Transmission Characteristics Research Articles

Improving Optical Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Performance Through Gold Film Modification via 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Silanization

ABSTRACT The functionalization of a gold surface with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) enhances the performance of fiber optic-based plasmonic sensors. Using the aqueous phase deposition (APD) method, APTES concentrations of 1–4% were tested. FTIR analysis showed increased amine (-NH₂) absorption with ammonium ions interacting electrostatically with Au, which improved particle rearrangement, reduced porosity, and increased surface compactness at higher concentrations. These changes enhanced the refractive index, shifted the SPR wavelength to the right, and deepened the transmittance curves. The addition of APTES significantly improved sensor performance, with sensor sensitivity increasing to 2088 nm/RIU with 4% APTES compared to 1484 nm/RIU without APTES.

Analysis of HIV transmission characteristics and intervention effects in Guangxi based on molecular networks

Objective: This study evaluates changes in HIV transmission and the effectiveness of interventions after two rounds of the Guangxi AIDS Conquering Project (GACP) in Guangxi, China. Methods: Samples and epidemiological data from newly diagnosed people living with HIV (PLWH) between 2014-2020 were analyzed. Molecular networks were constructed using nested PCR amplification and sequencing of the pol region, and multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with clustering and high-degree nodes. Results: A total of 4,227 valid sequences (73.12% inclusion rate) were analyzed. Demographic changes included an increasing proportion of individuals aged ≥50 years (49.66%), with lower education (50.51%), peasants (76.82%), and heterosexual transmission (90.29%). The overall clustering rate was 86.89%, with higher clustering among individuals aged ≥50 (92.57%), those with primary school or below (89.09%), peasants (88.11%), and CRF08_BC infections (91.48%). Annual declines in cluster growth rate and clustering rates were observed, particularly among individuals aged <30, college graduates, men who have sex with men (MSM), and people who inject drugs (PWID). Key transmission hotspots were identified in Lingshan, particularly among older, less-educated individuals, and peasants. Factors associated with clustering included being male (aOR: 1.27), aged ≥50 (aOR: 3.84), and infected with CRF08_BC (aOR: 2.12). From 2017 to 2020, the risk of clustering and high-degree nodes was lower compared to 2014–2016, suggesting the effectiveness of interventions. Conclusion: Interventions in Guangxi effectively reduced HIV transmission among younger, high-degree populations. However, older, less-educated individuals remain at high risk, necessitating targeted strategies to address their specific needs and achieve better HIV control.

Topological transmission and topological corner states combiner in all-dielectric honeycomb valley photonic crystals

Abstract We study the topological states (TSs) of all-dielectric honeycomb valley photonic crystals (VPCs). Breaking the space inversion symmetry of the honeycomb lattice by varying the filling ratio of materials for circular ring dielectric columns in the unit cell, which triggers topological phase transitions and thus achieves topological edge states (TESs) and topological corner states (TCSs). The results demonstrate that this structure has efficient photon transmission characteristics and anti-scattering robustness. In particular, we have found that changing the type of edge splicing between VPCs with different topological properties produces a change in the frequency of TCSs, and then based on this phenomenon, we have used a new method of adjusting only the type of edge splicing of the structure to design a novel TCSs combiner that can integrate four TCSs with different frequencies. This work not only expands the variety and number of unexplored TCSs that may exist in a fixed photonic band gap and can be rationalized to be selectively excited in the fixed configuration. Our study provides a feasible pathway for the design of integrated optical devices in which multiple TSs coexist in a single photonic system.

Quantum mode-locked Faraday laser

We report an external-cavity mode-locked semiconductor laser that uses a Faraday atomic filter as a saturable absorber (SA), termed as the quantum mode-locked Faraday laser. The unique SA exhibits nonlinear transmission characteristics exclusively in the vicinity of the atomic quantum transition frequency, which narrows down the spectral bandwidth of the mode-locked pulses to the gigahertz level and results in a central wavelength of the mode-locked pulses corresponding to the 87Rb (F=2) component of the D2 quantum transition line. Simultaneously, influenced by the slow-light effect of rubidium-dispersive vapor in the SA configuration, the fundamental repetition rate of the mode locking can vary between 261 and 228 MHz. Pulse delay tests conducted outside the resonator provide conclusive evidence of a gigahertz-bandwidth slow light within the Faraday laser. The mode-locking technique presented here can be applied to pulsed light sources of other quantum transition lines by setting appropriate atomic filter parameters. In addition, this narrow-spectrum mode-locked laser, with a tunable repetition rate and a central wavelength corresponding to a quantum transition line, has potential applications in the fields of atomic precision spectroscopy and quantum precision metrology.

