Transmission Of Type Research Articles

2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications

AbstractIn this paper, a 2‐bit water‐based programmable digital metasurface for beam steering and backscatter field reduction applications is presented, a reflective and transmissive type water based programmable metasurface (WPMS) for RCS reduction and the antenna's beam steering is suggested, respectively. It has been demonstrated that a 2‐bit water‐based programmable unit cell can reduce RCS by changing its state (0/1). If the unit cell channel is empty, the state is “0,” if the channel is filled, the state is “1.” So at different resonance frequencies, the four phase and reflection coefficient responses are achieved as "00"01"10"11". This functionality enables beam steering in both the elevation and azimuth axis and also backscattering reduction of the antenna. Furthermore, the impacts of the number of unit cells and reflection phase states on the far‐field pattern are examined. Beam steering of ±45° in the elevation is attained with 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 4.25–4.40 GHz, radiation gain of more than 7.1 dBi is maintained. With the present antenna, it is possible to achieve volumetric beamsteering performance directly. The patterns of far‐field radiation that are predicted theoretically coincide well with full waves simulations. As such, the proposed prototype can be a good option for applications that require a low RCS platform including beam steering in radars, 5G/6G, etc.

Mechanism of Arthropod-mediated Transmission of Plant Viruses - A Review

In the intricate world of botanical life, an often-overlooked menace lurks – plant viruses. Viruses invade their target and hijack the plant cell's mechanisms to multiply and reproduce. The impact of these microscopic assailants is profound, affecting food security, food safety, national economies, biodiversity, and the rural environment. Plant viruses, although small in stature, wield immense influence in the plant kingdom. They are sub-microscopic entities comprised of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, encased within a protective protein coat. They need a medium of transmission for survival and spread, which can be air, water, contaminated tools, or certain other organisms known as vectors. These vectors, often insects, fungi, or nematodes, serve as intermediaries between the virus and its plant host, facilitating transmission and infection. Understanding the intricate interactions between plant viruses and their vectors is vital for developing effective control strategies that can mitigate the devastating impact of these diseases on crops. This relationship between a plant virus and a vector is a testament to the complexity of the natural world, where microscopic organisms wield enormous influence over the health and fate of plants, impacting ecosystems and even human agriculture. This review delves into the world of plant virus vectors, un-ravelling their roles in disease transmission, their biological mechanisms, and the pivotal role they play in shaping agricultural landscapes worldwide. It also explores the types of virus transmission and their effects on vector behaviour. This knowledge is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of plant viruses and protect global food security.

Comprehensive Evaluation Model and Methodology for Offshore Wind Farm Collection and Transmission Systems

With the gradual development of offshore wind farms toward large-scale and long-distance trends, economically efficient methods for correcting and transmitting offshore wind energy have garnered increasing attention. The rational and effective evaluation of offshore wind power collection and transmission methods has become an urgent issue. To address this, a comprehensive evaluation model for collection and transmission systems, considering factors such as network losses, lifecycle costs, and reliability, was established. This proposed model was applied to multiple sets of typical collection and transmission scenarios, utilizing an improved TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation method based on dynamic combination weighting to achieve the comprehensive optimization of collection and transmission schemes. Case studies have validated the feasibility of the comprehensive evaluation model. The results indicate that with an increase in offshore distance, the AC/DC collection and transmission system is superior to the all-AC collection and transmission system, and the all-DC collection system exhibits potential cost advantages.

