Transmission Control Protocol Research Articles

Modified Multipath Transmission Control Protocol Using Logarithmic Increase Under Long-Term Evolution and Wi-Fi Networks

Multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) has been proposed for devices with multiple network interfaces. This idea seems to be impossible for user implementation at the beginning of its proposal. However, the emergence of smartphones with multiple network access allows this idea to be implemented. This paper provides both theoretical and empirical throughput analysis of MPTCP under long term evolution (LTE) and Wi-Fi networks. First, a new modified congestion control is presented as an enhancement of standard TCP Reno using logarithmic function. Second, the existing MPTCP approaches like linked increase algorithm (LIA) and balanced LIA (BALIA) are discussed briefly. Finally, the experimental results under long term evolution (LTE) and Wi-Fi under software defined wireless networking (SDWN) are given along with the analysis. The experimental result shows that the proposed congestion control achieves higher average congestion window size. The BALIA MPTCP is shown to have higher throughput than that of the LIA MPTCP.

Ethernet Packet to USB Data Transfer Bridge ASIC with Modbus Transmission Control Protocol Based on FPGA Development Kit

This paper proposes an Ethernet packet transformation and transmission architecture between Modbus transmission control protocol (Modbus TCP) and universal serial bus (USB) 3.0 developed with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) development kit. The proposed architecture is used to complete packet transformation and transmission between Ethernet and USB 3.0 for application in induction motor (IM) control. The Ethernet receiver receives and analyses Modbus TCP packets and sends the source address, destination address, IP header, and Modbus TCP header to the register to verify the correctness of the packet. The Modbus TCP packet is stored in static random access memory and awaits access through a USB 3.0 module. An FPGA development kit (Intel DE10-Standard) is used for functional verification. The measured results show that the latency, throughput, and dynamic power are 18.845 μs, 950.31 Mbps, and 142.17 mW, respectively, at a voltage of 1.8 V and an operating frequency of 125 MHz. The main advantage is that the proposed Ethernet and USB bridge performs high throughput and short latency with FPGA development kit and that an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is provided with low power consumption. The robustness and convenience of the proposed ASIC are especially advantageous. The motivation is to resolve an existing problem that Ethernet and USB operate on different platforms.

A convenient way to mitigate DDoS TCP SYN flood attack

Sharing information from one device to another is gradually replacing hand-to-hand paper work in this connected digital age. Digital, modern technology are used to control the data communication. Because of this, the pace of a device’s cyber security is presently fast increasing. DDoS(Distributed Denial-of-Service), is one such phenomenon. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Half-open attacks include an SYN(Synchronization) flood attacks. It is a form of distributed denial of service attack that seeks to block all valid communication to a server in order to available server resources. This paper aims to protect the communication from DDoS TCP SYN flood attack. There are many research papers which can detect the attack after the attack take place and the prevention percentage is low. In this research paper this attack can be prevented much well than other model because a flood attack can detect before hampering the server and deny the connection attempt. There will be two cases studied and solved here that SYN-ACK(Synchronization-Acknowledgement) lost (no destination), SYN-ACK—no response.

Performance Evaluation of MPTCP on Simultaneous Use of 5G and 4G Networks.

The 5G cellular network comes with a promise to provide a very high data rate at low latency, which is becoming critical for advancing technologies. Mobile operators are currently deploying the 5G cellular network worldwide. However, because of limited coverage and high susceptibility of the 5G network to obstacles, handoffs from 5G to 4G and vice versa frequently occur, especially when the user equipment (UE) is moving. These handoffs often cause significant delays in data transmission due to packet losses and retransmissions. A promising solution can be to use both 4G and 5G networks simultaneously, which can solve this problem and yield a better throughput. Multipath transmission control protocol (TCP) is an effective solution for this problem, but it requires significant performance evaluation before practical deployment. In this study, we implement an MPTCP testbed based on NS3-DCE that enables to test the performance of MPTCP schedulers and congestion control algorithms (CCAs) in both 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. Through extensive simulation experiments in a scenario where a UE simultaneously utilizes both 4G and 5G networks, we found that blocking estimation (BLEST) scheduler implemented with balanced linked adaptation (BALIA) CCA can produce the highest throughput and lowest delay. Finally, we showed how received signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR), congestion window, throughput, and packet losses are interconnected.