Characterization of a radiofrequency storage ion source using numerical simulations

Abstract A radiofrequency ion source routinely employed for laboratory astrophysics and astrochemistry experiments designated as the storage ion source was characterized using numerical simulations. The present work focuses on optimizing the storage and extraction of ions of astrophysical relevance having the $m/z$ range $3-330$, which covers most of the molecular ions detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes. The crucial parameters for the storage of ions: radiofrequency signal frequency, $f_{RF}$ and amplitude, $V_{RF}$ were optimized, and the range of radiofrequency parameters that can be used to store ions inside the source is presented. The lifetimes of ions inside the source were estimated for various radiofrequency parameters. The difference in the lifetimes of ions of different $m/z$ was explained based on the ions' thermalization characteristics and the source's effective potential. The extraction of ions from the source was optimized, and a new design called the T-source was proposed to improve the extraction efficiency. We show that the T-source has better extraction efficiency than the original design, which is further enhanced by maintaining the source at a floating potential. Finally, we investigated the transmission characteristics of the extracted ions through a quadrupole ion guide, which may serve as an ion guide or a mass filter, leading to an ion storage device such as an ion trap or an ion storage ring.

Creation of a stable vector vortex beam with dual fractional orbital angular momentum

Recently, vortex beams have been widely studied and applied because they carry orbital angular momentum (OAM). It is widely acknowledged in the scientific community that fractional OAM does not typically exhibit stable propagation; notably, the notion of achieving stable propagation with dual-fractional OAM within a single optical vortex has been deemed impracticable. Here, we address the scientific problem through the combined modulation of phase and polarization, resulting in the generation of a dual-fractional OAM vector vortex beam that can stably exist in free space. Applying this unique characteristic, we derive an integrated analytical model to calculate the focused electromagnetic fields and Poynting vector distributions based on Debye vector diffraction integral. Utilizing phase stitching technology, this research combines two fractional topological charges to investigate the properties of dual-fractional OAM optical vortices with diverse polarization conditions. Furthermore, the transmission characteristics of these optical vortices are meticulously analyzed. This work not only enriches the types of vortex beams but also provides a novel optical tool, potentially transformative for applications in optical communications, optical manipulation, and optical imaging.

Research on wireless charging transmission characteristics of electric vehicles

Research on wireless charging transmission characteristics of electric vehicles

A Comparative Analysis of Low-Frequency Bandgap and Transmission Characteristics of Single- and Multiple-Oscillator Locally Resonant Phononic Crystals

A Comparative Analysis of Low-Frequency Bandgap and Transmission Characteristics of Single- and Multiple-Oscillator Locally Resonant Phononic Crystals

Impinging jet ventilation: Mitigating influenza transmission through partition and exhaust layout optimization

This paper investigates the transmission characteristics of cough droplets from infected individuals in office environments under the influence of an impinging jet ventilation (IJV) system based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian model. The accuracy of the dispersed phase model and the IJV system simulation was validated by analyzing a single droplet evaporation model, publicly available jet experimental results, and previously simulated results. The effects of different exhaust locations, the relative positioning of the IJV system to the infected individual, and the application of partitions on the spatial propagation characteristics of droplets are explored. The results indicate that partitions exhibit a significant ability to obstruct and capture droplets. Under static conditions, they are capable of capturing over 36% of droplets generated by coughing, although this efficiency may be slightly influenced by the ventilation system. The IJV system notably affects droplet movement, with droplets progressively converging toward the upper-left corner of the room as the airflow develops. The positioning of the exhausts, in combination with the IJV system, is crucial in impeding and removing droplets. Taking into account variations in the infected individual's position, a centrally located exhaust arrangement might provide the more effective inhibition of virus droplet dispersion.

