Digital Image Transmission Research Articles

Streaming w kulturze – uwagi wstępne

Streaming, delivering content on demand of the viewer / listener with the help of digital image and sound transmission is a hot topic in the contemporary discussion on the consumption of culture. However, there are no studies of this phenomenon, which affects the problem with the standardization of streaming and the definition of its components (live streaming, streaming on demand, transmission protocol, ingesting, container, audio-video codec, VOD / ROD). The article reviews the phenomenon of streaming based on selected institutions using it: Digital Concert Hall from Berliner Philharmoniker, London Symphony Orchestra, NOSPR, BBC, TVP, Netflix, iTunes, Polish Radio). Due to the dissemination of the phenomenon, the author postulates broadening the research.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem with poker shuffling transformation based water marking method for the secured transmission of digital medical images

Digital watermarking is a technique that provides security and authentication for digital image transmission. In general, patient reports are stored in the form of a medical image. A medical image shared through the Internet can be easily modified by an unauthorized user. In order to overcome this risk, we have proposed a method, namely, Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem with poker shuffling transformation-based watermarking method for ensuring security for the digital medical images. In this paper, the watermarking process initially is done at an encrypted DWT-DCT domain. Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem is used for encrypting the original image. The watermark image is scrambled using poker shuffling transformation to generate the scrambled image. This is followed by the encryption of the scrambled image. The embedding process is used for generating an encrypted watermark image. The extraction process involves the decryption of encrypted watermark image for getting the original and the watermark image. The medical data is collected from the private hospitals. The experimental results have established the improvement in the robustness of our proposed watermarking system in an encrypted DWT-DCT domain apart from providing security for the digital image transmission.

Fatigue deformation in a polycrystalline nickel base superalloy at intermediate and high temperature: Competing failure modes

The microstructural configurations that favor early strain localization and fatigue crack initiation at intermediate and high temperature (400 °C–650 °C) have been investigated using novel experimental techniques, including high resolution digital image correlation and transmission scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic fatigue experiments in the high and low cycle fatigue regimes have been performed on a René 88DT polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy at temperatures up to 650 °C and compared to previous fatigue results obtained from tests in the very high cycle fatigue regime. Competing failure modes are observed along with an inversion in the temperature fatigue life dependence of fatigue strength from the low to high cycle fatigue regime. Oxidation-assisted processes are dominant at high applied stresses while cyclic plastic localization and accumulation govern fracture at low applied stresses. In addition, a second competing mode exists in the high and very high cycle fatigue regime from non-metallic inclusions as compared to internal intrinsic initiation sites. The grain-scale features that exhibit strain localization and crack initiation were investigated in detail. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission scanning electron microscopy (TSEM) and electron channeling contrast imaging have been conducted on samples removed from targeted regions with microstructural configurations that favor crack initiation to characterize the associated dislocation sub-structure and its evolution with temperature. Plasticity is observed to be less localized during cyclic loading at high temperature compared to room temperature. The microstructural features that drive initiation across the temperature range investigated are: twin-parent grains pairs that are at the upper end of the size distribution, are oriented for near maximum elastic modulus mismatch, and have high stresses along planes parallel to the twin boundaries.

Method of transmission of dynamic multibit digital images from micro-unmanned aerial vehicles

In connection with successful usage of nanotechnologies in remote sensing great attention is paid to the systems in micro-unmanned aerial vehicles (MUAVs) capable to provide high spatial resolution of dynamic multibit digital images (MDI). Limited energy resources on board the MUAV do not allow transferring a large amount of video information in the shortest possible time. It keeps back the broad development of MUAV. The search for methods to shorten the transmission time of dynamic MDIs from MUAV over the radio channel leads to the methods of MDI compression without computational operations onboard the MUAV. The known compression codecs of video information can not be applied because of the limited energy resources. In this paper we propose a method for reducing the transmission time of dynamic MDIs without computational operations and distortions onboard the MUAV. To develop the method a mathematical apparatus of the theory of conditional Markov processes with discrete arguments was used. On its basis a mathematical model for the transformation of the MDI represented by binary images (BI) in the MDI, consisting of groups of neighboring BIs (GBI) transmitted by multiphase (MP) signals, is constructed. The algorithm for multidimensional nonlinear filtering of MP signals is synthesized, realizing the statistical redundancy of the MDI to compensate for the noise stability losses caused by the use of MP signals.

