extensive establishment of global value chains and the increased activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). Despite the scale of these phenomena, they have not received adequate scholarly attention, both at the level of individual countries and on a global scale. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis that combines theoretical approaches with empirical investigations of the interplay between the formation and vigorous expansion of global value chains and the dynamics of national economic transformation worldwide. This relationship is examined in the context of foreign multinational corporations operating in sectors such as chemistry and pharmaceuticals, electronics, electrical equipment, and the automotive industry.To achieve the objectives of this study, a range of complementary research methods were employed, including descriptive analysis, comparative analysis, generalization and grouping techniques, and cartographic analysis. The study yields several key findings:Firstly, a global trend of progressive reduction in the share of domestic producers within the industries under consideration has been observed. This trend is most conspicuous in the countries of the former socialist bloc in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Romania. These countries previously maintained domestic production levels exceeding 50% of the total volume for the specific product types.Secondly, the field of automobile production exhibits the highest proportion of foreign companies contributing to the total volume of products manufactured. In 33 out of the 58 countries analyzed, foreign multinational corporations account for more than 50% of production. Thirdly, a selection of countries in Western Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific region—such as Germany, Italy, France, Israel, the USA, China, Japan, the Russian Federation, India, and Korea—play a substantial role in the development of global value chains through the active expansion of their national TNCs. International companies from these countries are progressively shaping a global socio-economic framework.Lastly, recent years have seen the emergence of a new stage in the evolution of global value chains, prompted by exceptional factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the trade conflict between China and the United States, and the conflict in Ukraine. This stage necessitates a profound reconsideration of the strategies employed by current participants in global chains, driven by the imperative of preserving their sustainability.

Negócios e Direitos Humanos: um Terreno Tenso, Minado e Contestado

Abstract This essay aims to critically analyze the recent field of studies known as Business and Human Rights, which addresses the negative impacts of human rights violations at the corporate level, covering theoretical discussions, principles, guidelines, standards, and regulations. We developed the essay focusing on three key topics: the business activities of transnational corporations negatively impact human rights all around the world; the initiatives created in order to address the impacts of business over human rights are discursive and, therefore, distant from the practices; companies and corporations make various attempts to abstain from their responsibility, even if they make symbolic and material reparations. For this, we illustrate the abstention from corporate responsibility through the human rights violations in the case of João Alberto de Freitas’ murder committed by Carrefour security guards in the parking lot of one of its stores in Porto Alegre, in 2020. Throughout the text, we argue that this field reveals the tensions between business and respect for human rights, understanding that this involves a minefield susceptible to being contested. Our contribution lies in indicating paths for the heavier involvement of researchers from the field of management with the real problems that challenge societies, such as human rights violations at the organizational level.

The influence of the activities of transnational corporations on the development of the world economy

The influence of the activities of transnational corporations on the development of the world economy

ПОДАТКОВЕ ПЛАНУВАННЯ ТНК НА ЗАСАДАХ РИЗИКО-ОРІЄНТОВАНОГО ПІДХОДУ В УМОВАХ ПРОЕКТУ BEPS ТА ДІДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article investigates the peculiarities of the transnational corporations (TNC) tax planning in the context of the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project and economic digitalization. The authors conducted an analysis of the rules that regulate the application of risk management in TNC activities, and they justified the feasibility of using SWIFT and matrix methods for assessing tax risks in the process of TNC tax planning. A model of TNC tax planning in the context of economy digitalization and BEPS project, which allowed for increased tax planning effectiveness by obtaining objective and sufficient information for the construction of possible scenarios of the companies' operations, is proposed in the article. The model includes stages of the tax planning process, namely: tax landscape analysis for countries of registration, countries of digital presence, and international taxation rules; constructing a tax risk trigger chain for the company; assessing the probability and impact of tax risks; identifying and selecting tax risk management options; integration of tax risk management in the business scenario. The conducted research allowed us to predict what would happen if tax rates, conditions for determining the object of taxation, or other taxation conditions in the TNC’s country of registration or presence changed. In the article, it was proposed to use the results of comparing corporate performance indicators (the rate of change in profit, return on assets, return on capital, return on sales) and indicators characterizing tax consequences (the rate of change in tax liabilities) as criteria for selecting tax risk management options for TNC. The authors defined the mechanism for choosing the tax risk management methods in the context of the economic digitalization and the particular BEPS project, which allowed conducting the real-time control not only by TNC, but also by tax control bodies, auditors, financial consultants, and representatives of international organizations, simplified communication between them, and reduced subjectivity when making any decisions.