Research on a Blue–Green LED Communication System Based on an Underwater Mobile Robot

Underwater robots have been widely used in ocean exploration, deep-sea observation, seabed operations, marine scientific research, and other fields. Underwater low-latency, efficient, and safe communication modes are key to realizing the application of an underwater robot data transmission system. This paper mainly studies the optical communication between underwater mobile robots, including the large-dispersion-angle light-emitting diode (LED) design, large field of view receiving technology, weak light detector technology, etc. By designing a 120° large divergence angle underwater optical communication system in this study, the receiving field-of-view angle of the receiving end can reach 60°, which is suitable for the optical communication system of an underwater mobile platform. The high-power LED driver circuit is designed to drive the high-power LED and adopt weak light detection technology to ensure its stability and reliability. The experimental results show that, in the case of incomplete alignment between the transmitter and receiver, stable communication of underwater robots in motion is achieved through the design of a large divergence angle and a receiving field-of-view angle and the use of an underwater weak light detection technology. The communication distance is 30 m, and the communication rate remains above 10 Mbps. The information transmission content can include network data transmission, real-time video, high-definition video, high-definition images, and other data types. This equipment provides a solution for cableless data transmission of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and substantially enhances the application field of ROVs.

A running-in strategy based on an efficient wear simulation model for double circular-arc spiral bevel gears

A proper running-in process is necessary for double circular-arc spiral bevel gears to achieve desirable meshing performance. However, this type of gear transmission lacks a suitable running-in wear model, which brings great difficulties to the design of appropriate running-in strategies. To address this problem, the present study establishes an efficient numerical wear model to reveal the wear behavior of double circular-arc spiral bevel gear pairs, based on which a step-wise load running-in strategy is proposed. The established Archard's wear model considers the meshing characteristics of double circular-arc spiral bevel gears and sets a small threshold value, which can reflect the wear behavior of this gear in the running-in stage. To improve the computation efficiency, a two-step parameter updating strategy is proposed to enhance the iteration of p and s. The wear simulation reveals the quantitative relationship contact pressure and running-in cycle during the running-in process. Based on the reveal relationship, a step-wise load running-in strategy is proposed to sharpen the running-in period. The developed wear model and the proposed running-in strategy can be extended to other types of gears with circular-arc profiles.

Tribological evaluation of electric vehicle driveline lubricants in an electrified environment

Electrification continues to permeate the automotive industry, with future projections showing an exponential growth in the market share for both light and heavy-duty applications. Existing test methods for automotive applications were developed to model internal combustion engine vehicles and drivelines and are not appropriate for electric drivelines that experience stray electric currents. Tribometers can be used to evaluate friction and wear on modeled surfaces simulating in-vehicle operation. In this work, a commercially available tribometer was modified to isolate an electrical input into a tribological contact. After necessary modifications to the tribometer, a test matrix was completed for investigating different temperatures, load conditions, speed conditions, voltage input types, frequencies of AC signal, and shapes of AC signal. These parameters were tested on three lubricants—two typical automatic transmission fluid formulations and gear oil used in differential applications. Friction was measured throughout the tests, and wear scar width was measured at the end of each test. Results indicated that temperature, DC voltage, AC frequency, lubricant, and test profile had statistically significant differences in wear scar width. For electrical parameters, AC frequency produced different results from DC voltage when no voltage was applied. This significance applied to only one lubricant, with the other two lubricants having mixed results.

Robust Position Control for an Electrical Automatic Transmission under Gear-Shifting Link Friction

The automotive industry is evolving, with software becoming a vital part of vehicles. Conventional automakers are shifting to software-centric entities, embracing over-the-air (OTA) updates and service-centric models. To move software-driven vehicles, the vehicle must also be electrified. Several automobile manufacturers are electrifying vehicle parts, and recently, a gear shift selector for automatic transmissions was adapted from mechanical to electronic. However, as conventional mechanical systems are modified to electrical systems, problems such as shift delay and accuracy emerge. This study addresses these problems that emerge in the electronic system type of automatic transmission, including a gear shift selector developed to electrify automobiles. Accordingly, we first analyze the structure of automatic transmission systems, then define the operation sequence. Next, a novel position control algorithm based on a disturbance observer is proposed to reduce shift delay and increase accuracy. The proposed algorithm operates harmoniously with the vehicle control unit (VCU). To verify the proposed algorithm, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) was developed to experiment with vehicle shifting using a commercial electronic gear shift selector. Moreover, the proposed control algorithm for gear shifting in an automatic transmission was analyzed using experimental results obtained by assuming a specific driving situation in the HILS.

