Transmission Elements Research Articles

Optimization of the Transmission Ratio by Fuel Consumption

Introduction. The issues of ensuring optimal fuel consumption modes are the subject of constant research in the field of vehicle operation. Works in the field of reducing fuel consumption in most cases are devoted to the study of the design of power units, transmission or aerodynamic features of the body of cars. At the same time, the issues of determining the optimal laws of control of unsteady movement from the point of view of the synthesis of algorithms for controlling the movement of a car have not been considered. To optimize the transmission ratio of cars with unsteady movement, the authors of the work carried out analytical calculations to simplify the synthesis of motion control algorithms, which in turn allowed reducing fuel consumption. The aim of the work was to determine the optimal transmission ratio, which allowed solving the problem of synthesizing vehicle control to reduce fuel consumption.Materials and Methods. The synthesis of algorithms for controlling the movement of a car considered in the work was based on the application of the needle variation of L.S. Pontryagin to invariant features of the real movement. An analytical method was used to estimate energy efficiency of vehicle performance, which was based on determination of optimal transmission ratio of motor vehicles taking into account minimum fuel consumption. The presented method took into account the amount of torque transmitted from the engine crankshaft to the transmission elements, which, depending on the engine power, was realized in the form of traction force on the wheels of the car.Results. The law of optimal change in the transmission gear ratio during acceleration of the car in a minimum time was built. The problem of determining the optimal transmission ratio of the vehicle in the case of driving the vehicle at a constant speed and constant fuel supply and in the case of accelerating the vehicle to a given speed at a constant fuel supply, when the condition ε = const was met, was solved. The result of the considered case of applying the optimal law of change in the transmission gear ratio was the minimization of fuel consumption under restrictions on acceleration (traction force) and speed of the car.Discussion and Conclusion. The use by the authors of the analytical method for determining the transmission ratio of a car, as well as the use of this method in practical calculations for a car with given characteristics, showed the possibility of solving the problem of synthesizing vehicle control using a mathematical apparatus. This was confirmed by the built graphical dependence based on the results of the calculations. The considered cases of movement made it possible to determine the analytical dependencies of the optimal transmission ratio and the speed of the car. The initial data obtained by analytical relationships are applicable for cars with a mixed control mode.

Surface Design of 3D-printed Polyether Ether Ketone for Abrasive Wear Resistance

The surface features of additively manufactured polymer parts differ compared to extruded polymer parts and decide their performance in terms of power transmission applications. Layer thickness is one of the important process parameters chosen based on the part complexity and production speed, influencing the surface features. The abrasive wear performance of high-performance polyether ether ketone (PEEK), which determines the performance of power transmission elements such as bearings and gears, is reported in this article. The layer thickness employed in fabrication, which varies from 0.1 mm to 0.35 mm, influences the surface roughness, real contact area, and hardness of the as-printed PEEK. The friction coefficient and wear resistance of a printed part are influenced by the layer thickness employed, indicating the need for a proper choice of layer thickness for power transmission applications. Samples printed with a layer height of 0.25 mm and higher exhibited an increase of friction coefficient and wear loss due to the weak surface integrity. The friction and wear characteristics of additive manufactured samples are compared with extruded samples. Wear debris accommodation in the grooves of the as-printed surfaces accelerates the wear due to three-body abrasion in high layer thickness samples. The micromechanisms of wear damage in different layer thickness samples are discussed. The observations indicate the strong influence of layer thickness and facilitate the selection of appropriate layer thickness for the required friction coefficient in a particular application.