Performance Evaluation of a Document Image Watermarking Approach With Enhanced Tamper Localization and Recovery

Digital transmission of sensitive images and documents over unsecure networks, such as the Internet, has become a general practice. As a result, the digital content has become vulnerable to intentional and unintentional modifications during transmission. Prior to considering the reliability of such digital content, it is important that the authentication and the integrity of the content can be confirmed. Such issues were largely considered in the literature for natural and texture-based images, with only minimal work found to address the challenge of sensitive document images with known constraints. In this paper, we present an evaluation of a non-blind robust-watermarking approach with linear interpolation for tamper-detection, localization and recovery. Performance of the proposed approach and its resistance to random paint-based and Stirmark-based attacks for sensitive documents are investigated. Throughout this paper, a sensitive Arabic scripture was used as a case study of a sensitive document image, in which such operations were performed. The proposed model presents a superior tamper detection and recovery capability in comparison to other models in the related literature. Simulation results had demonstrated that the proposed method was robust to malicious attacks and was capable of localizing and correcting tampered regions with a high degree of accuracy. Significantly, it was noted that an average of 43 dB was obtained for the peak signal-to-noise ratio results, while generally low-BER results were achieved, with a rate of 0% in some cases. Finally, the proposed approach possessed a further advantage in its broad applicability to other sensitive digital image content.

Generalized Fuzzy metric Spaces with an application to Colour image filtering

Impulsive noise is a problem encountered during the acquisition and transmission of digital images. Fuzzy metrics dealing nicely with the nonlinear nature of digital images are used in vector median-based filters for noise reduction in colour and multichannel images. In this paper, We generalize the concept of Fuzzy metric space (In the sense of George and Veeramani) and introduce the notion of Generalized Fuzzy n-Metric Space. The theory for such spaces is developed and as practical application, we propose some new filters based on these Generalized fuzzy metrics for colour image processing.

Synchronization of Generalized Using to Image Encryption

The problem of the secure transmission of digital image has paid more and more attention to the network and this paper designs a special image encryption scheme. Image encryption scheme is designed based on the hyper chaos of generalized five-order Henon mapping and five-order cellular neural network (CNN) system. Firstly, the chaotic sequence [Formula: see text], which is regarded as the initial conditions of CNN system, is generated by the five-order generalized Henon mapping. Then another chaotic sequence [Formula: see text] is produced by the CNN system. At last, the cipher image is generated by the transformation of random sequence [Formula: see text] and the original image. Toward the end, the paper makes the simulation experiment and draws a conclusion that the algorithm of image encryption has strong attack resistance, good safety, and suitable to spread in the network through analyzing the statistical characteristics of the image information entropy, correlation and histogram as well as the key space and the sensitivity.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ANTICANCER MEASURES IN TERRITORIES WITH LOW POPULATION DENSITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TOMSK REGION

The poor performance of rural health in remote from the center territories of the Tomsk region, determined the need for the optimization of cancer control measures. In 2013-2015 in the oncology service of the Tomsk region there were occurred structural and qualitative changes: there was formed a three-level system of the provision of specialized health care. For workers of the first level of health care system - feldsher obstetric units (FOUs) there were approved methodical approaches to the organization and implementation of screening for external location cancer, the formation of cancer risk groups for further examination; routing and observation of cases with risk factors, precancerous and background processes; documenting of the execution of the examination for cancer; routing and tactics for the observation of cancer patients. There are introduced motivational measures for the improvement of the quality of the work of medical staff. There are actively practiced mobile forms of the activity, with taking into account seasonality, the state of the transport accessibility (the use of mobile mammographs based on KAMAZ chassis, the regional project «The floating clinic», curation of districts by oncologists). There was introduced the mechanism of «individual road map», including telemedical technologies for distance observation of patient documents (the number of unnecessary visits of rural residents decreased by 30%). There were founded primary oncological units (POU), their base is enhanced by the diagnostic equipment, which reduced the number of underexamined patients by 47.5%. There was created the network of primary cytological laboratories completed with microscopes with digital processing and transmission of images over the Internet, there were performed more than 20,000 telemedical consultations, resulting in 70 diagnosed cases of cervical cancer for 2 years. The execution of POU-based courses of drug antitumor therapy increased the number of patients received the treatment at site of residing by 2.2 times. There was organized beneficiary drug coverage, including drugs for the treatment of chronic pain. Thanks to the work of POUs in the new status there were increased both the coverage of the population by cancer preventive examinations and indices of detection rates of precancerous diseases and chronic external localization diseases as in men as well in women.

Robust Encryption System Based on Novel Chaotic Sequence

The aim of this study is proposing a novel chaotic system in which the variables of the system are treated as encryption keys to achieve secure transmission of digital images. The proposed system has high sensitivity to the variation of its initial values and parameters producing unpredictable trajectories. The novel system successfully passes the 0-1 test and FIPS PUB 140-1 statistical tests that check the distribution of the distinguished elements by generated chaotic sequences. The results obtained proved the robustness of the image encryption/decryption system based on sequences generated from the proposed chaotic generator.