Construction of Landscape Ecological Planning Evaluation Model Based on Sensor Network

The application of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology promotes the modernization of forestry. WSN application technology in forest areas is an important research topic for the sustainable development of forestry in China and is also a research hotspot for forestry ecological monitoring at present. The application of wireless sensor networks in forest areas, first of all, solves the problem of limited energy supply and low-latency data transmission in the forest environment. Due to the large area of the forest environment and uneven tree density, dynamic changes in forest height, easy to block the signal, and other characteristics, the forest environment is prone to node energy depletion fast, the network life cycle is short, and data transmission delays large dilemma. Second, the application of wireless sensor networks is usually centered on maximum data acquisition, but the contradiction between high data acquisition rate and limited energy supply is inevitable, so it is necessary to construct a maximum data acquisition rate model with limited energy supply as a constraint to guarantee the optimal acquisition conditions for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, from the application of wireless sensor network technology in forest environment, the research on the application of wireless sensor network in forestry is carried out around the analysis of energy self-collection permanent function of sensor nodes, sensor node transmission routing strategy, data collection, fusion, and fuzzy inference decision-making fire danger warning process, so as to provide a solution to the overall problem of forest fire warning based on rechargeable wireless sensor network. In this paper, we analyze the dynamic replenishment of energy in rechargeable wireless sensor networks and propose an energy-based transmission control protocol that effectively improves data transmission efficiency. In the rechargeable wireless sensor network, the network E2E (end-to-end) average delay time is calculated based on the number of nodes on the data transmission link. The research idea of this paper starts from the application technology of wireless sensor network in the forest environment, and the design of the energy self-collection permanent function of sensor nodes, sensor node transmission routing strategy, data collection, fusion, and fuzzy inference decision fire danger warning process are realized vertically.

Energy efficient framework to implement next generation network protocol using ATM technology

Real-time and multimedia apps on an integrated service internet are quickly becoming a realization. In the meanwhile, ATM technology is becoming available. Integrating ATM networks into this internet of integrated services is a significant challenge. Traditional TCP over ATM is one of the ways that is currently extensively used, effectively overcoming the problem of accessing network and compatibility. Providing quality-of-service (QoS) assurances for internet traffic flowing over ATM subnets is still a significant challenge. Integrating TCP/IP and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a problematic systemic issue in today's global networks. Asynchronous Transfer Mode's particular features must be integrated with the TCP/IP framework. A precise assessment of TCP/IP over ATM efficiency will be a valuable tool for combining the two approaches. When not used properly, TCP errors and traffic regulation algorithms were designed for best-effort networks and may degrade results on ATM networks. Quality of Service (QoS) is also hidden from programmed using standard overlay technologies such as LAN Emulation or Classic TCP over ATM. For optimal communication, this paper provides complete and standardized research and analysis of Protocol via ATM in a 5G network environment. Our proposed novel framework, TCP applications from QoS, provides Enhanced Energy Zam-Zam Transmission Control Protocol (EEZZTCP). The performance metrics like an end-to-end delay, throughput, Energy utilized, and packet delivery ratio are compared to another method.

A framework for researching energy optimization of factory operations

Energy optimization of factory operations has gained increasing importance over recent years since it is understood as one way to counteract climate change. At the same time, the number of research teams working on energy-optimized factory operations has also increased. While many tools are useful in this area, our team has recognized the importance of a comprehensive framework to combine functionality for optimization, simulation, and communication with devices in the factory. Therefore, we developed a framework that provides a standardized interface to research energy-optimized factory operations with a rolling horizon approach. The optimization part of the framework is based on the OpenAI gym environment. The framework also provides connectors for multiple communication protocols including Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture and Modbus via Transmission Control Protocol. These facilities can be utilized to implement rolling horizon optimizations for factory systems easily and directly control devices in the factory with the optimization results. In this article, we present the framework and show some examples to prove the effectiveness of our approach.

Leveraging eBPF to Make TCP Path-Aware

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the key Internet protocols. It is used by a broad range of applications. TCP was designed when there was typically a single path between a client and a server. Today’s networks provide higher path diversity, yet TCP still only uses the single path selected by the network layer. This limits the ability of TCP to react to events such as interdomain failures or highly congested peering links. We propose the TCP Path Changer (TPC), a set of eBPF programs that are incorporated into the Linux TCP/IP stack to make it more agile. To illustrate the benefits of our approach, we first demonstrate that TPC can quickly reroute an ongoing TCP connection around a failure. We then show that TPC can also monitor the round-trip-time of active TCP connections and automatically reroute them if it becomes too high. Our evaluation of TPC in emulated networks evidences the significant performance benefits of a path-aware transport protocol.

