Intracellular activity was recorded from the functionally identified motor cortex neurons (MI, area 4γ) in acute experiments on myorelaxin-immobilized cats under calypsol anesthesia. Changes in neuronal responses to testing stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus or pyramidal tract fibers were studied; the same or another input was used for a conditioning stimulation. Excitatory and inhibitory components of test responses of variousMI neurons were found to be either facilitated or depressed. The facilitation of orthodromic excitation was more frequent in the case of thalamic testing stimulation. The depression of both excitatory and inhibitory components of the response was more pronounced with paired stimulation of the pyramidal tract fibers. The peculiarities of interaction between direct afferent and recurrent signals in theMI neurons are thought to be determined by different distribution of thalamocortical fiber terminals and recurrent collaterals of corticofugal axons in the cortex and nonuniform localization of their synapses on dendrites and somata of the studied cells. It seems possible that these peculiarities also are connected with different chemical mechanisms of synaptic transmission in the above synapses and different properties of postsynaptic membrane receptors.