3D printed three-dimensional elastic metamaterial with surface resonant units for low-frequency vibration isolation

ABSTRACT This study leverages the high manufacturing freedom of 3D printing technology to design a new type of three-dimensional elastic metamaterial with surface resonant units. This metamaterial uses chiral connecting rods and mass blocks on the surface to generate local resonance effects, achieving omnidirectional vibration isolation effects with both low frequency and wide bandwidth, and also has a certain load-bearing capacity. The mechanisms of local resonance bandgap generation are illustrated from the band structure and vibration modes at the edge frequency of the bandgap. The influence of structural geometric parameters and material properties on the bandgap is systematically investigated via finite element method. The transmission characteristics of the metamaterial are obtained through simulation and experiment, and the bandgap areas achieved from two methodologies match each other well. Through static compression tests, the compressive abilities of metamaterials with different frame thicknesses are studied, providing theoretical guidance and data support for engineering applications of balancing vibration isolation and load-bearing.

Configuration synthesis and screening method for magnetic gear two-speed transmission for electric vehicles

Magnetic field modulated gears have contactless, lubrication-free and highly flexible transmission characteristics, which provide an inherent technological advantage in solving the vibration, jerk and lubrication problems of two-gear transmissions in electric vehicles. To this end, a magnetic gear two-speed transmission drive concept is proposed, and a configuration preference method for two-speed transmissions based on weighted directed topology maps is investigated. A directed weighted graph modulo adjacency matrix and topological evolution rules describing the structure of the system are established. Adjacency matrix ergodic evolution and isomorphism discrimination are investigated for single and two-stage magnetic gear two-speed transmissions, respectively. Through the constructed relative speed link identification algorithm, the speed ratio between any component is calculated quickly. A configuration preference method was established for the defined evaluation objectives via hierarchical analysis. Finally, a prototype was built based on the screening results. The test results showed that the optimal solution could accurately meet the design requirements and realize two-speed transmission. The accuracy of the configuration and screening method of the magnetic gear two-speed transmission system proposed in this article is verified. It provides a theoretical reference for the design of high-performance magnetic gear two-speed transmission.

Language as a means of identifying a national cultural code (based on the works of G.P. Wodehouse)

This article investigates the issue of interpreting cultural codes from a linguistic perspective, as well as the strategies for decoding these codes with a particular focus on the works of P.G. Wodehouse. The discussion centers on the interrelationship between language and the national cultural code, analyzing the latter’s role as a linguistic marker that influences the formation and preservation of linguistic identity. It is a reflection of the British worldview, which makes it possible to use the works of the humorist as a basis for decoding ethnocultural information encrypted in the fictional text. The work is based on cultural, comparative-historical and historical-biographical analysis of the literary text to determine the ethnocultural specificity of the meanings embedded in the language of the author and his characters. The language of P.G. Wodehouse is a striking example of how literary text can serve as a means of transmitting and preserving a national cultural code. The study demonstrates that the cultural codes, embedded within linguistic units and their interactions, are crucial for understanding the specificities of national thought, information perception and its expression in speech. The practical significance of the work is the possibility of using the results of the research both in translation practice and in the study of the ethnocultural features of the foreign language information transmission by means of a cultural code.

Numerical Investigation of Ultra-Wide Low-Frequency Wave Attenuation Using Seismic Metamaterials with Auxetic Slender Strips

Seismic metamaterials are an emerging vibration-damping technology, yet concentrating the bandgap in the low-frequency range remains challenging due to the constraints imposed by lattice size. In this study, we numerically investigated seismic metamaterials connected by auxetic (negative Poisson’s ratio) slender strips, which exhibit an exceptionally wide low-frequency band gap for vibration isolation. Using a finite element method, we first performed a comparative analysis of several representative seismic metamaterial configurations. The results showed that the auxetic thin strip-connected steel column structure demonstrated outstanding performance, with the first complete band gap starting at 1.61 Hz, ending at 80.40 Hz, spanning a width of 78.79 Hz, and achieving a relative bandwidth of 192.15%. Notably, while most existing designs feature lattice constants in the ten-meter range (with the smallest around two meters), our proposed structure achieves these results with a lattice constant of only one meter. We further analyzed the transmission characteristics of the steel column structure, both with and without concrete filling. Interestingly, significant vibration attenuation, approaching 70 dB, was observed below the first complete band gap (approximately 0.22–1.17 Hz), even without the use of concrete. By comparing the flexural wave band gap with the transmission spectrum, we attributed this attenuation primarily to the presence of the band gap, a phenomenon often overlooked in previous studies. This attenuation at lower frequencies highlights the potential for effectively reducing low-frequency vibration energy. To further enhance the attenuation, the number of periods in the propagation direction can be increased. Additionally, we systematically explored the influence of geometric parameters on the first complete band gap. We found that optimal results were achieved with a slender strip length of 0.05 m, its width between 0.05 and 0.1 m, and a steel structure width of 0.1 m. Our findings underscore the critical role of auxetic thin strips in achieving broadband low-frequency vibration isolation. The approach presented in this study, along with the discovery of low-frequency flexural wave band gaps, provides valuable insights for seismic engineering and other applications requiring effective vibration reduction strategies.