Packet transport for maritime communications: A streaming coded UDP approach

The maritime communication network (MCN) plays an important role in the 6th generation (6G) system development. In MCNs, packet transport over long-distance lossy links will be ubiquitous. Transmission control protocol (TCP), the dominant transport protocol in the past decades, have had performance issues in such links. In this paper, we propose a novel transport approach which uses user datagram protocol (UDP) along with a simple yet effective bandwidth estimator for congestion control, and with a proactive packet-level forward erasure correction (FEC) code called streaming code to provide low-delay loss recovery without data retransmissions at all. We show that the approach can effectively address two issues of the state-of-the-art TCP variants in the long-distance lossy links, namely 1) the low bandwidth utilization caused by the slow increase of the congestion window (CWND) due to long round-trip time (RTT) and the frequent CWND drop due to random and congestion losses, and 2) the high end-to-end in-order delivery delay when re-transmissions are incurred to recover lost packets. In addition, we show that the scheme's goodput has good smoothness and short-term intra-protocol fairness properties, which are beneficial for multimedia streaming and interactive applications that are prominent parts of today's wireless traffic.

Adaptive cross-layer handover algorithm based on MPTCP for hybrid LiFi-and-WiFi networks

In this paper, an adaptive cross-layer handover algorithm based on multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) is proposed to solve the handover problem in hybrid light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi) networks (HLWNets). According to this algorithm, the system can adapt to the user’s business type and behavioral characteristics to achieve seamless handover. By constructing nine evaluation indicators considering three dimensions of real-time network attributes, user mobility characteristics, and service demands for the network, the user mobility index (MI) is defined. By using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP)- the technique for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to conduct sub-item and overall analysis of the three types of indicators, the user’s mobile score is obtained, and the required MPTCP mode is determined to realize the cross-layer assistance accordingly. By using MI and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), load balancing can be achieved and the handover margin (HOM) and the time to trigger (TTT) can be dynamically set. By this, compared with the standard and location-aware algorithms, the number of handovers is significantly reduced (by 71% and 28%) and the throughput is effectively increased (by 58% and 43%). Finally, by simulation, the effectiveness of the adaptive cross-layer handover algorithm based on MPTCP is demonstrated.

Traditional vs. Modern Data Paths: A Comprehensive Survey

Recently, many new network paths have been introduced while old paths are still in use. The trade-offs remain vague and should be further addressed. Since last decade, the Internet is playing a major role in people’s lives, and the demand on the Internet in all fields has increased rapidly. In order to get a fast and secure connection to the Internet, the networks providing the service should get faster and more reliable. Many network data paths have been proposed in order to achieve the previous objectives since the 1970s. It started with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and later followed by several more modern paths including Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), remote direct memory access (RDMA), and the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK). This raised the question on which data path should be adopted and based on which features. In this work, we try to answer this question using different perspectives such as the protocol techniques, latency and congestion control, head of line blocking, the achieved throughput, middleboxes consideration, loss recovery mechanisms, developer productivity, host resources utilization and targeted application.

A typical analysis of hybrid covert channel using constructive entropy analytics

<p><span>A covert timing channel is based on modulation of the timing information in the network packets in a secured communication. The delicacy of this channel is primarily viewed as single coherent channel thwart the detection from any third-party entity or network admin. The timing covert channel is strenuous to detect under many scenarios due to the intricate complexity of the channel. The exploration of timing covert channel shed light on intrinsic design aspects which elevate understanding to an advanced level. This will effectively bring out elite literature aspects of the timing covert channel for seamless implementation. Supraliminal channels are innocuous message-based channel introduced as a trapdoor in the communication system either intentional or as vulnerability of the system. A hybrid covert channel is the existence of homogeneous or heterogeneous network covert channel variants either at same instant or at different instant of time. For instance, one of possible hybrid covert channel is the co-existence of timing covert channel in transmission control protocol (TCP) and supraliminal channel in voice over internet protocol (VoIP). This paper introduces this variant of the hybrid covert channel and their significance in network communication. The paper also refers to standard measures-entropy, covertness index to understand hybrid covert channel.</span></p>

Priority based flow control protocol for internet of things built on light fidelity

<span>Excessive usage of Internet by most of the applications that use internet of things (IoT) has resulted in need for high bandwidth network. Light fidelity (LiFi) is one such network having bandwidth in terms of GigaHertz, but LiFi has a limited propagation range hence it can be deployed only in the local area. When IoT nodes are connected using LiFi network in the local area they start pushing large data to the cloud there by arising need for flow control. Some of the IoT applications such as patient monitoring systems and nuclear systems, generate critical data. The protocol for flow control in this case should be based on priority of data since critical data with high priority have to be transmitted first. We develop a flow control protocol named priority based flow control protocol (PFCP) by providing priority to flows that carry critical data especially in IoT system that use LiFi network. We evaluate performance of different transmission control protocol (TCP) variants and modify TCP variant that yields maximum goodput according to the priority based protocol developed and demonstrate that flows that carry critical data are given priority compared to non-prioritized flows</span>