Analysis and optimization of torsion shafts in the context of improving the strength and durability of a light armoured vehicle

In the context of the continuous development of armoured vehicles and the increasing requirements for the strength and efficiency of armoured vehicles, the study and improvement of torsion shafts becomes relevant to ensure high service life and optimal functioning. The aim of this study is to analyse the torsion shafts of light armoured vehicles to identify possible areas of optimization to increase the strength and durability of these vehicle elements. The methods used include the analytical method, classification method, functional method, statistical method, synthesis method, and others. As a result of the study, a comprehensive analysis and optimization of torsion shafts for light armoured vehicles was carried out to increase their strength and durability. The choice of high-strength material and weight consideration helped to reduce the weight of the vehicle, increasing its efficiency. Geometric design included the use of advanced techniques to optimize the shaft shape, and stress and strain analysis helped determine the optimum parameters. The use of computer modelling and simulation simplified the analysis of the shaft’s behaviour under load. The use of safety factors and consideration of impact loads during operation helped to improve the reliability and durability of the structure. The use of the latest materials and manufacturing technologies allowed achieving the optimum parameters of the transmission element. Testing of the prototypes in real conditions confirmed their efficiency and durability. The optimization of weight and weight distribution was aimed at improving the stability of the armoured vehicle, taking into account the requirements of a particular application and manufacturer. The results indicate the potential for improving the design of torsion shafts to increase the performance and stability of light armoured vehicles. This study makes an important contribution to science, as the identified optimizations and improvements in the design of torsion shafts of light armoured vehicles contribute not only to increasing their strength and durability, but also to the rational use of resources and increasing the overall performance of the vehicle

Effects of the Lubricants on the Tribology Properties under the Extreme Pressure for the Induction-Treated Linear Guides

In view of the fact that the load on the transmission element under extreme pressure conditions is much greater than that used in traditional machine tools, the contact surface between the ball and the track must bear great stress. Furthermore, it will heat up due to friction after starting and running. These effects are prone to material deformation and fatigue damage, and may even lead to the disappearance of the lubricating oil film. They are prone to surface damage due to metal fatigue, and then a serious situation of large pieces of peeling occurs for the linear guides. In order to prolong the fatigue life of the machine tools, this study investigates the effects of the lubricants on the tribology properties under the extreme pressure for the induction-treated linear guides.

LHFPL5 is a key element in force transmission from the tip link to the hair cell mechanotransducer channel.

During auditory transduction, sound-evoked vibrations of the hair cell stereociliary bundles open mechanotransducer (MET) ion channels via tip links extending from one stereocilium to its neighbor. How tension in the tip link is delivered to the channel is not fully understood. The MET channel comprises a pore-forming subunit, transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC1 or TMC2), aided by several accessory proteins, including LHFPL5 (lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 5). We investigated the role of LHFPL5 in transduction by comparing MET channel activation in outer hair cells of Lhfpl5-/- knockout mice with those in Lhfpl5+/- heterozygotes. The 10 to 90 percent working range of transduction in Tmc1+/+; Lhfpl5+/- was 52 nm, from which the single-channel gating force, Z, was evaluated as 0.34 pN. However, in Tmc1+/+; Lhfpl5-/- mice, the working range increased to 123 nm and Z more than halved to 0.13 pN, indicating reduced sensitivity. Tip link tension is thought to activate the channel via a gating spring, whose stiffness is inferred from the stiffness change on tip link destruction. The gating stiffness was ~40 percent of the total bundle stiffness in wild type but was virtually abolished in Lhfpl5-/-, implicating LHFPL5 as a principal component of the gating spring. The mutation Tmc1 p.D569N reduced the LHFPL5 immunolabeling in the stereocilia and like Lhfpl5-/- doubled the MET working range, but other deafness mutations had no effect on the dynamic range. We conclude that tip-link tension is transmitted to the channel primarily via LHFPL5; residual activation without LHFPL5 may occur by direct interaction between PCDH15 and TMC1.