ІНТЕРГАЦІЯ УКРАЇНИ У СВІТОВИЙ РИНОК ПРАЦІ

The article examines the international labor market and presents the place of Ukraine in its system. The main reasons and the main factors that determine the strengthening of the territorial migration of the population are shown. The problems of migration processes caused by the economic crisis, unemployment, low living standards of the population and political instability are considered. The influence of socio-economic processes of labor market integration through the activation of the activities of transnational corporations, the development of offshoring and foreign trade, and the strengthening of labor migration is studied. Special attention is paid to the effects of these processes on the development of the national labor market. The results of the study can be used for further analysis of the peculiarities of Ukraine’s integration processes into the global labor market. A characteristic feature of the modern world economic system is the uneven distribution of labor and production capacity within national economies. Thus, in particular, in some countries or often entire regions with a high level of natural population growth, there is a low level of production, which leads to the formation of a stable unemployment rate (for example, countries in Africa, Southeast and Central Asia), and, conversely, a number of countries with low levels of natural population growth, such as most countries in Western Europe and North America, are characterized by a high level of production, which reveals the problem of labor shortages. This factor, as well as the differentiation that accompanies it, in the level of remuneration are fundamental in the formation of international migration flows of labor in the modern world economy.The emergence of the opening of the Ukrainian society will surely attract more involvement of Ukraine in the international economy by a lot of force. The transition to market economics creates real minds for the development of the labor market. One of the important features of the state is the rapid growth of migratory practices both within the country and abroad.The state of market activity is carried out in the minds of acute crisis phenomena in economic, sociological and political life. The market transpartnership of Ukraine's ecology is carried out extremely unsubstantiatedly, which will lead to the emergence of negative phenomena, deepening of the state of haos. The feeling of the country's population neglecting is caused by two factors that threaten the physical and economic security: the unprecedented rise of banditry and the impending mass unemployment.

Specifics of activities of China's transnational corporations on world markets

Modern Chinese transnational corporations act as leaders in the world markets and have all the prospects for development. Today, the Chinese government seeks to change the status of the country from 'industrial" to "innovative". so it creates an optimal economic atmosphere for work in the country and in cooperation with other countries. China is strengthening its position in the innovation environment through its contribution to R&D and the development of the digital economy. The subject of the study are all aspects of Chinese TNCs’ production, innovation, investment, which make them successful operation on world markets. The aim of the study is to investigate the specifics of TNC activity, to evaluate how Chinese TNCs function in global markets. The objective: to consider the theoretical and methodological basis of the study of transnationalization in the world economy; to determine the essence and principles of the activities of transnational corporations, to study the specifics of the emergence and development of transnational corporations in China; to determine the current state and development prospects of China's TNCs on world markets. The research methodology is based on the application of a systematic analysis of the activities of transnational corporations, statistics and the historical-theoretical background of the emergence of TNCs, as well as the use of abstract research methods, expert assessments, correlation - regression analysis and economic analysis. Results: in this article, based on economic analyses, the role of China’s transnational corporations was assessed, and several priority development areas were identified. Conclusions: Most of China's multinational companies are among the top 500 of Fortune Global 500 and top 100 list of Forbes . Chinese multinational corporations use various strategies to increase competitiveness, especially "mergers and acquisitions", expanding not only the scale of production, but also the spheres of activity. Based on this, it can be concluded that Chinese TNCs have significant prospects for development and leadership in world markets.

