Transmission Probability Research Articles

Thermoelectric Phenomena in a Magnetic Heterostructure with AAH Modulation: Charge and Spin Figure of Merits

ABSTRACT We put forward a prescription of getting a higher value of the spin-dependent figure of merit in comparison with its charge counterpart in the case of a 1D magnetic heterostructure (a ferromagnetic (FM) chain sandwiched between two non-magnetic 1D lattices) where all the site energies of the heterostructure follow cosine form of modulation defined in Aubry-Andre-Harper (AAH) model. It is shown that due to having a greater number of non-uniform peaks in its transmission spectra, the thermoelectric efficiency of this heterostructure becomes superior compared to that is obtained in a fully ferromagnetic 1D chain. It is also reported that the maximum value of the thermoelectric figure of merit (for both spin and charge-dependent cases) of the heterostructure in a specified energy range gets enhanced in a continuous manner as the disorder strength of the AAH modulation is increased. The Hamiltonian of the proposed quantum system is described within a tight-binding (TB) framework and after the evaluation of transmission probability by utilizing the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) technique, all the important thermoelectric quantities are determined on the basis of Landauer formalism. We believe that our study on this particular topic of spin caloritronics, a subject associated with temperature-dependent spin transmission through a quantum channel, may help to explore several fascinating ideas about spin-related thermoelectric efficiency in many other ferromagnetic quasicrystals.

Transport properties through alternating borophene and graphene superlattices

The electronic transport properties of two junctions (BGB, GBG) made of borophene (B) and graphene (G) are investigated. Using the transfer matrix method with Chebyshev polynomials, we have studied single and multiple barriers in a superlattice configuration. We showed that a single barrier exhibits remarkable tilted transport properties, with perfect transmission observed for both junctions under normal incidence. We found that robust superlattice transmission is maintained for multiple barriers, particularly in the BGB junction. It turns out that by varying the incident energy, many gaps appear in the transmission probability. The number, width, and position of these transmission gaps can be manipulated by adjusting the number of cells, incident angle, and barrier characteristics. For diffuse transport, we observed considerable variations in transmission probability, conductance and the Fano factor, highlighting the sensitivity of these junctions to the physical parameters. We showed different behaviors between BGB and GBG junctions, particularly with respect to the response of conductance and Fano factor when barrier height varies. For ballistic transport, we have seen that the minimum scaled conductance is related to the maximum Fano factor, demonstrating their control under specific conditions of the physical parameters. Analysis of the length ratio (geometric factor) revealed some remarkable patterns, where scaled conductance and the Fano factor converged to certain values as the ratio approached infinity.

Non-Equilibrium Enhancement of Classical Information Transmission.

Information transmission plays a crucial role across various fields, including physics, engineering, biology, and society. The efficiency of this transmission is quantified by mutual information and its associated information capacity. While studies in closed systems have yielded significant progress, understanding the impact of non-equilibrium effects on open systems remains a challenge. These effects, characterized by the exchange of energy, information, and materials with the external environment, can influence both mutual information and information capacity. Here, we delve into this challenge by exploring non-equilibrium effects using the memoryless channel model, a cornerstone of information channel coding theories and methodology development. Our findings reveal that mutual information exhibits a convex relationship with non-equilibriumness, quantified by the non-equilibrium strength in transmission probabilities. Notably, channel information capacity is enhanced by non-equilibrium effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that non-equilibrium thermodynamic cost, characterized by the entropy production rate, can actually improve both mutual information and information channel capacity, leading to a boost in overall information transmission efficiency. Our numerical results support our conclusions.

Multi-objective optimization of asymmetric bit rate partitioning for multipath protection in elastic optical networks

In survivable elastic optical networks, multi-path protection combined with traffic squeezing has gained attention. Link-disjoint multipath routing (LD-MPR) and bandwidth squeezing protection (BSP) when applied to the routing, modulation level and spectrum assignment problem are efficient strategies to address the excessive bandwidth demanded by protected services, spectral fragmentation and link-load balancing. LD-MPR enables the division of service transmission bit rate into independent flows, whereas BSP tolerates traffic reduction under link failure. An open issue in the literature is how to efficiently divide demanded traffic among the link-disjoint routes under dynamic-traffic and BSP, while complying the service level agreement (SLA). We propose in this paper a multi-objective-optimization genetic algorithm that defines how service transmission bit rate should be partitioned among the candidate link-disjoint routes. A customized partitioning definition is made for each source–destination node pair in the network, aiming the simultaneous minimization of network blocking probability and average squeezing transmission bit rate experienced by the services during single-link failure. We also propose, a fixed-alternate routing using groups of disjoint paths (FARgdp). Complex dynamic-traffic network scenarios that simultaneously consider BSP, LD-MPR and FARgdp are addressed.