Reversible data hiding with contrast enhancement and tamper localization for medical images

Digital transmission of medical images often involves hiding crucial information in some parts of the images which should be later extracted to authenticate ownership and identity. In this paper, a new reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithm for medical images is proposed. The primary objective of the algorithm is to achieve contrast enhancement of the region of interest (ROI) without introducing distortion, and achieve tamper localization against attacks on the ROI. First, the background and ROI of the medical image are segmented using Otsu's automatic optimal thresholding method. To reduce the visual distortion, an improved scheme for preprocessing is applied to reduce the number of disordered pixels. By expanding the peak-pairs of the ROI histogram, data embedding along with distortion-less contrast enhancement of the ROI is achieved. The feature-bit matrix generated from the ROI is embedded into the least significant bits (LSBs) of the background pixels. At the receiving end, the tampered contents from the ROI of the detected image can be located using a difference matrix between the feature-bit matrix generated from the ROI and that extracted from the background. In the absence of tampering, the original ROI can be completely restored after the embedded data is extracted. Experimental results demonstrate that in comparison with some state-of-the-art RDH algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves better performance in terms of contrast enhancement of ROI, preserving visual quality of the background and tamper localization.

Covering the Monitoring Network: A Unified Framework to Protect E-Commerce Security

Multimedia applications in smart electronic commerce (e-commerce), such as online trading and Internet marketing, always face security in storage and transmission of digital images and videos. This study addresses the problem of security in e-commerce and proposes a unified framework to analyze the security data. First, to allocate the definite security resources optimally, we build our e-commerce monitoring model as an undirected network, where a monitored node is a vertex of the graph and a connection between vertices is an undirected edge. Moreover, we aim to find a minimal cover for the monitoring network as the optimal solution of resource allocation, which is defined as the network monitoring minimization problem (NMM). This problem is proved to be NP-hard. Second, by analyzing the latent threats, we design a novel and trusted monitoring system that can integrate incident monitoring, data analysis, risk assessment, and security warnings. This system does not touch users’ privacy data. Third, we propose a sequential model-based risk assessment method, which can predict the risk according to the text semantics. Our experimental results on web scale data demonstrate that our system is flexible enough when monitoring, which also verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our system.

Multiple-image encryption algorithm based on mixed image element and permutation

To improve encryption efficiency and facilitate the secure transmission of multiple digital images, by defining the pure image element and mixed image element, this paper presents a new multiple-image encryption (MIE) algorithm based on the mixed image element and permutation, which can simultaneously encrypt any number of images. Firstly, segment the original images into pure image elements; secondly, scramble all the pure image elements with the permutation generated by the piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) system; thirdly, combine mixed image elements into scrambled images; finally, diffuse the content of mixed image elements by performing the exclusive OR (XOR) operation among scrambled images and the chaotic image generated by another PWLCM system. The comparison with two similar algorithms is made. Experimental results and algorithm analyses show that the proposed MIE algorithm is very simple and efficient, which is suitable for practical image encryption.

Optimized Secure Image Transmission approach Lossless Secret Image Recovery Based on Secret Fragmented Mosaic Images

The prominence of the digital image processing is growing in the field of security, as now s days the transfer of images from one entity to another entity using internet as source of medium is increased. The digital image transmission has advanced applications in the field of security such as security related the confidentiality of medical databases, preventing leakages from the military databases, privacy protection the enterprise related documents and online document storage systems. Although lot of research has been done on secure image transmission but still it too has some unresolved issues such as leakages while transmissions and loss of the confidentiality is another drawback. An innovative approach is implemented in this paper and the main idea of the proposed work is create meaningful secret fragment mosaic image system and the important implementation in the proposed work is the secret fragment mosaic image size is same as that of preselected target image which gives scope to provide more payload capacity. The generation of the mosaic image is the resultant of the block fragments of the selected secret image and the mosaic image in the process is looks alike of the target image which is used as the source to hide the secret image by successfully transforming the color characteristics of the secret image similar to the blocks of the target image. Finally the simulation results show the performance in terms of presenting the meaningful secure image transmission technique for the lossless recovery and the necessary data is embedded into mosaic image for the recovery of the securely transmitted secret image.