Mathematical and computer modeling of transmission with non-traditional engagement for mining equipment drive

In modern gear mechanics, transmission mechanisms play a crucial role in converting the rotational motion of a driving shaft into the rotational motion of another shaft with varying angular speeds and torque. To achieve optimal designs for the next generation of transmission mechanisms, it is essential to develop mathematical models of their dynamic behavior, conduct computer simulations of the meshing geometry of key components, and visualize the operation of the mechanism. Despite the widespread use of involute gearing in mechanical transmissions, there is ongoing research into new types of gearing that offer advantages over traditional systems. The main challenges facing the industry include increasing the gear ratio in a single stage, enhancing load capacity, and improving efficiency compared to standard gear transmissions. This paper presents the results of mathematical and computer modeling, along with a comparative analysis of the eccentric-cycloid (EC) engagement with the involute gear transmission. Through analytical calculations, the energy-force parameters of the EC gearbox were determined, equivalent stresses and static deflections of transmission shafts were obtained. The paper includes the results of static analysis of elements of the new EC transmission, as well as an algorithm for computer modeling of contact stresses occurring in the engagement. Conclusively, by comparing contact stresses in traditional involute gear transmission, calculated using various analytical methods, with those in EC engagement determined through computer simulation, the advantages of the new transmission type and its potential application in mining equipment transmission mechanisms are highlighted.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ ЗАПОБІЖНИХ ПРИСТРОЇВ ПІДЙОМНИХ МАШИН

The article examines the designs of support structures for the re-installation of lifting machines, which are mounted on suspended ropes. The object of investigation is theft, which stems from the costs of the rope suction block of an overhead crane. The method of work is to track warehouse costs on the rope suction block of an overhead crane, which affects the accuracy and reliability of the work of the associated device. It has been established that up to a short period of time this type of structure exhibits a loss of vibration in the range of 5 - 6 %, which is due to the influx of additional forces on the transmission elements of the secondary device. However, due to its reliability, simplicity and low cost of construction, there has been a wide expansion in the crane industry. Investigations of the losses that occur when the tension of the rope is tightened, which is due to the instrumental deformation of the device, and methodically, which arises from the chopping of the diameter of the rope in order to reach the end of its life, hitting the block and spending on blocks. Removing the analytical significance of the significant losses that result from the expenses on the rope ventilating block of the lifting machine. A full-scale testing of an external device for overhead cranes of the vantage type with a capacity of up to three tones was carried out. The test results confirmed the accuracy and reliability of application for this type of assistant. To reduce the damage caused by friction in the bearings of the block and on the heeled rigidity of the rope, it was necessary to install an additional device in the place where the rope is secured.

Transmission diagnostics of single-rotor helicopters

The usage of instrumental methods to monitor the technical condition of mechanisms leads to improved efficacy in detecting and warning of malfunctions. Timely detection of malfunctions during aircraft operation allows to avoid sudden failures and, as a consequence, to increase flight safety. Detection of defects is possible both during maintenance and by using inbuilt systems on board the aircraft. This paper proposes the method of instrumental monitoring of tail shaft condition based on the Hall effect, following an analysis of applied methods of transmission element diagnostics in single-rotor helicopters. The research outcomes permit us to suggest the development of various forms of selective and continual monitoring systems for the helicopter transmission condition, and advise for their implementation.

Development of a mathematical model and analysis of the dynamics of an electromechanical perforator with an impact-rotary mechanism

The object of the study is an electromechanical hammer drill with a rotary-impact mechanism. When studying the dynamics of an electromechanical hammer drill with a rotary-impact mechanism, methods of mathematical modeling and comparative analysis were used. A calculation scheme has been developed and, on its basis, the equations of motion of mechanical transmission elements and working tools of an electromechanical hammer drill with a rotating impact mechanism have been obtained. The solution of the resulting equations is carried out using the Runge-Kutta numerical method using the Mathcad computer program. When analyzing the dynamics of the elements of a rotary hammer with an impact-rotating mechanism, the value of the moment of resistance on the part of the rotating mechanism is taken as a variable parameter, since during the operation of the rotary hammer, with increasing drilling depth, the magnitude of the moment acting on the part of the tool increases. The dependences of the angular velocities of the elements of the hammer drill are given, which make it possible to select rational design parameters of the links of the electromechanical hammer drill using an impact-rotary mechanism.