Synthesis of Microwave Devices Based on a Microwave Ring Elliptical Resonator

Actuality. Research of ring resonating structures is interesting to developers of microwave devices; some features of ring elliptical resonators lead to the emergence of unique properties of the transmission characteristics of the device. Method of excitation for CER is particularly important. It is possible to obtain the traveling wave mode in these structures, under certain conditions. To the synthesis of microwave devices, as well as to the study of methods for exciting and evaluating the mode of the wave process in the structure this paper is devoted.Object. The purpose of the study is to analyze and organize information about the development of microwave devices using circular elliptical resonators (CERs). Authors also want to test the results of using dual CERs.Methods. The authors have conducted an analytical review of recent scientific publications and performed computer modeling of microstrip ring elliptical resonators that operate in the ultrahigh frequency range in this work. The paper also includes the results of our experiments, tested by various researchers, including those supported by grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Result. The article explores the unique characteristics of loop strip filters and highlights the limitations of using strip resonators. It that describes the design of a ring elliptical resonator (CER), and suggests its potential as an alternative to microstrip resonators. The paper presents the results of numerous experiments on the development of microwave devices based on CERs. The results of numerous experiments of the synthesis of microwave devices based on СER and including: single; double resonators; preselective filters; amplifiers and generators based on a ring and active bipolar are presented. Additionally, the issue of connecting the resonator to the main transmission line is addressed. The results of modeling several devices that limit the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in an annular resonator are presented.Scientific novelty. This article introduces a new design of a double elliptical resonator based on a microstrip line. It also describes the results of an experiment that shows that the resonator topology can achieve a filter rejection level of over 70 dB. In the article, the authors also discuss the problem of selecting a power supply method and ensuring the wave propagation mode in the CER.Practical significance. The results obtained in the course of this work can be used to create a traveling wave resonator on a microstrip line or in other planar or volumetric configurations. The results of the study also serve as the basis for the creation of a generalized theory of synthesis of ring resonators in the microwave wavelength range.

Exploration of Optical Fiber and Laser Cutting Head Applications in High-Radiation Environments for Fast Reactor Spent Fuel Reprocessing.

Fast-neutron reactors are an important representative of Generation IV nuclear reactors, and due to the unique structure and material properties of fast reactor fuel, traditional mechanical cutting methods are not applicable. In contrast, laser cutting has emerged as an ideal alternative. However, ensuring the stability of optical fibers and laser cutting heads under high radiation doses, as well as maintaining cutting quality after irradiation, remains a significant technical challenge. Here, we study the performance changes in optical fibers exposed to a total radiation dose of 105 Gy, focusing on power transmission and thermal characteristics. By integrating irradiated optical fibers with irradiated laser cutting heads, simulated cutting experiments on the hexagonal tubes of spent fuel from fast reactors (fast reactor simulation assembly) were conducted. Critical cutting quality parameters, including kerf width, surface roughness, and slagging length, were analyzed. The results indicate that, while the power transmission performance of irradiated optical fibers shows slight degradation, its impact on cutting quality is minimal. High-quality cutting can still be achieved under optimized parameters. This study confirms the feasibility of laser cutting technology in high-radiation environments and provides essential technical support for its application in nuclear fuel reprocessing.