CURRENT ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL BANKS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

The article defines modern trends of transnationalization in the international banking sphere. The prerequisites for the formation and development of globalization processes in the financial and banking sphere are considered: economic factors, technological and international legal factors. The general definition of a transnational bank is substantiated, the essence of which can be considered in the context of quantitative and qualitative aspects of its definition. A general definition of a transnational bank is provided as a bank that carries out operations in more than one country. The most characteristic trends in the development of transnationalization of the international banking business are outlined, which include the universalization of bank activity, the growth of competition in the banking sector, the liberalization of banking operations, and the growth of innovative activity of banks. The negative consequences of the development of international banking operations are also determined. The characteristic trends of transnationalization in the banking sphere were studied and the leading transnational banks were selected by the level of market capitalization. The peculiarities of the development of the domestic banking system, which is considered as an attractive host area for transnationalization processes, are evaluated. The influence of transnational banks on the economy of the host country and its banking system is considered from the point of view of the consequences of financial liberalization of the world economy as a whole and the development of the domestic financial sector. Identified obstacles on the way to the formation of Ukrainian transnational structures: the instability of the economic and political situation in the state; underdevelopment of the legislative framework in matters of the status and activities of transnational corporations; strong competition from existing global multinational corporations; lack of an appropriate innovation base that could compete with the technologies of foreign multinational corporations; relatively low level of management; high «tinization» of the economy; high level of inflation, etc. The main reasons that caused the changes in the banking sector in modern globalization conditions are proven: the unification of the activities of the real sector of the economy and the financial system of the countries of the world, convergence of the rules for regulating internal and external operations; formation of a network of branches of transnational companies; transformation of the international capital market into an independent factor in the development of the world economy; increase in the share of international operations of banks in the total volume of operations. On the basis of the conducted analysis, suggestions are provided regarding the further development of the activities of transnational banks in the world economy.

Treaty tantrums: Past, present and future of a business and human rights treaty

This column analyses the current process in the UN Human Rights Council to negotiate an international legally binding instrument to regulate, in international human rights law, the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises. It does so in the context of two previous attempts at the UN level to adopt binding rules for (multinational) corporations and the continued inability of international soft standards as well as hard rules at the national level in States in ensuring that businesses take their human rights responsibilities seriously. It is argued that an international treaty is desirable as part of a regulatory ecosystem to promote respect of human rights by business enterprises and to strengthen corporate accountability for human rights abuses. While the treaty should build on and complement the existing international soft standards, it should also try to fill some of the regulatory gaps that these standards might not ever be able to fill.

INVESTMENT COMPONENT OF TRANSNATIONALIZATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS

The article analyzes the general situation of transnationalization over several years highlights the changes at the beginning of the pandemic caused by the spread of Covid-19. It has been established that oscillatory investment dynamics characterize the period from 1990 to 2020 flows at the global level. The impact of global problems on the activities of corporations in 2020 is noted. The main external factors influencing the activities of the investment nature of corporations in this period are the consequences of the coronavirus infection. According to statistics, a significant drop in investment flows in 2020 was presented, but thanks to the activities of transnational corporations in the fight against the global pandemic, an improvement in the situation were predicted in subsequent years. Pharmaceutical corporations have been identified as the leading players in the fight against the pandemic among TNCs due to significant involvement and cooperation with governments, society, and businesses, both at the national and international levels. As a result, pharmaceutical multinationals resumed their presence in the ranking of innovative companies in 2021 in terms of investment in R&D, significantly improving their positions compared to previous years. With the help of a regression model, using the example of a pharmaceutical company, the dependence of a corporation's income on investment in research and development was demonstrated. At the same time, statistical, graphical and comparative analyzes were used in the article.
 The article analyzes structural changes in R&D investment companies to understand the reorientation of activities. The reorientation in international companies has made it possible to assert the pandemic as a strategic opportunity to develop new products by pharmaceutical companies directly related to the fight against coronavirus infection, the creation of cooperation between companies of different levels, and a change in segmentation in the product line. Furthermore, a timely response to the challenges of the pandemic and a change in tactics allowed pharmaceutical companies to stay afloat and improve their financial performance, and the situation with investment flows in general.