Determination of Parameters for Limiting Longitudinal Acceleration to Optimize Energy Consumption for Train Traction

Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to improve traction calculations using mathematical modeling when solving the equation of train motion. The train model is adapted to optimize the parameters of train movement during speed gain with the determination of functional relationships between the power of the locomotive power plant and the profile of the track section with the consumption of energy resources by the locomotive. Methodology. Modern methods of mathematical modeling were used to solve the tasks. The modeling of the power plant operation was performed using interpolation and approximation methods. The simulation modeling method was used to create a model of the electrical part of the diesel locomotive transmission. The method of integrating the differential equation of motion was used to calculate the parameters and nature of the train's movement and the problem was solved, which consists in finding a solution to this equation over the length of the traction section, taking into account the variable values of the locomotive power and the slopes of the track profile. Findings. To analyze the results of traction calculations, we obtained such indicators as technical speed and diesel fuel consumption, and compared these indicators. The results show that in the case of acceleration limitation, there is a decrease in diesel fuel consumption at almost unchanged technical speed. Originality. The improvement of energy efficiency of train operation has been further developed, namely, the functional dependence of the relative power of the locomotive power plant, which takes into account the actual profile of the site, has been obtained, which makes it possible to determine energy-saving modes of locomotive control and reduce energy consumption, load on the diesel engine and elements of the diesel locomotive traction transmission during transient modes, which, in turn, in addition to saving diesel fuel, will affect the reliability of the power plant elements. The practical value of the study is to save diesel fuel in the modes of movement that provide speed gain and increase the reliability of the power plant due to reduced load.

Additive manufacturing technology for the continuous production of precision concrete elements

AbstractThis work reports about a combined additive manufacturing technology – concrete spraying and extrusion – for a continues production of precision concrete elements for modular civil construction. In order to achieve the goal, a fine‐grained concrete mix was developed that covers the technical production properties for both spraying and extrusion. In a next first step, a spray‐extrusion multi‐tool nozzle was developed and tested for spraying and extrusion of the fine‐grained concrete mixture. In addition to complete the robot‐assisted flow production process, force transmission elements were developed, which can be automatically integrated into the extruded concrete matrix in the non‐cured green state in accordance with the load. This holistic automated production technology opens new fields of application in the construction industry that were previously not possible with classic methods.

Optimum thermal design for heat and mass transfer of non-Newtonian liquid within converging conduit with thermal jump and zero-mass flux

The performance of heat transfer materials is strongly dependent on physical characteristics such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and density. Among these, evolving thermal conductivity is a critical element in fluid heat transmission. In general, the poor thermal conductivity of industrial fluids is a significant barrier for heat transfer properties. The problem, however, has been revealed with the emergence of nanoparticles generated by various materials. This effort aims to demonstrate the mass and heat transfer attributes of the Carreau nanofluid through non-parallel channel with zero mass flux and variable thermal conductivity. The Buongiorno nanofluid model introduces the dual diffusion phenomena of nanomaterial. The analysis are carried out after reduction of governing ODE's into first order. The reduced equations are tickled numerically with Rung-Kutta method. The findings demonstrate that the thermal source, Brownian motion and thermal conductivity parameters exhibits a linear ascent on temperature profile, whereas effect of Prandtl number Pr is conflicting. The mass transfer rate is impacted negatively by the mass diffusivity value. The existence of the variables thermal conductivity factor ∈1 and mass diffusivity ∈2 leads to an elevated rate of heat and mass transmission. In the current investigation, a comparison is made for heat and mass transfer performance.

Improved Methodology for Power Transformer Loss Evaluation: Algorithm Refinement and Resonance Risk Analysis