Dosimetric verification of annual quality assurance for a linear accelerator using a transmission type detector

The purpose of our study is to establish an efficient quality assurance (QA) procedure using a transmission-type detector (IBA, Stealth chamber), a reference signal detector, as a field chamber. Relative dosimetry items, including monitor unit linearity, output constancy based on dose rate and field size, and output factor were measured and compared with results obtained from the Farmer-type chamber (IBA, Wellhofer, FC65-G). Moreover, output for each field size was measured to assess its applicability to small fields. Results using the Stealth chamber were in good agreement with the FC65-G within 1.0%, except for output constancy according to gantry angle, which had a 1.1% error rate for the Stealth chamber and 2.7% for the FC65-G. Differences of up to − 6.26% output factor were observed for the Stealth chamber and up to − 0.56% for the CC-13 ionization chamber (IBA) in the 3 × 3 cm2 field. Our study confirmed the possibility of using Stealth chambers for relative dosimetry measurement in QA.

Analisis Perilaku Pelanggan menggunakan Metode Ensemble Logistic Regression

Customer behavior analysis is crucial for companies, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), to make strategic decisions. Through customer behavior analysis, patterns of customer behavior in purchasing a product or service can be identified. This provides insights into preferences and the right strategies to maintain or increase customer loyalty. This research aims to analyze customer behavior using the ensemble logistic regression method. Data was collected from the company's customer database over the last 5 years. Customer behavior is characterized by gender, age, and the preferred vehicle transmission type. The ensemble logistic regression method was implemented to improve model accuracy. The results show that the ensemble technique can enhance the accuracy of the Logistic Regression method. Model accuracy significantly increased with boosting, achieving an accuracy of 76%, while the model with bagging achieved an accuracy of 75%.

Study of bremsstrahlung radiation coming from a transmission type x-ray generator and its application on EDXRF technique

We have demonstrated the use of the bremsstrahlung radiation from a small, portable, transmission type x-ray generator that can be used in energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence technique as a tool to perform non-destructive elemental analysis of solid samples employed in inter-disciplinary science research. As our knowledge goes, till date, this is the first attempt to generate the bremsstrahlung spectrum theoretically from a portable transmission type x-ray generator and compared it with the actual observation. Theoretically generated bremsstrahlung spectra are also found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed spectra obtained with various operating anode voltages of the x-ray generator. A computer program has been developed utilizing a few atomic parameters to obtain the elemental concentrations in the sample by a single run using the whole bremsstrahlung. The knowledge of incoming x-ray flux, geometry of experimental arrangements are not required in this technique. To validate the technique, we have taken two samples: an Indian one rupee coin of the year 2000 and a NIST made brass sample, whose compositions are well known. We have used these samples to expose to the bremsstrahlung radiation, produced by the operating anode voltages 20, 25, and 30 KV. The relative concentrations of different elements are determined, which is in good agreement with the earlier results.

Topological Graph Representation and Configuration Synthesis for Power-Split Hybrid Transmissions of Multi-Planetary Gear Trains

Abstract Power-split hybrid transmissions are the core components of power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and the quest for a more energy-efficient and higher-performing power-split hybrid transmission has long been the focus of study. In contrast to previously published methodologies, this paper proposes a novel approach for directly synthesizing power-split hybrid transmissions that makes use of the results of previously synthesized planetary gear trains (PGTs) rather than necessitating a resynthesis of their PGTs. A new topological graph that can construct a bridge between the PGTs and power-split hybrid transmission has been developed, reducing the computational complexity in the synthesis process. The new topological graph is obtained by adding topological characteristics of the power-split hybrid transmission to the PGT graph. A standard structure matrix is proposed to further screen out all the isomorphic configurations. The present method can generate various types of multi-PGT hybrid transmissions while avoiding mechanical structural interference. The design process of configurations for power-split hybrid transmission with three-column PGTs (3-PGT) is used as an example to prove the rationality of the method.