Spin-dependent shot noise in 8-Pmmn borophene based-superlattice

The effect of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction on the shot noise, spin/valley polarization in 8-Pmmn borophene-based superlattice are studied theoretically, by applying the transfer-matrix approach. The spin-dependent transmission probability can be easily controlled by the number of superlattice barriers, the strength of the Rashba, and the incident electron angle. The Fano factor without spin rotation as well as with spin rotation shows an oscillatory pattern versus the strength of the Rashba, and the oscillatory behavior becomes more pronounced as the number of barriers increases. Also, the Fano factor shows a strong dependence on the superlattice direction and number of barriers. The spin and valley polarizations can be easily controlled by the number of barriers and the direction of superlattice. Our findings in this work could provide useful for valleytronics/spintronics systems based on the 8-Pmmn borophene.

Predicting the Airborne Transmission of Measles: Impact of Indoor Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Levels and Mitigation Strategies.

Measles is a highly contagious cause of febrile illness typically seen in young children. It is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and small-particle aerosols and can remain viable in the air. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, measles remains a major global issue, particularly in regions with low vaccination rates. This study aimed to quantify the airborne transmission risk of the measles virus in various indoor environments. Using indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, we estimated the probability of airborne transmission and the basic reproduction number (Ro) in four hypothetical indoor scenarios, including restaurants, mass gathering events, homes, and business meetings, based on the modified Wells-Riley model. The relationship between airborne transmission rates and indoor CO2 concentrations was visualized, with and without mask usage. Without masks, at an indoor CO2 concentration of 1,000 ppm, the airborne transmission rates were high in homes (100.0%) and business meetings (100.0%) and moderate in restaurants (45.6%) and live events (30.6%). By contrast, the Ro was high in audience-participatory live events (60.9%) and restaurants (13.2%), indicating a higher risk of cluster infections. In all indoor environmental scenarios, a positive linear relationship was found between the risk of airborne transmission and indoor CO2 levels. The risk of airborne transmission varied significantly across scenarios, which was influenced by various parameters, such as mask usage, quality of ventilation, conversation, and exposure duration. This model suggests that the risk of airborne transmission of measles can be easily predicted using a CO2 meter.

DETERMINISTIC MODEL OF ZIKA-VIRUS WITH CARRIER MOTHER AND RESERVOIRS: A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPROACH

In this paper, a mathematical model for the Zika virus is suggested to investigate the transmission dynamics of infection based on humans, pregnant carrier mother, infected children and the reservoir (primates) in three connected populations. Vertical and direct transmissions from all people to primates are considered in the proposed model. The Zika virus then spreads from this reservoir of infection via the nonhuman primate population (infected mosquitoes) to other entities. This virus can be passed on to the human population through an infected mosquito. Therefore, the new model with ten compartmental models has been normalized as follows: The normalized model is analyzed in depth to explore linkages between mosquitoes, humans, and primates on the dynamics of Zika-Virus transmission. The mathematical analysis comprises positivity and boundedness of solutions, determination of the basic reproduction number R0 via next-generation matrix approach, existence and stability of all equilibria as well as sensitivity analysis. Local and Global Stability of the Disease-free Equilibrium. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to verify the analytical results obtained and exhibit the contribution of different model parameters on disease transmission dynamics. The results prove that the interaction of forest mosquitoes with primates has a significant effect on human-Zika-Virus transmission dynamics among the susceptible population due to transitions to forested areas. Moreover, the findings suggest that the transmission probabilities and biting rates of mosquitoes on humans and primates are major parameters in transmitting the disease.