The decline in power quality within electrical networks is adversely impacting the energy efficiency and safety of transmission elements. The growing prevalence of power electronics has elevated harmonic levels in the grid to an extent where their significance cannot be overlooked. Additionally, the increasing integration of renewable energy sources introduces heightened fluctuations, rendering the prediction and simulation of working modes more challenging. This paper presents an improved algorithm for calculating power transformer losses attributed to harmonics, with a comprehensive validation against simulation results obtained from the Power Factory application and real-world measurements. The advantages of the algorithm are that all evaluations are performed in real-time based on single-point measurements, and the algorithm was easy to implement in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This allows us to receive the exchange of information to energy monitoring systems (EMSs) or with Power factor Correction Units (PFCUs) and control it. To facilitate a more intuitive understanding and visualization of potential hazardous scenarios related to resonance, an extra Dijkstra algorithm was implemented. This augmentation enables the identification of conditions, wherein certain branches exhibit lower resistance than the grid connection point, indicating a heightened risk of resonance and the presence of highly distorted currents. Recognizing that monitoring alone does not inherently contribute to increased energy efficiency, the algorithm was further expanded to assess transformer losses across a spectrum of Power Factory Correction Units power levels. Additionally, a command from a PLC to a PFCU can now be initiated to change the capacitance level and near-resonance working mode. These advancements collectively contribute to a more robust and versatile methodology for evaluating power transformer losses, offering enhanced accuracy and the ability to visualize potentially critical resonance scenarios.

Development and verification of a virtual prototype of a vehicle

BACKGROUND: Methods of mathematical modelling are widely used in vehicle development. In order to study vehicle dynamics, stability and handling, as well as to accelerate and to reduce the cost of on-board software development, it is necessary to build a digital twin which contains description of special motion of a vehicle with models of units and subsystems as parts of the vehicle. AIMS: Development and verification of a virtual prototype of a vehicle. METHODS: Development of the virtual prototype and vehicle modelling were done in the MATLAB/Simulink software package. Main derivation of the equations necessary to build the models of vehicle’s units and subsystems is given. Verification testing was conducted using special measuring equipment. RESULTS: The vehicle virtual prototype containing description of combined dynamics of bodyframe, transmission elements, suspension and wheels was developed. Comparison of results of field and virtual testing was made in order to confirm operability and adequacy of the virtual prototype. Main graphs showing dynamics of real and virtual vehicles are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Practical value of development and study lies in ability of using a virtual prototype in vehicle dynamic studies and development of on-board control systems.

Features of Wear of Gears of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract The paper presents data on the resource and wear of the gears of agricultural tractor transmissions, on the basis of which the research problem and the novelty of the proposed methodology are formulated, based on the development and application of the stress state model of the gear, taking into account surface hardening. The methodology and calculation scheme for determining the power parameters of gearing are described in detail. In this case, the dependences and results of previous studies in the field of increasing the durability and reducing the wear of gears of transmission elements of vehicles of various functional purposes were used. To achieve this goal, the mathematical models of the stress state of gears are constructed without the presence of an external diffusion hardening coating and with a coating. Based on the simulation of the process of interaction of rubbing pairs of gears, the distribution of stresses in the contact zone over the surface layer of non-hardened and cemented to a depth of 1 mm gears, as well as the dependence of deflection on the thickness of the cemented layer and the deformation of the cemented layer during operation was established. Considering the research results given in literature, as well as those obtained on the basis of our own research, it should be noted that the analysis of gear stress state is an important direction in the study of the durability of gear units, the entire gearbox, and other gears of tractor transmissions and automotive technology at the present time. At the same time, the actual task is to establish the ratios of the allowable wear of gears and the limiting value of displacement of the centre distance, taking into account changes in the stress state scheme when using various types of coatings.

Influence of agricultural tank transportation on transmission elements wheeled tractor during acceleration

Influence of agricultural tank transportation on transmission elements wheeled tractor during acceleration

Transmission of Helmithiasis in a community and treatment option

Infections caused by parasitics helminths affect more than a billion people worldwide, causing anemia and with significant social and economic impact. To alleviate this burden, affected population resorts to a massive administration of antiparasitics without worrying about improvements in the factors that aid in spreading helminthosis in the community. In this study we are proposing as objectives, that of going in search of the we used questionnaires, oral interviews and direct observations to determine risk factors and treatment options for the disease in two communities of Kolwezi in Democratic Republic of Congo.by on the one hand a household questionnaire and observation of the investigator and others by a census of antihelminths in the pharmacies of the city of Kolwezi. We received 7,014 responses from households and 283 from pharmacies. It was observed from our analysis that most of the plots were clean and dry although sometimes covered with trees and with grass. On average, four households, six children over the age of fifteen and four children under the age of five, and two toilets were observed per plot. The quality of toilets, the source of water supply, the misuse of toilet pots for children under five years old as well as variations in weather conditions were the major risk factors for parasitosis in Kolwezi Occasional stool examination revealed mainly dominated by the feeling of vomiting, fatigue and a nocturnal cough. a small portion of the population had access to laboratory tests which, moreover, were able to observe more Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. The population resorts to self-medication with Mebendazole® and sometimes herbal teas and palm kernel oils. while on medical prescriptions and on the shelves of pharmacies, Albemedazoles was more present. The elements of transmission having been well identified, the start of an education of the population is a necessity and constitutes the next step.