From suspension toward emulsion and mini-emulsion polymerisation to control particle size, particle size distribution, and sphereness of printing toner

Purpose Printing toners are polymer composites accountable for transmission of digital images onto target substrates. Bearing in mind the ever increasing demand for high quality digital printing, modification and/or integration of existing techniques for manufacturing toners with favourable morphological and colour characteristics appears of vital importance. The present study aims to uncover the significance of in-situ polymerisation method, i.e. suspension, emulsion and mini-emulsion to control the microstructure of toner particles (particle size, particle size distribution and sphereness) while keeping the energy required for polymerisation along with reaction conversion at a reasonable level. Design/methodology/approach Assessment of particle size, particle size distribution and reaction conversion visualised the potential of suspension, emulsion and mini-emulsion polymerisation techniques to control microstructure, and colour characteristics of synthesized toners as well. Findings The results provided support for the fact that either the emulsion or mini-emulsion polymerisation routes will result in toners having an acceptable particle size and particle size distribution in the presence of a redox precursor. The higher monomer conversion at low temperature, as compared to the suspension polymerisation, was noticeable. Practical implications Analysing the glass transition temperature and colour characteristics of the resulting toners elucidated the superiority of mini-emulsion with respect to the other two cases which ranks this method on account of application. Originality/value For the first time, mini-emulsion route was put into practice and toners with acceptable colour and microstructure features were synthesised. In spite of lower polymerisation temperature and higher conversion of mini-emulsion compared to suspension and emulsion polymerisation techniques, further investigations are required to fine-tuning the properties of toners produced through this method.

Imaging Informatics: 25 Years of Progress.

The science and applications of informatics in medical imaging have advanced dramatically in the past 25 years. This article provides a selective overview of key developments in medical imaging informatics. Advances in standards and technologies for compression and transmission of digital images have enabled Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS) and teleradiology. Research in speech recognition, structured reporting, ontologies, and natural language processing has improved the ability to generate and analyze the reports of imaging procedures. Informatics has provided tools to address workflow and ergonomic issues engendered by the growing volume of medical image information. Research in computeraided detection and diagnosis of abnormalities in medical images has opened new avenues to improve patient care. The growing number of medical-imaging examinations and their large volumes of information create a natural platform for "big data" analytics, particularly when joined with high-dimensional genomic data. Radiogenomics investigates relationships between a disease's genetic and gene-expression characteristics and its imaging phenotype; this emerging field promises to help us better understand disease biology, prognosis, and treatment options. The next 25 years offer remarkable opportunities for informatics and medical imaging together to lead to further advances in both disciplines and to improve health.

‘Snapchat’, youth subjectivities and sexuality: disappearing media and the discourse of youth innocence

ABSTRACTResearch on youth subjectivities and disappearing media is still in its infancy. Ephemeral technologies such as Snapchat, Frankly and Wickr offer young people opportunities for discursive agency, harnessing teenage discourses of social positioning. These media facilitate social mobility in teen peer contexts by providing a medium for dynamic and shifting relationships. The transmission of digital images can enable a social flexibility that has a significant impact on youth subjectivities where discursively constructed relational identities are brokered through cyber technologies. We tackle the question ‘what discourses are evoked and produced in the discussion of disappearing social media?’ by exploring two parents’ accounts of their children’s use of this media. We also examine a discourse of innocence that surrounds teens’ use of social media and, in particular, ephemeral applications, by sexting and cyberbullying. We engage in the debate on the use of ephemeral social media to consider the discourses influencing youth subjectivities and the nature of networked publics.

Imaging through plasmonic nanoparticles

The optical properties of metallic nanoparticles with plasmon resonances have been studied extensively, typically by measuring the transmission of light, as a function of wavelength, through a nanoparticle suspension. One question that has not yet been addressed, however, is how an image is transmitted through such a suspension of absorber-scatterers, in other words, how the various spatial frequencies are attenuated as they pass through the nanoparticle host medium. Here, we examine how the optical properties of a suspension of plasmonic nanoparticles affect the transmitted image. We use two distinct ways to assess transmitted image quality: the structural similarity index (SSIM), a perceptual distortion metric based on the human visual system, and the modulation transfer function (MTF), which assesses the resolvable spatial frequencies. We show that perceived image quality, as well as spatial resolution, are both dependent on the scattering and absorption cross-sections of the constituent nanoparticles. Surprisingly, we observe a nonlinear dependence of image quality on optical density by varying optical path length and nanoparticle concentration. This work is a first step toward understanding the requirements for visualizing and resolving objects through media consisting of subwavelength absorber-scatterer structures, an approach that should also prove useful in the assessment of metamaterial or metasurface-based optical imaging systems.