Hydrological Drought Risk Assessment and Its Spatial Transmission Based on the Three-Dimensional Copula Function in the Yellow River Basin

Administrative strategies to cope with drought are steadily changing, from emergency procedures to day-to-day monitoring. More consideration must be paid to long-term and preventive drought control measures in the future. This paper discusses the risk of hydrological drought in the Yellow River Basin. The standardized runoff index (SRI) was used to characterize hydrological drought, and the run theory was used to identify drought states and quantify drought characteristic variables. Based on the drought severity and duration, a drought development plan was proposed and a three-dimensional copula function was constructed to obtain the joint distribution function of three-dimensional drought characteristic variables. A drought risk assessment system based on the loss × probability risk theory was constructed to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of hydrological drought risk in the Yellow River Basin. Finally, according to the risk assessment results, the risk level was divided into low, medium and high risk, and a Bayesian network was used to explore the probability of hydrological drought. The main results are as follows: (1) From 1960 to 2018, the severity of hydrological drought in the Yellow River Basin increased, the duration lengthened, and the development speed accelerated. (2) The hydrological drought risk in the Yellow River Basin showed an overall upward trend, with the fastest increase in the HJ region of 0.041/10a. The highest annual average drought risk in the TDG region is 0.598. (3) The spatial transmission of hydrological drought risk is divided into three types: constant, enhanced and mitigation types, of which the constant type is the most common. The transmission probabilities of low, medium and high risk of hydrological drought from the HYK region to the low, medium and high risk of hydrological drought in the LJ region are 0.68, 0.66 and 0.78, respectively.

Feeding modalities, HIV transmission and its predictors among HIV-exposed infants visited Gamo and Gofa zones public health facilities, Southern Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study

BackgroundDespite the highest (88%) Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV coverage in Eastern Africa, 50% of new HIV infections in children aged 0–14 years occur in the region.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the feeding modalities, the rate of HIV transmission and its predictors among HIV exposed infants (HIV-EIs) visited Gamo and Gofa Zones public health facilities, Southern Ethiopia from January 2013 to February 2019.Method and materialsInstitution-based retrospective follow up study was employed among 450 HIV-EIs having DNA/PCR test results. All infant-mother pair records in selected health facilities were reviewed using a standard data extraction tool from March to July 2019. HIV transmission probabilities were assessed by Kaplan–Meier time-to-event analysis method and log-rank tests were used to compare the risk among different groups. The Cox-proportional hazards model, adjusted on infant feeding modalities and other co-variants was used to identify predictors of HIV transmission, and statistical significance was declared at a p-value of < 0.05.ResultsIn total, 383 complete records were analyzed. In the study, 85.6% (95%CI: 81.6%, 89.1%) of HIV-EIs were exclusively breastfed in the first six months. The 18 months probability of infant HIV transmission was 64 (16.7%) (95%CI: 13.1%–20.8%). The risk of HIV-transmission was higher among infants who were delivered at the hospital than health centers/health posts (AHR = 3.07; 95%CI: 1.19, 7.95); discontinued Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in at least one visit (AHR = 6.32; 95%CI: 3.35, 11.94); did not exclusively breastfeed (AHR = 3.07; 95%CI: 1.72, 5.47) and came from urban areas (AHR = 5.90; 95%CI: 1.40, 24.85).ConclusionsThe study showed that HIV-EIs had a greater rate of 18 months HIV transmission than the national pooled prevalence. The risk of transmission is higher among infants who do not breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months, and the risk increases with the number of months spent by breastfeeding. Therefore, strengthening counselling on safer feeding options and Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis use; provision of quality PMTCT service with special focus in hospitals and urban residents were recommended.

Cost-effectiveness of different intervention strategies of HIV in Zhejiang, China.

Mass screening for HIV and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be effective measures for reducing the probability of HIV transmission. Our study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of preliminary screening in the general population, PrEP for HIV-negative spouses in serodiscordant couples, or both approaches in Zhejiang Province. From a policy-maker's perspective, a Markov model was constructed to compare four strategies over a 30-year horizon. In the Markov model, the implementation intensities of the strategies varied from 50 to 100%. Different strategies were evaluated by the reduction of unfavorable clinical outcomes, saved life-years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and net monetary benefits (NMBs). The PrEP-screening strategy reduced the most unfavorable clinical outcomes and saved the most life-years and QALYs from 2023 to 2052. It always gained the maximum QALYs and NMB, while its ICER was always lower than the willingness-to-pay (WTP). The NMB of the PrEP-screening strategy gradually increased as the implementation intensity increased. With adequate manpower and policies, we suggest implementing the PrEP-screening strategy in Zhejiang Province, suggesting that the broader the population coverage of the strategy, the better. In addition, the PrEP strategy is an alternative.

