Reliable Transmission Research Articles

Comparative Study Between the OSI Model and the TCP/IP Model: Architecture and Protocols in Computer Networking Systems

In the world of computing and networking, it is critical to understand the theoretical framework that underlies data communication to ensure the best performance and compatibility between various systems. Both the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) models offer a comprehensive perspective on how the entire communication operation is separated into various layers, with each layer assigned particular roles and functions. This paper compares the OSI and TCP/IP models in terms of the functionalities and responsibilities of the various layers in each model, with an emphasis on how these layers work together to ensure effective and robust network communications. The paper covers encapsulating and decapsulating processes, managing sessions, and ensuring reliable data transmission. The TCP/IP model focuses on practical application with four main layers, while the OSI model has seven detailed layers that provide a theoretical and structured approach. The goal of both models is reliable and standardized communication, which in turn promotes interoperability in a variety of network environments.

Mobility and Temperature Sensitive Energy Efficient Routing (MTS-EER) protocol in a wireless body area network

Sensor technology advancements have provided the platform to implement wireless body area networks, thanks to the nanosized sensor units capable of sensing, aggregating, and forwarding physiological information. The collected information is routed to the desired destination unit for data analysis and decision-making in remote healthcare. However, improving energy utilization remains a brain-teasing problem for the research community, especially considering imbalanced energy consumption and postural movements. Mobility contributes to disconnectivity issues, high energy drainage, and retransmission delays. In addition, the sensor node’s thermal level also poses a challenge in maintaining safer and reliable data transmission. To overcome these issues, a novel Mobility and Temperature Sensitive Energy-Efficient Routing ¬(MTS-EER) algorithm has been proposed that includes a two-step process. In step 1, an Intelligent Path Estimation Function (IPEF) is designed considering the sensor’s mobility, temperature, and energy level. IPEF depends on crucial parameters i.e.: - residual energy, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), distance, total energy, and most importantly temperature of the sensor unit. The sensor node with the least IPEF is selected as the Cluster Head (CH). In step 2, an optimized and sustainable energy conservation model (OSECM) is implemented based on the Adaptive Transmission Power (ATP) and the Power Management Module (PMM). The ATP conserves the energy via intelligently varying the transmission power and PMM manages the sleep pattern of sensor nodes to yield a high network lifetime and efficient energy utilization. The algorithm includes a clustering approach with dual sink nodes to conserve energy and improve reliability. Finally, the results are compared with the recent state-of-the-art research work. The proposed algorithm provides better results considering residual energy, throughput, network lifetime, and end-to-end delay.

Optimizing Indoor Airport Navigation with Advanced Visible Light Communication Systems.

This study presents a novel approach to enhancing indoor navigation in crowded multi-terminal airports using visible light communication (VLC) technology. By leveraging existing luminaires as transmission points, encoded messages are conveyed through modulated light signals to provide location-specific guidance. The objectives are to facilitate navigation, optimize routes, and improve system performance through Edge/Fog integration. The methodology includes the use of tetrachromatic LED-equipped luminaires with On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation and a mesh cellular hybrid structure. Detailed airport modeling and user analysis (pedestrians and luggage/passenger carriers) equipped with PINPIN optical sensors are conducted. A VLC-specific communication protocol with coding and decoding techniques ensures reliable data transmission, while wayfinding algorithms offer real-time guidance. The results show effective data transmission and localization, enabling self-localization, travel direction inference, and route optimization. Agent-based simulations demonstrate improved traffic control, with analyses of user halting and average speed. This approach provides reliable indoor navigation independent of GPS signals, enhancing accessibility and convenience for airport users. The integration of VLC with Edge/Fog architecture ensures efficient movement through complex airport layouts.

Reliability of Arduino Serial Communication Systems: A Case Study on the Application of Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

In embedded systems, serial communication plays a crucial role in data transfer, particularly in Arduino-based projects. However, factors such as electromagnetic interference, noise, and signal degradation can compromise data integrity, leading to significant errors. Effective error detection systems are essential to ensure reliable data exchange. The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is one such method known for its ability to detect errors. Despite its potential, the practical application and impact of CRC on Arduino communication systems have not been extensively explored. This study implements CRC within Arduino serial communication by designing and developing software that integrates CRC for real-time error detection. The study rigorously tests this implementation in various scenarios to evaluate its performance, comparing data integrity with and without CRC. The results show that incorporating CRC significantly improves the reliability of data transmission in Arduino applications, enhancing error detection accuracy. This improvement strengthens existing systems and provides a solid foundation for developing more complex communication frameworks. The research advances reliable communication systems in embedded technologies. By demonstrating CRC's effectiveness in enhancing data integrity, the study offers valuable insights for developers and researchers seeking to improve serial communication across different applications.

