Transmission Of Typhoid Fever Research Articles

Sexual transmission of typhoid fever: a multistate outbreak among men who have sex with men.

In August 2000, the Ohio Department of Health reported a cluster of men with typhoid fever who denied having traveled abroad. To determine the cause and the extent of the outbreak, an epidemiological investigation was initiated in which 7 persons in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana with culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection and 2 persons with probable typhoid fever were evaluated; all were men, and all but one reported having had sex with 1 asymptomatic male S. Typhi carrier. We document sexual transmission of typhoid fever, which may be acquired by means of oral and anal sex, as well as via food and drink.

Typhoid fever in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia--high-risk groups and high-risk behaviours.

We performed a hospital-based case-control study to identify high risk groups and routes of transmission of typhoid fever in the city of Ujung Pandang on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The annual incidence of this disease in southern Sulawesi is estimated at 3.1/1000 and the case fatality at 5.1% Cases were 50 patients over 13 years of age admitted to Stella Maris Hospital with a diagnosis of typhoid fever between June and September 1991. Diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and in 90% of cases confirmed by a Widal test. Controls were 42 patients admitted for non-infectious disorders during the same period and individually matched by age and sex. Controls did not have a history of typhoid fever. Interviews took place in hospital. Analysis was by unconditional logistic regression. High-risk groups consisted of those who were single, unemployed and those who had a university education. Median age of cases was 22 years. Consumption of food from warungs (food stalls in the street) was strongly associated with risk (OR = 45). Both cases and controls washed hands after use of the toilet and before meals, but cases used soap significantly less often (OR = 30). The results of this study can be used to take preventive measures against this severe disease of educated and single young adults by targetting them for IEC-activities emphasizing the importance of thorough hand-washing and the need to take care in the selection of street-foods.

Does Organic Gardening Foster Foodborne Pathogens?-Reply

In Reply. —The public health hazard of fresh fruits and vegetables contaminated with feces used as fertilizer is a longstanding concern. Early in this century, Creel 1 called attention to transmission of typhoid fever bacillus via fresh produce contaminated with human sewage. In W. Somerset Maugham's 1925 novel The Painted Veil , a despondent microbiologist committed suicide during a cholera epidemic by eating a fresh garden salad that was understood to be grown with human sewage fertilizer. More recently, foodborne outbreaks of E coli 0157:H7 infection and of cryptosporidiosis in apple cider, juice, and lettuce have highlighted concern that foodborne pathogens present in animal manures might also find their way into fresh produce. 2 This could happen directly, via use of insufficiently composted manure as fertilizer, or indirectly, through irrigation water or untreated wash waters that are contaminated with animal manures. A small outbreak of E coli 0157:H7 infection attributed to homegrown produce

Oral immunisation against typhoid fever in Indonesia with Ty21a vaccine

When tested under conditions of moderate transmission of typhoid fever, a liquid formulation of the oral typhoid fever vaccine Ty21a had a protective efficacy of 96% in Egypt, and an enteric coated capsule formulation had an efficacy of 67% in Chile. We compared the two formulations under conditions of intense transmission of typhoid fever in Indonesia in a randomised, double-blind trial. 20 543 subjects (age range 3-44 years) received either three doses of enteric coated capsules containing placebo or live Ty21a, or three doses of lyophilised placebo or live Ty21a reconstituted with phosphate buffer. During 30 months of follow-up, the rate of blood-culture-positive typhoid fever among controls was 810/100 000 per year. Rates of typhoid fever were 379/100 000 per year for subjects who received the liquid formulation of vaccine and 468/100 000 per year for subjects who received enteric coated capsules. The protective efficacies of the liquid and enteric coated formulations were 53% and 42%, respectively. Neither formulation protected against infection with Salmonella paratyphi A. No major side-effects were noted, but the overall incidence of side-effects was greater in the vaccine groups. Under conditions of intense transmission, Ty21a protected against typhoid fever; however, because Ty21a will not protect all individuals, there is a need for additional approaches to prevent the disease.