Physical layer security of STAR-RIS-aided RSMA systems

In this paper, we investigate the physical layer security (PLS) of a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-aided rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) system in the presence of an eavesdropper. The STAR-RIS is deployed to aid the communications from the base-station to two legitimate users, while preventing the eavesdropper from wiretapping the legitimate communications. We derive closed-form expressions for channel statistics of the combined and transmitted links by taking into account Nakagami-m fading. The impacts of the STAR-RIS and Nakagami-m fading on the scerecy performance are investigated. Specifically, we derive the closed-form expressions for the legitimate users’ secrecy outage probability (SOP) and investigate the asymptotic behaviors of users’ SOP in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. Additionally, the impacts of transmit power, target secrecy rate, power allocation parameters, and the number of reflection and transmission elements of STAR-RIS on the system secrecy performance are studied. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the STAR-RIS-aided RSMA scheme over other STAR-RIS-aided multiple access schemes in terms of the system secrecy performance.

Research on the Positioning of Color in Hamburg's Corporate Image Design

Color belongs to the visual identity in the corporate identity system. In the corporate image design of Hamburg, the application of color visual art is often used to improve the attractiveness of corporate image design, thus affecting consumers' consumption behavior and the key factors and conditional reactions to the company's product sales. Therefore, color is a key component in the construction of corporate identity system. This paper will analyze the current Hamburg corporate image through the linguistic meaning expressed by color symbols, and show the popular trend of Hamburg corporate image in the future and the important elements of corporate information transmission.

Research of the dynamics of the all-wheel-drive tractor-transport machine

The study results of the dynamic and traction-energy performance of an all-wheel drive traction-transport vehicle have been presented. A diagram of a dynamic model of the transmission of an all-wheel drive traction-transport vehicle and a system for calculating the transmission dynamics in the Cauchy form has been compiled. The method makes it possible to determine the distribution of the coil fluids of the transmission elements of a traction-transport vehicle, the distribution of torque moments, and the distribution of additional traction forces on the wheels per hour. The method allows you to determine the optimal transmission parameters, differential design, and transmission numbers to improve the traction and fuel-economic performance of the machine. It has been established that the speed of the front wheels of a traction and transport vehicle is 1.29 rad/s, 1.27 rad/s, and the speed of the rear wheels is 1.24 rad/s, 1.25 rad/s, which should be carried out until kinematic instability and additional energy consumption. The torque values of the front drive wheels are 6972 N m, and the rear drive wheels are 4622 N m. The additional traction forces on the car's front wheels are 5478 N after the car's acceleration is completed, and on the rear wheels, they are 347 3 N. To verify the adequacy of the method for assessing the dynamics of an all-wheel drive transmission, Wheeled traction, and transport vehicles have been developed to simulate the dynamics and energy systems of mobile vehicles—experimental research of the machine on the butt of an all-wheel drive wheeled tractor with an articulated frame. The difference between the values of the heel fluids of the wheel wraps, theoretically and experimentally, is 2%, which indicates a significant loss of the heel fluids by the wheel dynamics sensors. A comprehensive method for assessing the transmission dynamics of an all-wheel drive traction and transport vehicle must be considered adequate. The robotic method can be used to assess the dynamics of wheeled vehicles in motor vehicles. Keywords: cutting speed, torque, traction force, transmission, traction, and transport vehicle.