Hawking radiation of 5D Ricci-flat black hole

In this paper, we investigate the properties of a five-dimensional Ricci-flat black hole within the framework of the Space–Time–Matter theory. By employing the Klein–Gordon equation, we derive the wave function equations for both the mass dimensional coordinate and the radial dimensional coordinate. We present the analytical solutions for the wave function on the mass dimensional coordinate under two distinct scenarios. Remarkably, we observe the absence of quantum effects on the mass dimensional coordinate, which aligns with the absence of a barrier in the wave function equation. For the radial component, we employ the B-spline method to numerically solve its wave function. Our findings reveal the existence of Hawking radiation between the event horizon and the cosmological horizon, with the transmission and reflection probabilities being determined by the presence of a barrier. Furthermore, we discover a significantly higher probability of particle detection near the cosmological horizon, while the probability near the event horizon approaches zero.

Dynamics of spike transmission and suppression between principal cells and interneurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

Synaptic excitation and inhibition are essential for neuronal communication. However, the variables that regulate synaptic excitation and inhibition in the intact brain remain largely unknown. Here, we examined how spike transmission and suppression between principal cells (PCs) and interneurons (INTs) are modulated by activity history, brain state, cell type, and somatic distance between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons by applying cross-correlogram analyses to datasets recorded from the dorsal hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of 11 male behaving and sleeping Long Evans rats. The strength, temporal delay, and brain-state dependency of the spike transmission and suppression depended on the subregions/layers. The spike transmission probability of PC-INT excitatory pairs that showed short-term depression versus short-term facilitation was higher in CA1 and lower in CA3. Likewise, the intersomatic distance affected the proportion of PC-INT excitatory pairs that showed short-term depression and facilitation in the opposite manner in CA1 compared with CA3. The time constant of depression was longer, while that of facilitation was shorter in MEC than in CA1 and CA3. During sharp-wave ripples, spike transmission showed a larger gain in the MEC than in CA1 and CA3. The intersomatic distance affected the spike transmission gain during sharp-wave ripples differently in CA1 versus CA3. A subgroup of MEC layer 3 (EC3) INTs preferentially received excitatory inputs from and inhibited MEC layer 2 (EC2) PCs. The EC2 PC-EC3 INT excitatory pairs, most of which showed short-term depression, exhibited higher spike transmission probabilities than the EC2 PC-EC2 INT and EC3 PC-EC3 INT excitatory pairs. EC2 putative stellate cells exhibited stronger spike transmission to and received weaker spike suppression from EC3 INTs than EC2 putative pyramidal cells. This study provides detailed comparisons of monosynaptic interaction dynamics in the hippocampal-entorhinal loop, which may help to elucidate circuit operations.

Assessing risk of acute respiratory infectious diseases in crowded indoor settings with digital twin and precision trajectory approach

Indoor environments can pose a substantial respiratory infection risk, especially in densely populated areas. It is therefore vital to evaluate and predict infection risks for mobile individuals engaging in indoor activities. However, previous studies have primarily focused on assessing viral transmission probabilities between relatively stationary individuals, disregarding the dynamic features of pedestrian trajectories. To address this issue, we propose an approach that uses precise trajectory data and digital twin technology to evaluate and forecast indoor infection risks for mobile individuals. Our approach involves the utilization of high-precision trajectory data to develop a time-varying virus density field map (VDFM), forming the basis for infection risk assessment. Additionally, we present a deep-learning model that employs the transformer method to predict future time-varying VDFMs and associated infection risks. Furthermore, we introduce digital twin to comprehend real-time interactions between the physical and digital realms within the structure. To validate our approach, we conducted a case study at the Wuhan International Exposition Center, serving as the control room. We performed a sensitivity analysis on various preventive measures, including mask-wearing, social distancing, and indoor infection control. The results highlighted the significant impact of these measures on individual infection risks associated with indoor activities. Our research contributes to the development of tailored prevention and control strategies, which play a critical role in mitigating the spread of respiratory infections. Thus, this study holds significant implications for technology-facilitated public health services.