Rapid prediction model of terahertz transmission in hypersonic plasma sheath under different flight speeds for different vehicle types

Abstract This work clarifies the systematic relationship and difference mechanism between flight speed, plasma sheath and terahertz transmission under different vehicle types by joint simulation model of hypersonic plasma flow and improved scattering matrix method. Significant differences in plasma sheath and terahertz transmission characteristics are observed in different vehicle types. Radio Attenuation Measurement C (RAM C) vehicle has a larger collision frequency and sheath thickness, resulting in higher terahertz attenuation than Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE) vehicle. With the increase of flight speed, electron density, collision frequency and terahertz attenuation of the two different types of vehicles all show a significant increase, and the sheath thickness shows an opposite trend. However, the impact of flight speed on HIFiRE vehicle is much smaller than that on RAM C vehicle, which means that flight parameters have higher control accuracy for RAM C vehicle. On this basis, the systematic relationship between plasma sheath distribution and flight speed is further determined, and a rapid prediction model for terahertz transmission attenuation of different types of vehicle is developed based on a large amount of plasma sheath data. The rapid prediction model greatly reduces the calculation time and resources compared with traditional numerical methods, and its related prediction coefficients show significant differences on different vehicle types.

MODELING OF BANDPASS FILTERS WITH ATTENUATION POLES USING PARALLEL COUPLING CHANNELS

Background. Microwave filters are critical components in modern communication systems, playing a fundamental role in signal processing by allowing specific frequency bands to pass while attenuating unwanted frequencies. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in the design and development of various types of microwave filters, including directional, microstrip, and multi-resonator filters. These filters are widely used in radar, satellite communications, and wireless networks, where high performance and precise frequency control are essential. Objective. This paper is dedicated to reviewing various microwave filters that were constructed developed or analysed by the team, including directional filters, microstrip filters with attenuation poles, and multi-resonator filters. The studies focus on investigating their unique properties, such as the formation of attenuation poles, metamaterial characteristics, and the effects of resonator coupling on filter performance. New Python-based software realization for modelling different filters six resonators, four resonators, and two resonators were developed and frequently used. Methods. Electrodynamics simulations using software tools like CST Studio Suite, AWR Microwave Office, and LabVIEW, modelling filters using equivalent circuit models and bridge circuits. Use of microstrip lines, circular resonators, and dielectric resonators to construct and analyse different filter configurations. Analysis of energy propagation paths, resonator coupling, and transmission characteristics to optimize filter design. Results: Various structures were researched like Microwave Directional Filters, Microstrip Resonator Filters with 2, 4, 6 resonator, their structures and characteristics were analysed, New python-based software that allows modelling resonance curves using corresponding parameters for filters with 2, 4, 6 resonators. The parameters of the scattering matrix of a bridge quadrupole were expressed in an analytical form and were used for Python based program. Conclusions: the research presented across these publications contributes significantly to the development and understanding of advanced microwave filter designs. The article reveals various resonator-based filters, including directional, microstrip, and multi-resonator filters, these studies have highlighted key performance enhancements achievable through resonator coupling, metamaterial properties, and the introduction of attenuation poles. The use of advanced simulation tools, such as CST Studio Suite, AWR Microwave Office, and LabVIEW, allowed for accurate modelling and validation of theoretical designs. The introduction of Fano resonances and trapped modes in filters demonstrated improvements in selectivity and attenuation characteristics, which are critical for modern communication systems. Trapped modes manifest as attenuation poles, resulting from the interference of even and odd oscillations. This is evidenced by the presence of two independent energy pathways, along which these interfering oscillations propagate. With appropriate design parameters (such as resonator coupling coefficients and resonance frequencies), a complete energy exchange between resonators can occur at a certain frequency, in a direction perpendicular to the primary energy flow from input to output. The design and properties of directional filters based on circular resonators and dielectric resonators were described. These filters have "metamaterial" properties and are widely used in modern microwave technology. The characteristics of bandpass and rejector filters, as well as the characteristics of the filters formed by two microstrip resonators and resonators connected to each other, are given. It is important to emphasize the phenomena of "Fano resonances" observed in these filters, which arise as the interference of oscillations from individual resonators.