Error-Free Arduino Communication: Integrating Hamming Code for UART Serial Transmission

Serial communication is a fundamental method for data transfer in electronic devices, particularly in Arduino-based systems. However, existing protocols, such as Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART), often lack robust error detection mechanisms, leading to potential data integrity issues. This study aims to address the knowledge gap regarding error detection in UART communication by implementing Hamming Code, a well-established method for detecting and correcting single-bit errors. The research employs a systematic approach, including data encoding before transmission and decoding with error correction at the receiver end. The results demonstrate that the integration of the Hamming Code significantly enhances the reliability of data transmission, reducing error rates and improving overall system performance. The implications of this research extend to various applications requiring high data integrity, such as industrial control systems and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. By providing a practical solution to the challenges of error detection in serial communication, this study contributes to the advancement of reliable communication systems in modern technology.

Quadruple impact of SPM, XPM, FWM and SRS nonlinear impairments on the performance of DWDM-PON

Recently, dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (DWDM-PONs) have become a considerable choice for 5G and beyond fronthaul implementations. Formerly, we have proposed a full-duplex bidirectional DWDM-PON architecture convenient for those implementations and analyzed the combined dual impact of four-wave mixing (FWM) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) nonlinear impairments on the proposed architecture. Meanwhile, a detailed literature analysis showed us that the combined quadruple impact of self phase modulation (SPM), cross phase modulation (XPM), FWM and SRS on the performance of bidirectional DWDM-PONs have never been researched up to now. In this paper, quadruple impact of SPM, XPM, FWM and SRS on the performance of both uplink channels (ULCs) and downlink channels (DLCs) of the formerly proposed DWDM-PON has been analyzed with simulations. Simulations have been performed in O-band region for ULCs and in C-band region for DLCs of 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs having 12.5 GHz, 25 GHz, 50 GHz, 100 GHz equally-spaced channels. The quadruple impact of optical nonlinear impairments on the DWDM-PON performance has been analyzed with signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SXR) simulations performed under varying channel input powers and channel lengths. Results show that under the quadruple nonlinear impact reliable bidirectional transmission with an SXR over 23 dB can be achieved for channel input powers below 0.58 mW and 0.16 mW in 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs, respectively, for all channel spacing values and 25 km transmission lengths. Moreover, results also imply that variations in channel lengths do not significantly affect SXR at both ULCs and DLCs of 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs for lengths exceeding 50 km. The thorough analysis presented in the paper will give a new insight for analysis of conventional and next generation PONs.

Data delivery delay and cross-layer packet size analysis for reliable transmission of Licklider transmission protocol in space networks

Data delivery delay and cross-layer packet size analysis for reliable transmission of Licklider transmission protocol in space networks

Design and implementation of asynchronous FIFO

Asynchronous FIFO (First In First Out) refers to two independent clock domains in which data is written to FIFO from one clock domain and read from that FIFO from another. At present, FIFO is widely used in many fields, especially in the systems that need cross-clock communication, asynchronous FIFO is an indispensable component to achieve reliable data transmission. At present, asynchronous FIFO memory worldwide sales and revenue growth, improve the performance and quality of asynchronous FIFO memory to meet market demand has become a trend. In this paper, asynchronous FIFO is introduced, and the design principle, design and implementation of asynchronous FIFO are described in detail. The design and implementation of asynchronous FIFO are introduced.

Proton-triggered rearrangement of the AMPA receptor N-terminal domains impacts receptor kinetics and synaptic localization.

AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are ion channel tetramers that mediate the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission. They are composed of four subunits (GluA1-GluA4); the GluA2 subunit dominates AMPAR function throughout the forebrain. Its extracellular N-terminal domain (NTD) determines receptor localization at the synapse, ensuring reliable synaptic transmission and plasticity. This synaptic anchoring function requires a compact NTD tier, stabilized by a GluA2-specific NTD interface. Here we show that low pH conditions, which accompany synaptic activity, rupture this interface. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal that protonation of an interfacial histidine residue (H208) centrally contributes to NTD rearrangement. Moreover, in stark contrast to their canonical compact arrangement at neutral pH, GluA2 cryo-electron microscopy structures exhibit a wide spectrum of NTD conformations under acidic conditions. We show that the consequences of this pH-dependent conformational control are twofold: rupture of the NTD tier slows recovery from desensitized states and increases receptor mobility at mouse hippocampal synapses. Therefore, a proton-triggered NTD switch will shape both AMPAR location and kinetics, thereby impacting synaptic signal transmission.

Dynamic Injection and Permutation Coding for Enhanced Data Transmission.

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to enhance spectral efficiency in communication systems by dynamically adjusting the mapping between cyclic permutation coding (CPC) and its injected form. By monitoring channel conditions such as interference levels and impulsive noise strength, the system optimises the coding scheme to maximise data transmission reliability and efficiency. The CPC method employed in this work maps information bits onto non-binary symbols in a cyclic manner, aiming to improve the Hamming distance between mapped symbols. To address challenges such as low data rates inherent in permutation coding, injection techniques are introduced by removing δ column(s) from the CPC codebook. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the proposed dynamic adaptation scheme outperforms conventional permutation coding and injection schemes. Additionally, we present a generalised mathematical expression to describe the relationship between the spectral efficiencies of both coding schemes. This dynamic approach ensures efficient and reliable communication in environments with varying levels of interference and impulsive noise, highlighting its potential applicability to systems like power line communications.

The Relationship between the Level of Satisfaction of Blood Delivery Workers with Five Dimensions of Service Quality at UDD PMI Bekasi Regency in 2023

(1) Hospital Blood Bank (BDRS) is one of the health service facilities to meet the needs of blood transfusions of patients but does not rule out the possibility that blood stocks in BDRS are not available so they require assistance from the Indonesian Red Cross Blood Donor Unit (UDD PMI) in meeting the blood needs of patients. UDD PMI Bekasi Regency is carried out almost every time, regardless of the time and weather at that time. Blood collection is usually done by special officers from the hospital. This officer is what connects the chain of blood requests BDRS to UDD PMI Bekasi Regency, where later the officer will carry out blood retention and memory. (2) This research aims to determine the level of ability to use five dimensions quality services to have reliability, response, empathy, and blood transmission in UDD PMI District Bekasii. (3) Methodology This study by distributing questionnaires to 52 blood delivery officer respondents, data processing using data analysis of satisfaction index and ordinal logistic regression, namely simultaneous tests, partial tests, and model conformity tests (Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit Test). (4) The results of this study show that the level of satisfaction of blood delivery officers is based on five dimensions of satisfaction with UDD PMI district services. Bekasi has very satisfactory criteria.

The Hysteresis Behavior of Steel Beam–Column Joint with the Load Bearing-Energy Dissipation Connection for Converter Station Building

Prefabricated converter station building has been gradually applied in the field of power engineering construction due to the advantages of standardized design, high construction efficiency, and quality control. The beam–column joint is the essential constitutive part to ensure structural integrity and reliable force transmission for the prefabricated structure. In this paper, a novel load bearing-energy dissipation connection is proposed and applied to the beam–column joint to improve seismic performance and seismic resilience. Pseudo-static tests were conducted on the beam–column joint with the load bearing-energy dissipation connection, and the test results demonstrated that the tested beam–column joints developed with similar failure modes, and the damage was concentrated in the load bearing-energy dissipation connection while the beam and column remained elastic. The beam–column joint with the load bearing-energy dissipation connection had stable hysteresis behavior, with favorable bearing capacity and energy dissipation behavior. A shorter slip length and a larger bolt distance could lead to better stress development and enhance the bearing capacity, while the slip length barely affected the ductile behavior. Moreover, a finite element model was established and validated to extend the parametric study to provide a preliminary understanding of the mechanical mechanism of the proposed beam–column joint with the load bearing-energy dissipation connection. It was confirmed that the load–-deformation behavior was greatly affected by the slip length, but the slip length barely affected the initial stiffness. The width of the sliding steel fuse influenced the bearing capacity and the degradation behavior. A wider width could lead to a higher bearing capacity and improve the degradation behavior. Based on the analysis of the stress development and stress distribution corresponding to different feature points, it was concluded that the use of bearing-energy dissipation improved the stress development in the framing components and achieved damage concentration.