An epidemiological model for direct and indirect transmission of typhoid fever

The modified SIS epidemiological model considers the usual direct transmission (short cycle) and indirect transmission (long cycle) of typhoid fever. Thresholds are determined, and the equilibrium points are shown to be globally stable. Local stability of the equilibrium points is shown in the corresponding model with vaccines. After estimating parameters using current statistical data for typhoid fever in Chile, computer simulations are used to obtain the numerical behavior of this disease and to estimate the effect of several control policies.

Two Errors in Enteric Epidemiology: The Stories of Austin Flint and Max von Pettenkofer

The misconceptions of two physicians, Austin Flint and Max von Pettenkofer, in interpreting epidemiologic data on the water transmission of enteric disease are reviewed. Austin Flint failed to recognize the transmission of typhoid fever from well water in an epidemic he investigated in North Boston, New York, in 1843. He later discovered and freely admitted his error. Max von Pettenkofer, who had studied cholera in the 1854 outbreak and in many subsequent outbreaks, failed to confirm John Snow's observations in England on the water transmission of cholera. Pettenkofer eventually swallowed live cholera bacilli and did not develop cholera. He remained convinced to the end of his life that cholera is not directly transmitted by drinking water.

The movement of typhoid organisms in saturated, permeable soil

An outbreak of typhoid fever in Yakima County, Wash., is compared with 11 similar episodes of groundwater transmission of typhoid fever reported in the literature. The survival time and the distance bacteria can travel in groundwater are analyzed by using a linear regression correlated with the velocity of groundwater flow in various types of soils.

Doctors in the kitchen. Experiments with cooking bivalve mollusks.

The use of raw or hurriedly steamed shellfish is recognized as a vehicle for the transmission of typhoid fever and Type A viral hepatitis.1 Steaming contaminated clams for five minutes or less is not sufficient for them to reach an internal temperature suitable for sterilization.2 Steaming for 15 minutes does suffice for sterilization, but this method of cooking does not ensure a palatable result.In southern Italy, there is heavy bacterial pollution of sea water in most populated areas, and many lots of mollusks sold on the market lack official certification since they come from clandestine beds. Nevertheless, the use . . .

Hepatitis from eating steamed clams.

To the Editor.— Public Health authorities have long banned the sale of shellfish caught in contaminated waters because of the danger of typhoid fever transmission. 1,2 The discovery that shellfish can also transmit hepatitis has strengthened the importance of this ban. While definite outbreaks of hepatitis have occurred when contaminated shellfish have entered commercial distribution, Koff et al 3 demonstrated that eating raw shellfish may be an important mode of transmission for many cases of sporadic hepatitis. They found that steamed (but not fried) clams appear to be epidemiologically implicated as well. They also demonstrated that temperatures during steaming of clams are not high enough or maintained long enough to inactivate the hepatitis virus. 4 However, a case of hepatitis directly associated with eating steamed clams has not been documented. This paper reports a small outbreak from contaminated clams and emphasizes the risk of obtaining shellfish from contaminated waters. Report of a

Possible transmission of typhoid fever by an asymptomatic infant

An outbreak of three cases of typhoid fever, one fatal, is described. The source of the infection was probably a chronic carrier, a child minder who had suffered from typhoid fever in 1946. The infection was possibly transmitted to the patients by an infant who developed no clinical illness but showed TH agglutinin in his serum.

The method of transmission of avian typhoid

The method of transmission of avian typhoid

TYPHOID FEVER IN RURAL VIRGINIA A PRELIMINARY REPORT

TYPHOID FEVER IN RURAL VIRGINIA A PRELIMINARY REPORT Allen W. FreemanM. D., and L. L. LumsdenM. D. CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2.4.240 Published Online: August 30, 2011

Concerning sewage disposal from the standpoint of pollution of oysters and other shellfish, and especially with reference to their transmission of typhoid fever

Concerning sewage disposal from the standpoint of pollution of oysters and other shellfish, and especially with reference to their transmission of typhoid fever

Transmission of Typhoid Fever through the Air

Transmission of Typhoid Fever through the Air

The Transmission of Typhoid-Fever by the Air

The Transmission of Typhoid-Fever by the Air