Influence of tax dodging on tax justice in developing countries: some theory and evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeThe mobilising domestic resources, in particular, taxation, is key to unlocking the resources required for public investment in infrastructure, growth and sustainable finance. This study aims to share the perception that the tax arrangements of states and the transnational corporations (TNCs) of developed states have a critical effect on the development prospects of the less powerful states in developing countries.Design/methodology/approachThis paper locates the role of TNCs tax practice within the broader dynamics of globalisation and the pursuit of profits, to argue that the drive of TNCs for higher profits can enrich our understanding of why some TNCs engage in tax dodging. This paper used publicly available evidence to shed light on the role played by TNCs in tax dodging practices in developing countries.FindingsThe evidence shows that tax havens and offshore financial centres, shaped by globalisation, are major structures facilitating the sophisticated tax schemes of highly mobile TNCs. This paper further shows that the corrosive effect of low-tax jurisdictions (“tax havens”) continues to represent a major obstacle to a regulation of global economic relations, which is required for maintaining sustainable social and economic development of poorer states.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper used publicly available evidence to illuminate the role played by TNCs in tax dodging practices in Sub-Saharan Africa.Practical implicationsThis paper, therefore, advocates a radical reform that could minimise the attendant problems created by the activities of TNCs and the enabling structures that facilitate these practices.Social implicationsTax dodging has played a major role in causing serious damage to the economic and social landscape in developing countries. This in turn, has undermined social welfare and also investment in the public services, thereby eroding the quality of life and producing a decline in average life expectancy.Originality/valueThis paper is a general review of literature and evidence on contemporary developmental issues.

Legal aspects of transnational scale corporations' activity in terms of sustainable development

This paper discusses the legal aspects of the activities of transnational corpora-tions. The relevance of the subject matter is determined by the significant impact exerted by transnational corporations on the world economy in general and on the economic situation of the country in which such corporations are registered as a subject of legal form of ownership in particular. Quality functioning of transna-tional corporations is an effective factor for the formation of sustainable devel-opment. This study reveals and determines the relationship between the scale of activity of transnational corporations and their legal status within the framework of both single countries and entire economic communities, the individual subjects of law of which are transnational corporations. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of identifying and stating key aspects that play a signif-icant role in assessing the practical activities of transnational corporations in the context of existing legal law with the ability to use the identified patterns in specific legal practice. The results of this study can be of significant practical importance for employees in the field of legal support for the activities of transnational-scale corporations, who are faced with the need to deeply analyse the legal aspects of the activities of these organisations and provide management of such structures with timely, high-quality legal recommendations regarding the correction of the activities of these organisations in the context of the existing legal field.

Methods of implementation of the U.S. policy to ensure the sustainable development of the post-Soviet states

The main aim of the article was to determine the key ways in which the United States of America conducts its foreign policy in the post-Soviet countries. The methods of observation, comparative analysis, and the principle of chronological sequence were used to study the U.S. foreign policy and its implementation. The article was based on empirical research methods, studying facts and analysing causes and consequences of the countries policy. Firstly, the authors highlight the ways of economic cooperation, exactly, the activities of transnational corpora-tions in the former socialist republics. In addition, the authors characterized the influence of transnational corporations. Secondly, it was pointed out that the U.S. actively implemented such method as support "colour revolutions" in the process of pursuit of their political interests in the post-Soviet territory. Thirdly, the United States seeks to establish ties with the countries of the former Soviet Union, primari-ly Central Asia, to ensure security in the region and in Afghanistan. The C5+1 initi-ative, Northern Distribution Network, were developed for greater involvement in security issues. Fourthly, following the principles of "soft power", American politi-cians actively use the tools of public diplomacy, communication, support of civil society.

ACADEMIC MOBILITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: CURRENT STATE

Modern researchers considered various types of academic mobility, which includes a wide range of factors influencing its application (the influence of socio-economic factors; the satisfaction of the inner “ego” with the opportunity to study at a “fashionable” university; the choice “narrow” specialization, which is not available in every specialized institution of higher education, etc.). On the basis of the results of the analysis of the research conducted by modern scientists on the issue of academic mobility, to offer recommendations on ensuring the possibility of using academic mobility in modern realities. Today, academic mobility at the international level is largely shaped by the global labor market, which is shaped by the activities of transnational corporations and their implementation of international projects in all corners of the world. Also, academic mobility is developing between countries at the regional level, where a regional center of globalization is being formed. As an example – European countries and the European Union. As for academic mobility at the national level, the catalyst here is the uniformity of territorial development. In those countries where this development is uniform and high, the level of academic mobility is consistently low and vice versa.