Enhanced throughput message streaming methods for DAQ systems of physics experiments

In nuclear and particle experiments, to achieve a real-time software-based data acquisition (DAQ) system, a message streaming platform is adopted as a solution for real-time data streaming transmission, facilitating a decoupled and scalable architecture. As increasing data rate in recent experiments demands higher and higher throughput, existing message streaming platforms lack of high single-node throughput, guarantees of reliability, and sequentiality for high-throughput transmission applications. This paper introduces enhanced throughput message streaming methods for DAQ systems, named DAQMQ. DAQMQ utilizes in-memory storage to store messages during transmission, offering high throughput performance and configurable message retention capability. Reliability in high-throughput transmission is strictly guaranteed by employing a two-phased acknowledgment mechanism. By fast reorganizing message streams in real-time, DAQMQ achieves high-throughput non-blocking sequential transmission. Evaluations conducted on ordinary PCs with 10-Gigabit network connections show that DAQMQ achieves a stable single-node throughput of 9.0 Gbit/s even when handling up to 1024 topics. Furthermore, DAQMQ achieves sequential transmission throughput close to that of non-sequential transmission. Tests with a broker or consumer breakdown during high-throughput transmission demonstrate DAQMQ's reliability and asynchronous transmission ability.

Knowledge-assisted differential evolution based non-contact voltage measurement for multiconductor systems in smart grid

Multiconductor systems, such as overhead lines and multicore cables, are widely used in smart grids for their reliable power transmission capabilities. However, measuring the voltage of individual conductors in these systems has been challenging despite their promising applications. This paper proposes a novel framework to address this issue by utilizing a low-cost electric field (EF) sensor array and a knowledge-assisted differential evolution algorithm. The framework involves designing an annular EF sensor array to capture EF information around the multiconductor systems while ensuring its anti-interference capabilities through grounding and balanced electrodes. Furthermore, an optimization problem is formulated to reflect the model accuracy, and a knowledge-assisted differential evolution algorithm is proposed to optimize the voltage values and conductor positions by leveraging knowledge about the conductor positions and EF distribution. The use of this knowledge is expected to generate promising initial solutions for accelerating the optimization process. The proposed framework is experimentally validated, and the results demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the EF sensor array and algorithm in obtaining the voltage of individual conductors in multiconductor systems.

Highly reliable DHR-based polar compilation code communication method

The advent of fifth-generation mobile communication technology, 5G, has raised the bar for data transmission rates, information security, and reliability. Polar codes, the channel coding scheme in the 5G communication standard, encounter issues of singularity, limitations, and passivity in the face of unknown attacks. Therefore, this study introduces a highly reliable DHR-based polar coding communication approach. Drawing parallels between cyber attacks and channel noise, the method incorporates reconfigurable executors, decoding decisions, strategy scheduling, and other mechanisms to enable active defense. The True Relatively Axiom (TRA) is employed to theoretically validate the method’s heterogeneity, redundancy, and dynamics. Comparative simulation experiments with traditional polar decoding algorithms, such as SCL, SC, BP, SCAN, and SSC decoding algorithms, demonstrate that the proposed method not only improves secure transmission efficiency but also guarantees secure and reliable transmission across various attack scenarios. Our code is available at https://github.com/yuluzi/my-code.git.

Ultra-Low-Power Sensor Nodes for Real-Time Synchronous and High-Accuracy Timing Wireless Data Acquisition.

This paper presents an energy-efficient and high-accuracy sampling synchronization approach for real-time synchronous data acquisition in wireless sensor networks (saWSNs). A proprietary protocol based on time-division multiple access (TDMA) and deep energy-efficient coding in sensor firmware is proposed. A real saWSN model based on 2.4 GHz nRF52832 system-on-chip (SoC) sensors was designed and experimentally tested. The obtained results confirmed significant improvements in data synchronization accuracy (even by several times) and power consumption (even by a hundred times) compared to other recently reported studies. The results demonstrated a sampling synchronization accuracy of 0.8 μs and ultra-low power consumption of 15 μW per 1 kb/s throughput for data. The protocol was well designed, stable, and importantly, lightweight. The complexity and computational performance of the proposed scheme were small. The CPU load for the proposed solution was <2% for a sampling event handler below 200 Hz. Furthermore, the transmission reliability was high with a packet error rate (PER) not exceeding 0.18% for TXPWR ≥ -4 dBm and 0.03% for TXPWR ≥ 3 dBm. The efficiency of the proposed protocol was compared with other solutions presented in the manuscript. While the number of new proposals is large, the technical advantage of our solution is significant.