Ultrasensitive metasurface-based sensors for fingerprint spectra extraction of L-glutamate at ultra-low concentration

Terahertz-infrared (THz-infrared) absorption spectroscopy comprises distinctive spectroscopic data that serves as a potent method for the detection and analysis of biomolecules, owing to its capability to capture unique fingerprint spectral patterns associated with different structural substances. Nonetheless, the extraction of molecular characterization data with utmost sensitivity for substances present in low concentrations remains a formidable task that necessitates resolution, especially for the micro detection of neurotransmitters such as L-glutamate intricately linked to neurological disorders. Here, we construct Fano resonant modes with strong near-field by breaking the symmetry of the metallic split ring in the meta-atom, benefiting the susceptible substance detection. By scaling the structural parameters, a metasurface-based sensor working at the range of 1.15 to 2.69 THz was fabricated, which consisted of 15 metasurfaces operating at different resonance frequencies. And in agreement with results obtained by typical transmission absorption spectroscopy analysis of 0.1 mg tablets, the molecular fingerprint information of L-glutamate has been experimentally identified by comparing the resonance intensity changes with/without covering 5μg of L-glutamate, implying an increased detection sensitivity to 1/20. the proposed metasurface-based sensors with broadband Fano resonances are deemed to provide a new paradigm for enabling low-concentration, easy-to-use, and label-free biomolecule research and promise to drive the development of integrated non-destructive testing medical devices.

Ways to improve performance of an internal combustion engine regarding the loading conditions of vehicle transmission

BACKGROUND: Import substitution has become the most important direction of the development of the country's economy in the conditions of the sanctions policy. In this regard, high requirements are imposed on the production to ensure the competitiveness of automotive machinery. Automotive machinery is a key component of the country's economy that is confirmed by the growth of road transport. Meanwhile, growth of the vehicle fleet leads to increase in consuming of petroleum-derived fuel, which main disadvantage is emission of harmful substances, therefore, internal combustion engines of automotive machinery should ensure low fuel consumption and less emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. However, the engine operating modes largely depend on the loads generated in the vehicle transmission.
 AIMS: To determine the possibilities of expanding the ranges of power regulation of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, on the one hand, ensuring low fuel consumption and less emission of harmful substances with exhaust gases, and on the other hand, providing with the power required for a vehicle to move, regarding the type of transmission and propulsion.
 METHODS: The analysis of possible conventional and unconventional operating cycles of an internal combustion engine is carried out. The method of mathematical modeling of the formation of torques in various types of vehicle transmission is used.
 RESULTS: Possible ways of expanding the ranges of power regulation of an internal combustion engine providing with the required power, low fuel consumption and less emission of harmful substances with exhaust gases, as well as transmission layouts and processes of forming the required power in them to ensure the vehicle movement are considered.
 CONCLUSIONS: The considered in the article approach of expanding the ranges of power regulation of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle makes it possible to conclude that it is necessary to use the principles of a scientific approach to the process of development of vehicle transmissions capable of controlling an internal combustion engine depending on loads, ensuring its operation with minimal fuel consumption and emission of harmful substances.

Dynamics and control of an SITR COVID-19 model with awareness and hospital bed dependency

In this article, the complex dynamics of susceptible-infected-treated-recovered (SITR) model describing the COVID-19 transmission is explored. Two types of transmission are included here, such as bi-linear with unaware susceptible individuals and nonlinear with aware susceptible individuals. Modified saturation recovery in treated individuals and a difference self-quarantined parameter in susceptible individuals have been considered. Sensitivity indices of the parameters associated with the reproduction number (R0) have been derived using the normalized forward sensitivity index to recognize the significant parameters in changing the disease dynamics. The criteria of existence and local stability of equilibrium points are discussed. The backward bifurcation, forward bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation are demonstrated analytically and numerically, indicating rich dynamics of the proposed model. Chaotic dynamics and supercritical Hopf bifurcation also have been investigated by computing the Lyapunov exponent and the first Lyapunov coefficient respectively. It is observed that, difference self-quarantined rate and psychological or awareness effect ensure the existence of only disease-free equilibrium for R0<1. Optimal control theory and Pontryagin’s maximum principle are applied to compute the efficiency of vaccination and isolation controls in lowering infection while minimizing the associated costs. According to the simulation results, applying both controls together is the most efficient way to prevent the spread of the disease, compared to the situation where a single control is used to achieve the same.