A New Composite Biomarker for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

In 2004, at the FASEB meeting, we introduced our new proprietary, biomarker‐based MarkPap® technology for detection of abnormal cells on cervical specimens.At subsequent meetings, we followed with reports for further developments of this platform technology, e.g., semi automated processing, diagnosis at distance with digital (TelePap) and mobile (Mobile Pap) transmission of microscopic images from POC to medical centers. Empowering the methodology with IT technology (telecytopathology) it became infrastructure‐independent and a possibility for self‐specimen collection (MarkPap Self) opened a prospective for global cervical cancer screening.On the most recent FASEB meetings we presented our results from building IT Telehealth Center for Telecytopathology with proprietary communication network to a global networking system enabling automatic exchange of secure digital image (high resolution, still, metadata) files between POCs and medical centers for the purpose of global cervical cancer screening.This time, we are presenting a composite, meaningful biomarker MEDYKO, an acronym, composed of ME ‐ pre‐malignant changes (cervical acid phosphatase); DY‐dysplasia, dyskaryosis (malignancy); KO – koilocytes, HPV disease (poor prognosis). This composition of biomarkers provides instant visual information of the metabolic status of cell undergoing transformation, morphological status of the nucleus indicating DNA malignant alteration, and koilocytes indicating poor prognosis because of the chronic HPV disease. All three parameters were present in high percent of cases of advanced cervical cancer and hierarchically less expressed in HSIL, LSIL and ASCUS.These results warrant further work on multiple biomarkers related to malignant disorders, which instant recognition on Pap smears could improve the clinical value of such new Pap test and return it to prior status of the “best anticancer screening test available”.Support or Funding InformationBioSciCon, Inc.

A New Image Encryption Scheme Based on Dynamic S-Boxes and Chaotic Maps

Substitution box is a unique and nonlinear core component of block ciphers. A better designing technique of substitution box can boost up the quality of ciphertexts. In this paper, a new encryption method based on dynamic substitution boxes is proposed via using two chaotic maps. To break the correlation in an original image, pixels values of the original plaintext image are permuted row- and column-wise through random sequences. The aforementioned random sequences are generated by 2-D Burgers chaotic map. For the generation of dynamic substitution boxes, Logistic chaotic map is employed. In the process of diffusion, the permuted image is divided into blocks and each block is substituted via different dynamic substitution boxes. In contrast to conventional encryption schemes, the proposed scheme does not undergo the fixed block cipher and hence the security level can be enhanced. Extensive security analysis including histogram test is applied on the proposed image encryption technique. All experimental results reveal that the proposed scheme has a high level of security and robustness for transmission of digital images on insecure communication channels.

The Use Of Smartphones As Adjuvant Tool In Cervical Cytologic Diagnosis

Introduction/ Background Cervical cancer is still one of the world’s deadliest forms of cancer for women, and the Pap smear remains the main screening test for prevention and early detection. Pap test is convenient and inexpensive, but, as was reported, there are variation in the sensitivity and specificity. Current smartphones allow the acquiring and transmission of static digital images, representing a cost efficient form of telepathology. Aims We report our experience in using smartphones and an instant messaging application to improve the cytologic diagnosis by teleconsultation. Methods The samples were conventional Pap smear and liquid base cytology slides. The images were taken by two of the authors, both junior pathologists, with the use of a Samsung Galaxy S3 Neo smartphone (8 MP, autofocus, Digital image stabilization) and a Zeiss PrimoStar micro- scope (415500-0057-000), 10x objective. We used the instant messaging application features to take the pic- tures and instantly send them to our fellow pathologist (if the images were resolution and focus suitable), then discuss the images in real time, using the chat optionsof the phone application. After reviewing the images together, and reaching to a conclusion, the images were submitted to an experienced pathologist in the same manner. They were reviewed a second time, and the results compared. Results The most common diagnosis we discussed on was ASC-US (19 cases), followed by L-SIL (6 cases) and NILM (5 cases). After we analysed and compared the data, we found that the time frame for diagnosis has improved. For the cases with divergent opinion we asked a third opinion to a colleague for the difficult cases. Conse- quently a senior pathologist review the glass slides and we compared the results with the digital diagnosis. The camera resolution was not limitative in this case, the used field power being 10x, thus the resolution and de- tails were not impaired by the smartphone camera and instant messaging app limitations. Comparing our expe- rience with the interobserver agreement on ASCUS and LSIL categories on glass slides we consider ‘smartphone’ pathology a useful tool. The use of smartphones allows junior pathologists to transmit Pap test consultations to senior pathologists and to ask for second opinions among fellow colleagues, improving costly effective the diagnosis accuracy.