Simulation Analysis of Factors Affecting the Quantum Tunneling Effect in 1D Double Potential Barriers Structures

The working principle of a large number of modern scientific equipment has been applied to the quantum tunneling effect. Although the explanations for the relevant principles of this effect are clarified, the calculation process is very complex and difficult to understand. Previous studies combine specific applications without theoretical model references. This study adopts the method of using the time-independent Schrodinger equation to solve the wave function, which is more convenient to obtain the expression of transmission probability. Then, one discusses the relationship between transmission probability and potential barrier width, potential barrier spacing, and incident particle energy. The experimental results show that the transmission probability decreases exponentially from 1 to 0 as the potential barrier width gradually increases. As the potential barrier width increases, the transmission probability exhibits a clear periodic oscillation relationship, the oscillation period remains unchanged, and this paper derives the relationship between the oscillation period and the potential barrier width. As the incident energy of particles gradually increases, the transmission probability exhibits periodic changes, and the minimum value of transmission probability increases with the periodic changes. Based on the analysis, the smaller the potential barrier width, the greater the incident energy, and the more likely quantum tunneling occurs.

Transport properties in ABC-ABA-ABC trilayer graphene junctions

Trilayer graphene (TLG) consists of three layers of graphene arranged in a particular stacking order. In the case of ABC-ABA-ABC stacking, the layers are arranged in an A-B-C sequence, followed by an A-B-A sequence, and again an A-B-C sequence. This stacking arrangement introduces specific electronic properties and band structures due to the different stacking configurations. We focus on elucidating the transport properties of a p-n-p junction formed with ABC-ABA-ABC stacking TLG. Employing the transfer matrix method and considering continuity conditions at the junction boundaries, we establish transmission and reflection probabilities, along with conductance. Notably, electron transport through the ABC-ABA-ABC junction exhibits Klein tunneling, resulting in substantial conductance even in the absence of a potential barrier V 0. This effect arises from the effective barrier induced by our specific stacking, facilitating the passage of a maximal number of electrons. However, the presence of V 0 diminishes Klein tunneling, leading to conductance minima. Furthermore, our findings highlight that interlayer bias δ induces a hybridization of the linear and parabolic bands of ABA-TLG within the junction, reducing resonances. In cases where δ ≠ 0 and V 0 ≠ 0, we observe a suppression of the gap, contrary to the results obtained in ABC tunneling studies where a gap exists.

Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Communication Using Markovian Game in a Federated Learning Environment

The paper studies a game theory model to ensure fairness and improve the communication efficiency in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication network using Markovian game theory in a federated learning (FL) environment. The UAV and each vehicle in a cluster utilized a strategy-based mechanism to maximize their model completion and transmission probability. We modeled a two-stage zero sum Markovian game with incomplete information to jointly study the utility maximization of the participating vehicles and the UAV in the FL environment. We modeled the aggregating process at the UAV as a mixed strategy game between the UAV and each vehicle. By employing Nash equilibrium, the UAV determined the probability of sufficient updates received from each vehicle. We analyzed and proposed decision-making strategies for several representative interactions involving gross data offloading and federated learning. When multiple vehicles enter a parameter transmission conflict, various strategy combinations are evaluated to decide which vehicles transmit their data to the UAV. The optimal payoff in a transmission window is derived using the Karush–Khun–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions. We also studied the variation in optimal model parameter transmission probability, average packet delay, UAV transmit power, and the UAV–Vehicle optimal communication probabilities under different conditions.