Interaction of [formula omitted] prismatic screw dislocations with the [formula omitted] interface side face in [formula omitted] Ti alloys

Slip transmission across α−β interfaces is of great significance in understanding the strength of α−β Ti alloys for aerospace applications. Molecular statics (MS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of slip transmission of 〈a〉 prismatic screw dislocations across the α−β interface side face. In these simulations, the α phase consisted of pure HCP Ti whereas the β phase was modeled as Ti60Nb40 BCC random alloy using a Ti–Nb interatomic potential. Firstly, the misfit dislocations structure on the α−β interface side face has been characterized from MS simulations. This predicted dislocation structure is in good agreement with experimental observations in Ti-alloys. Secondly, MD simulations of the interaction of [a1], [a2], and [a3] prismatic screw dislocations with the interface side face in an α−β bi-crystal were performed at different temperatures. A distinct barrier of the interface side face to different types of dislocation transmission was found. The origin of this anisotropy in the slip transmission is due to the relative misalignment of the slip systems between the α and the β phases from the Burgers orientation relationship. Finally, the mechanisms of slip transmission of each dislocation type were analyzed in a detailed atomistic description and compared to experimental observations.

Survey of phlebotomine sand fly fauna in a public Zoo in Brazil: Species diversity, seasonality, and host variety.

Leishmaniasis is a dynamic disease in which transmission conditions change due to environmental and human behavioral factors. Epidemiological analyses have shown modifications in the spread profile and growing urbanization of the disease, justifying the expansion of endemic areas and increasing number of cases in dogs and humans. In the city of Belo Horizonte, located in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, with a typical urban transmission pattern, but with different regional prevalence. This study was conducted at the Zoo of the Foundation of Municipal Parks and Zoobotany of Belo Horizonte (FPMZB-BH), located in the Pampulha region, which is among the areas most severely affected by VL. This study aimed to determine the taxonomic diversity of native phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), identify climatic variables that potentially affect the phenology of these insects, and determine the blood meal sources for female phlebotomine sand flies. To achieve this, 10 mammal enclosures in the zoo were selected using the presence of possible leishmaniasis reservoirs as a selection criterion, and sampled using light traps between August 2019 and August 2021. A total of 6034 phlebotomine sand flies were collected, indicating nine species, with Lutzomyia longipalpis being the very abundant species (65.35% of the total). Of the 108 engorged phlebotomine collected females, seven samples (6.5%) were positive for blood meals from humans, marsupials, canids, and birds. Relative humidity and rainfall increased the phenology of phlebotomine sand flies, with population increases in the hottest and wettest months. The data obtained will provide guidelines for competent health agencies to implement vector control measures to reduce the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in the FPMZB-BH.

A high-precision automatic recognition method based on target detection for nanometer scaled precipitates or carbides in different alloys