Characteristics and Control of Subway Train-Induced Environmental Vibration: A Case Study

With the widespread construction of the subway in the Chinese mainland, the environmental vibration caused by subway operation has attracted increasing attention. Train-induced environmental vibrations can cause structural deformation, uneven settlement of line foundations, and tunnel leakage, affecting the structural safety of lines and foundations. This research focuses on a segment of the Nanchang Metro Line 3, which has been chosen as the subject of investigation. A numerical model was developed to analyze the subway train-induced environmental vibration, employing the finite element method (FEM). Utilizing a numerical model, an investigation was conducted to examine the impact of train speed on the subway train-induced environmental vibration, the train-induced environmental vibration transmission characteristics were analyzed, and the control effects of vibration reduction tracks on train-induced environmental vibration were discussed. Train-induced vibration tests were also conducted on Nanchang Metro Line 3 to verify the control effects of various vibration reduction tracks. The results indicate that the subway train-induced environmental vibration rises as the train speed goes up, and the vibration peaks always appear around 63 Hz. When the train speed doubles, the Z-vibration level increases from about 5.1 dB to 5.9 dB. Subway train-induced environmental vibration shows a fluctuating decreasing trend with increasing distance from the centerline of the tunnel. The Z-vibration level reaches its maximum 4 m away from the centerline of the tunnel. Compared with the embedded sleeper, the vibration-damping fastener exhibits a vibration reduction effect of about 9 dB to 18 dB, the rubber vibration-damping pad exhibits a better vibration reduction effect of about 16 dB to 24 dB, and the steel spring floating plate exhibits the best vibration-damping effect of about 18 dB to 28 dB. The calculated Z-vibration levels are basically consistent with the measured values, indicating the accuracy of the calculated results of the control effects of the vibration reduction tracks.

Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of Avian Influenza in Cattle

Avian Influenza (AI) poses a critical threat to cattle production worldwide, resulting in significant yield losses and economic damages. Despite the severity of AI, comprehensive modeling studies on its transmission dynamics within cattle populations remain limited. In this study, we present a mathematical model to describe the spread of AI among cattle. The model is based on the Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) framework, adapted to capture the unique characteristics of AI transmission. The disease-free equilibrium of the model was computed, and the basic reproduction number for AI was calculated using the next-generation matrix method. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using normalized forward sensitivity method to determine the impact of various parameters on the basic reproduction number ($\mathcal{R}_0$). Analytical and numerical analyses indicate that increased contact rates between susceptible cattle and infected virus significantly raise the transmission rate of AI, impacting cattle health and productivity. Sensitivity analysis highlights that the recruitment rates of cattle and infection rates are the most influential parameters affecting $\mathcal{R}_0$. Control measures such as introducing AI-resistant cattle breeds and improving farm management practices to reduce infection rates may be used to mitigate the disease spread. This study enhances the understanding of AI transmission dynamics, providing valuable insights for developing targeted control strategies to protect cattle health and improve production.

Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by Spissistilus festinus and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission.

Grapevine red blotch is an emerging disease that threatens vineyard productions in North America. Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, species Grablovirus vitis, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae), the causal agent of red blotch disease, is transmitted by Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in a circulative, non-propagative mode. To gain new insight into GRBV-S. festinus interactions, we delved into vertical transmission and documented a lack of transovarial transmission. In addition, we investigated S. festinus sex differences in the horizontal transmission of GRBV by creating small arenas with 30 detached trifoliates of common snap bean, an experimental host of GRBV, and a preferred feeding host of S. festinus. Tracking the movement of viruliferous males, females, or a combination of the two sexes over two weeks in replicated experiments demonstrated that male S. festinus dispersed more than females with specimens of both sexes predominantly grouping together on trifoliates spatially surrounding the trifoliate onto which they were released. These behaviors resulted in a greater rate of GRBV transmission by S. festinus males (17%, 20 of 120) than females (4%, 5 of 120) or mixed-sex cohorts (9%, 17 of 180). In arenas with aviruliferous S. festinus and one (single) or four (hotspot) GRBV-infected trifoliates out of 30 total trifoliates, a higher GRBV transmission rate by males was confirmed in both single infection (50%, 30 of 60) and hotspot infection (83%, 50 of 60) arenas than by females in single infection (35%, 21 of 60) and hotspot infection (67%, 40 of 60) arenas. These findings highlighted sex-associated differences in the transmission of GRBV by S. festinus and a positive correlation between the initial virus prevalence and the rate of transmission. Finally, the secondary spread of GRBV resulted primarily from S. festinus dispersal by walking or jumping. Together, these unique GRBV transmission features support the need to characterize dispersal behaviors of S. festinus in vineyard ecosystems.