Equilibrium evaporation coefficients quantified as transmission probabilities for monatomic fluids

Equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the liquid/vapor interface where particle exchange between the liquid and vapor phase is quantified in terms of the evaporation and condensation coefficient. The coefficients are extracted from MD simulations via a particle counting procedure. This requires defining a vapor boundary position for which we introduce an accurate and robust method and present a comparative study with existing methods from the literature. This novel method relies on the behavior of the flux coefficient within the interphase region by scanning the position of a particle sink boundary from the liquid toward the vapor phase. We find a distinct local maxima is attained on the vapor side of the interphase that is identified as the vapor boundary position based on an interpretation of transmission probability theory and the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The ratio of the evaporation flux to the outgoing flux at this location is defined as the evaporation coefficient. This method retains the simplicity of existing methods but eliminates several disadvantages. We apply this method to MD simulations of monatomic fluids neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. We observe a correlation between the molecular transport parameter appearing in the transmission probability theory and the characteristic interface fluctuation length scale from the capillary wave theory. This gives an expression for the evaporation coefficient that agrees well with values extracted from MD using the particle counting procedure. Compared to existing methods, the evaporation/condensation coefficient is determined more accurately for temperatures between the triple and critical points.

In-silico insights of ESBL variants and tracking the probable sources of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in a small-scale poultry farm

Commercial broiler farms face challenges of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli transmitted from both vertical and horizontal routes. Understanding the dynamics of ESBL-E. coli transmission in compromised biosecurity settings of small-scale rural poultry farms is essential. This study aimed to elucidate the probable transmission pathways of ESBL-E. coli in such settings, employing phylogenetic analysis and molecular docking simulations to explore the catalytic properties of β-lactamase variants. Sampling was conducted on a small-scale poultry farm in West Bengal, India, collecting 120 samples at three intervals during the broiler production cycle. E. coli isolates underwent resistance testing against eight antimicrobials, with confirmation of ESBL production. Genotypic analysis of ESBL genes and sequencing were performed, alongside molecular docking analyses and phylogenetic comparisons with publicly available sequences. Among 173 E. coli isolates, varying resistance profiles were observed, with complete resistance to cefixime and high resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline. The incidence of ESBL-E. coli fluctuated over the production cycle, with dynamic changes in the prevalence of blaCTX-M-type and blaSHV-type genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated partial clonal relationships with human clinical strains and poultry strains from the Indian subcontinent. Molecular docking confirmed the catalytic efficiencies of these ESBL variants. The study highlights probable vertical transmission of ESBL-E. coli and emphasizes drinking water as a potential source of horizontal transmission in small-scale poultry farms. Strict biosecurity measures could prevent the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in birds and their products in a small scale poultry farm.

Secrecy Performance Enhancement Using Self-Interference Cancellation in Wireless Mutual Broadcast Networks for Proximity-Based Services.

With the increasing demand for data exchange between nearby devices in proximity-based services, enhancing the security of wireless mutual broadcast (WMB) networks is crucial. However, WMB networks are inherently vulnerable to eavesdropping due to the open broadcast nature of their communication. This paper investigates the improvement of secrecy performance in random-access-based WMB (RA-WMB) networks by integrating physical layer security (PLS) techniques with hybrid duplex (HBD) operations under a stochastic geometry framework. The HBD method balances half-duplex (HD) receiving and full-duplex (FD) transceiving, utilizing self-interference cancellation (SIC) to enhance PLS performance. Key operational parameters, including transmission probability (TxPr), friendly jammer density, and conditions for FD operation, are designed to maximize secrecy performance. The analytical and numerical results demonstrate significant improvements in PLS performance, with SIC playing a critical role, particularly in scenarios with dense legitimate nodes, and with TxPr adjusted to balance HD receiving and FD transceiving based on SIC imperfections. The proposed design principles provide a comprehensive framework for enhancing the security of WMB networks, addressing the complex interplay of interference and SIC in various network configurations.

Transmissions in Gapped Graphene Exposed to Tilting and Oscillating Barriers

AbstractThe transmissions of fermions are investigated through gapped graphene structures by employing a combination of double barrier tilting and a time‐oscillating potential. The latter introduces additional sidebands into the transmission probability that manifest at energy levels determined by the frequency and incident energy. These sidebands arise from the absorption or emission of photons generated by the oscillating potential. It is demonstrated that the tilting and positioning of the scattering events within the barriers play a crucial role in determining the peak of tunneling resistance. In particular, the presence of a mid‐barrier‐embedded scatter leads to a transition from a peak to a cusp when the incident energy reaches the Dirac point within a barrier. Additionally, it is that introducing a time‐varying potential results in transmissions dispersing across both the central band and the sidebands.