SSH-MAC: Service-Aware and Scheduling-Based Media Access Control Protocol in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network

In the framework of the space-air-ground-ocean integrated network, the underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) plays a pivotal role. The design of media access control (MAC) protocols is essential for the UASN to ensure efficient and reliable data transmission. From the perspective of differentiated services in the UASN, a service-aware and scheduling-based hybrid MAC protocol, named the SSH-MAC protocol, is proposed in this paper. In the SSH-MAC protocol, the centralized scheduling strategy is adopted by sensor nodes with environmental monitoring service, and the distributed scheduling strategy is adopted by sensor nodes with target detection service. Considering the time-varying data generation rate of sensor nodes, the sink node will switch the scheduling mode of sensor nodes based on the specific control packet and adjust the resource allocation ratio between centralized scheduling and distributed scheduling. Simulation results show that the performance of the SSH-MAC protocol, in terms of utilization, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and payload efficiency, is good.

A Novel Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Industrial WSN Using Hybrid Coot-Ls Algorithm with LSTM-Based Dom Prediction

In industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), energy efficiency and reliable data transmission are critical challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable and robust network operations. This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient routing protocol that integrates a Hybrid COOT-LS (Coot- Levy Search) algorithm with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based Dominant Object Motion (DOM) prediction. The routing protocol leverages the strengths of Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to enhance routing efficiency and reduce energy consumption. The Hybrid PSO and ACO algorithms are employed to optimize routing paths by balancing exploration and exploitation, considering multiple factors such as energy levels, node distance, and reliability. The COOT-LS algorithm further refines these paths by incorporating a Levy flight mechanism to enhance the search process. Additionally, the LSTM-based DOM prediction provides accurate forecasts of network conditions, enabling dynamic adjustments to routing strategies in real time. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly improves network lifetime, reduces energy consumption, and enhances data transmission reliability compared to traditional routing protocols. This approach provides a robust and scalable solution for industrial WSN applications, ensuring efficient and reliable network performance in dynamic and complex industrial environments.

Analysis of Reliable Transmission Performance Optimization Methods for Satellite-to-Ground Laser Communication Links

The satellite-to-ground laser communication link plays a crucial role in addressing the technical bottleneck of high-speed information transmission between satellite and ground networks. However, the impact of atmospheric channel conditions poses challenges to the link performance. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and influencing factors of the satellite-to-ground laser communication link. It summarizes methods for optimizing the transmission performance of the link and proposes approaches for optimizing, monitoring, and predicting the link performance through factors such as the optimization of ground station quantity and location, link availability, link transmission quality, and adaptive coding and modulation. These methods enable the optimization of the transmission performance of the satellite-to-ground laser communication link, thus significantly contributing to the realization of high-speed and reliable laser communication between satellite and ground networks.

A Miniaturized Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Implantable Antenna for Use in Hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis is achieved by implanting a smart arteriovenous graft (AVG) to build a vascular pathway, but reliability and stability in data transmission cannot be guaranteed. To address this issue, a miniaturized dual-band circularly polarized implantable antenna operating at 1.4 GHz (for energy transmission) and 2.45 GHz (for wireless telemetry), implanted in a wireless arteriovenous graft monitoring device (WAGMD), has been designed. The antenna design incorporates a rectangular serpentine structure on the radiation surface to reduce its volume to 9.144 mm3. Furthermore, matching rectangular slots on the radiation surface and the ground plane enhance the antenna's circular polarization performance. The simulated effective 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are 11.43% (1.4 GHz) and 12.65% (2.45 GHz). The simulated peak gains of the antenna are -19.55 dBi and -22.85 dBi at 1.4 GHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively. The designed antenna is implanted in a WAGMD both in the simulation and the experiment. The performance of the system is simulated in homogeneous human tissue models of skin, fat, and muscle layers, as well as a realistic adult male forearm model. The measurement results in a minced pork environment align closely with the simulation results.