CMT-SCTP and MPTCP Multipath Transport Protocols: A Comprehensive Review

A huge amount of generated data is regularly exploding into the network by the users through smartphones, laptops, tablets, self-configured Internet-of-things (IoT) devices, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. In such a situation, satisfying critical quality-of-service (QoS) requirements (e.g., throughput, latency, bandwidth, and reliability) is a large challenge as a vast amount of data travels into the network. Nowadays, strict QoS requirements must be satisfied efficiently in many networked multimedia applications when intelligent multi-homed devices are used. Such devices support the concept of multi-homing. To be precise, they have multiple network interfaces that aim to connect and communicate concurrently with different networking technologies. Therefore, many multipath transport protocols are provided to multi-homed devices, which aim (1) to take advantage of several network paths at the transport layer (Layer-4) and (2) to meet the strict QoS requirements for providing low network latency, higher data rates, and increased reliability. To this end, this survey first presents the challenges/problems for supporting multipath transmission with possible solutions. Then, it reviews recent research efforts related to the concurrent multipath transmission (CMT) protocol and the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP). It reviews the latest research efforts by considering (1) how a multipath transport protocol operates (i.e., its functionality); (2) in what type of network; (3) what path characteristics it should consider; and (4) how it addresses various design challenges. Furthermore, it presents some lessons learned and discusses open research issues in multipath transport protocols.

Efficient Key Exchange Using Identity-Based Encryption in Multipath TCP Environment

Across the globe, wireless devices with Internet facilities such as smartphones and tablets have become essential assets for communication and entertainment alike for everyday life for millions of people, which increases the network traffic and the demand for low-latency communication networks. The fourth-generation (4G)/long-term evolution (LTE)/ fifth-generation (5G) communication technology offers higher bandwidth and low latency services, but resource utilization and resiliency cannot be achieved, as transmission control protocol (TCP) is the most common choice for most of the state-of-art applications for the transport layer. An extension of TCP—multipath TCP (MPTCP)—offers higher bandwidth, resiliency, and stable connectivity by offering bandwidth aggregation and smooth handover among multiple paths. However, MPTCP uses multiple disjointed paths for communication to offer multiple benefits. A breach in the security of one of the paths may have a negative effect on the overall performance, fault-tolerance, robustness, and quality of service (QoS). In this paper, the research focuses on how MPTCP options such as MP_CAPABLE, ADD_ADDR, etc., can be used to exploit the vulnerabilities to launch various attacks such as session hijacking, traffic diversion, etc., to compromise the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of the data and network. The probable security solutions for securing MPTCP connections are analyzed, and the secure key exchange model for MPTCP (SKEXMTCP) based on identity-based encryption (IBE) is proposed and implemented. The parameters exchanged during the initial handshake are encrypted using IBE to prevent off-path attacks by removing the requirement for key exchange before communication establishment by allowing the use of arbitrary strings as a public key for encryption. The experiments were performed with IBE and an elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), which show that IBE performs better, as it does not need to generate keys while applying encryption. The experimental evaluation of SKEXMTCP in terms of security and performance is carried out and compared with existing solutions.

Behavioral Study of Software-Defined Network Parameters Using Exploratory Data Analysis and Regression-Based Sensitivity Analysis

To provide a low-cost methodical way for inference-driven insight into the assessment of SDN operations, a behavioral study of key network parameters that predicate the proper functioning and performance of software-defined networks (SDNs) is presented to characterize their alterations or variations, given various emulated SDN scenarios. It is standard practice to use simulation environments to investigate the performance characteristics of SDNs, quantitatively and qualitatively; hence, the use of emulated scenarios to typify the investigated SDN in this paper. The key parameters studied analytically are the jitter, response time and throughput of the SDN. These network parameters provide the most vital metrics in SDN operations according to literature, and they have been behaviorally studied in the following popular SDN states: normal operating condition without any incidents on the SDN, hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) flooding, transmission control protocol (TCP) flooding, and user datagram protocol (UDP) flooding, when the SDN is subjected to a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. The behavioral study is implemented primarily via univariate and multivariate exploratory data analysis (EDA) to characterize and visualize the variations of the SDN parameters for each of the emulated scenarios, and linear regression-based analysis to draw inferences on the sensitivity of the SDN parameters to the emulated scenarios. Experimental results indicate that the SDN performance metrics (i.e., jitter, latency and throughput) vary as the SDN scenario changes given a DDoS attack on the SDN, and they are all sensitive to the respective attack scenarios with some level of interactions between them.