The recognition and statistical analysis of nanometer scaled second phase (NSP), such as precipitates or carbides in alloys is considered to be very important for optimization of mechanical properties. Statistical analysis of the size, number, and distribution of NSPs is required, and manual statistics are difficult and inefficient. In order to solve the above problems, this paper provides an object detection technology for the automatic identification of the NSPs in different alloys. A dataset is constructed by labeling the NSPs in typical transmission electron micrographs (TEM) photographs using a labelImg software. First of all, based on the YOLOv3 object detection network in deep learning, changing the network input size is compatible with the TEM image size. Secondly, using two improved schemes, a priori box K-means clustering and CBAM attention mechanism, a variety of class NSPs detection network is proposed. The statistical results show that the network developed herein has strong applicability. This network can be used for identification for the NSP in several types of alloys, i.e., Cu–Sc alloy, 4Cr5MoSiV1 and Cu–Ni–Si alloy. The accuracy of this network for the recognition of these NSP in Cu–Sc alloy (Cu4Sc precipitates), 4Cr5MoSiV1 (carbides) and Cu–Ni–Si alloy (Ni2Si precipitates) is 93.55%, 81.82% and 93.13%, respectively.

CHO and HepG2 Single-Cell Characterization With Planar Microchip Sensors up to 40 GHz

The article deals with broadband microwave measurements performed on single dead and living biological cells from CHO and HepG2 cell lines. It reports results obtained with coplanar waveguide reflection and transmission type sensors, respectively. A straight-forward single liquid calibration procedure allows to extract the complex cell permittivity and compare it to that of the surrounding medium. The contrast is analyzed through <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$</tex-math></inline-formula> -value tests and in terms of the usual Cole-Cole parameters. The results demonstrate the distinguishability of the cell lines based on the permittivity.

Securing Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystems: A Quantum Cryptography Approach

In order to strengthen the stability of IoT ecosystems, this study explores the interface between Internet of Things (IoT) security and quantum cryptography. Our study goals included assessing the applicability of quantum key distribution, correcting flaws, and investigating the influence of environmental variables on security. We reveal fascinating insights through experimental research that alter IoT security paradigms. A comparison of the typical key setup durations and data transmission rates across various IoT devices and communication protocols shows how effective quantum cryptography is in speeding up key distribution. This effectiveness fits the changing environment of secure communication technologies. Our vulnerability evaluation also shows that quantum key distribution is a potent defense against weaknesses like man-in-the-middle and replay assaults. It is made clear how contextual factors and security interact, emphasizing the importance of adaptable security measures in line with environmental circumstances. We present a comprehensive methodology that balances security with deployment circumstances by merging this contextual sensitivity with quantum cryptography concepts. Our research points to prospective directions for joint investigation between quantum physicists and IoT developers to close the gap between theoretical promise and actual use. Comprehensive insights will be obtained by scaling the use of quantum cryptography to larger IoT networks and other circumstances, but caution is needed to survive the upcoming quantum computing era. The study's conclusion ignites a paradigm change and pushes the quantum revolution into IoT security. Our research promotes more investigation, innovation, and application as we stand on the brink of a new era, protecting IoT ecosystems in a quantum-secure embrace.

О полифункциональности знаков препинания в современном немецком языке (на примере тире)

The article analyzes the functions of the dash in literary German-language texts. The purpose of the study is to clarify and describe the various functions of the dash, to determine its role in the transmission of the communicative intention of the author of the written text. It is established that the dash is a multifunctional punctuation mark which complicates and specifies its functions depending on the contextual conditions of its use and the communicative situation. Two main groups of functions were identified and described: structural-semantic and expressive. Within the framework of structural and semantic functions, the dash is an indicator of logical relations in an utterance – causal and contrast ones. Being a means of a written text division, the dash performs compositional functions: it signals the transition from one type of speech transmission to another, to a new microtheme, a change of the addressee-addresse r of speech. The dash is a graphic means of creating expressiveness, marking expressive syntactic constructions (inserts, separations, introductory structures, attachments, parentheses), pauses in a character’s speech, contributing to the compression of the utterance, the effect of emotional tension, the incompleteness of the utterance. The dash is one of those punctuation marks that have a vivid stylistic potential and are widely used by the authors in order to create a special artistic effect. This applies both to cases where the current punctuation rules allow one to choose between a dash and another character, and when the rules do not require any character at all. The choice of the dash depends on the author’s communicative intention and can be explained based on the context, or by the predominant use of the dash, which is one of the elements of the author’s style.