Analyzing TCP Performance in High Bit Error Rate Using Simulation and Modeling

While Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) works well with a low bit error rate (BER), the performance of TCP degrades significantly if the BER rises above a certain level. A study of the performance of TCP with high BER is required for the efficient design and deployment of such systems. In this paper, we address the problem of TCP performance in high BERs and analyze the issues by investigating the effect of BERs on system performance. We consider TCP Reno in our study to explore the system performance using extensive analysis of simulation and modeling. In the analysis, we consider the amount of datagram sent and retransmitted, mean throughput, link-layer overhead, TCP window size, FTP download response time, packet dropping and retransmission, and the TCP congestion avoidance mechanism. We validate simulation results by setting up a virtualized testbed using Linux hosts and a Linux router. The results obtained show that TCP throughput degrades significantly and eventually collapses at the packet drop probability of 10% (BER = 10−5). The FTP download response time is about 32 times longer than that of a perfect channel (no packet dropping). We found that TCP Reno cannot handle such a high BER to operate in wireless environments effectively. Finally, we provide recommendations for network researchers and engineers confronted with the challenge of operating TCP over noisy channels.

A path characteristics based adaptive subflow switching algorithm for dynamic heterogeneous MPTCP network

Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP) can support simultaneous transmission of data packets over multiple paths, improve transmission reliability and aggregate network bandwidth to improve throughput. However, MPTCP cannot adjust the access state of subflows in real time according to the actual situation in the dynamic network, resulting in poor performance under the limitation of limited buffers. The existing path management algorithms, such as Fullmesh and PCDC, only select the subflows for concurrent transmission at the beginning, and cannot dynamically manage the subflow during the transmission. Therefore, we propose a path characteristics based adaptive subflow switching management (PASS) algorithm to manage multiple paths of MPTCP in real time and dynamically manage whether a subflow joins the transmission or not. Experimental results show that PASS is more stable and flexible than traditional Fullmesh algorithm and PCDC algorithm, and can obtain higher network throughput.

Optimal transmission of messages in computer networks – an optimal control problem involving control-dependent time-delayed arguments

In this paper, we find the optimal transmission of messages in computer networks. This problem has been formulated as a nondelayed optimal control problem in several recent papers on TCP (transmission control protocol). Since the actual transmission of messages from origins to destinations should consist of both forward transmission delays of the buffers and latency of the links, we remodel the problem as a time-delayed optimal control problem consisting of both control-dependent time-delayed arguments and discrete time-delayed arguments. We then develop a modified control parameterization method for solving this time-delayed optimal control problem. The gradients of the new objective function and constraint functions generated by this modified control parametrization method are derived. A numerical example is solved by using the time-delayed version of the problem that we formulate, as well as the nondelayed version of the problem in the literature. Numerical results clearly illustrate the efficiency of the modified control parameterization method for solving both versions of this optimal transmission problem. Comparison of results of the two versions concerning the optimal transmission rates at the origins, the optimal output flow rates at the destination, and the queue sizes at the buffers are obtained. These comparison results clearly reflect how the optimal transmission of messages in computer networks in real life can be affected by both the forward transmission delays of the buffers and the latency of the links.

Cross-camera tracking of vehicle loads based on deep metric learning and edge computing

To date, vehicle load identification with a single camera has been relatively well researched. However, due to the limited view field of the camera and various assumptions in existing studies, the acquired data do not faithfully reflect the loading history of vehicle loads on long-span bridges, thus causing deviations in statistical modelling and mechanical calculations. In order to obtain more reliable data of vehicle loads, it is necessary to explore more developed methods based on existing studies. Therefore, a novel cross-camera tracking method for vehicle loads is proposed by using deep metric learning and edge computing. Vehicle load identification with a single camera is first implemented, which includes vehicle detection, 3D bounding box reconstruction, and vehicle tracking. Next, a deep metric learning network for vehicle re-identification is built and supervised learning is performed. Based on the vehicle detection, the vehicle in video frames is cropped and fed into a convolutional neural network to obtain the embedding vector. A long connection is established between neighboring edge computing nodes according to the transmission control protocol, and then cross-camera re-identification and tracking of vehicles are achieved through data communication and vehicle status vectors. Finally, the loading history of vehicle loads is sent via a wireless network to a cloud server to be stored and further utilized. After analyzing and calculating videos from an operating bridge, the results show that the average accuracy of vehicle cross-camera identification reaches 96%. Due to the ability to obtain the full loading history of vehicle loads, this method has great potential in practice.