Transmission Coefficients Research Articles

Analysis of epidemiological and clinical manifestations of foodborne botulism in the Volgograd region

Aim. To analyze the situation regarding manifestations of foodborne botulism in the Volgograd region in the 2005–2023 period.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 158 records of hospital patients with a diagnosis of foodborne botulism was carried out. The epidemiological data under analysis included transmission factors and outcomes. The clinical data under analysis were duration of the incubation period, severity of clinical manifestations at the time of admission and during the course of the disease, severity of changes in laboratory parameters, studies of biological material for the presence of botulinum toxin. Statistical data were processed using the MS Excel and Stastica 10.0 MS Office software packages. Results. Predominant sporadic cases of botulism were identified. The leading factors of infection transmission and the predominant type of botulinum toxin in the Volgograd region in the period from 2005 to 2023 were determined.Conclusion. Physicians and other specialists working in outpatient facilities and hospital emergency departments should maintain updated knowledge about this severe food bacterial poisoning.

Assessing the shielding capability of NiO-infused BPSCCO ceramics against low-energy X-rays

This research examines the improvement of radiation shielding capabilities in Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide (BSCCO) superconductors via NiO doping. With the increasing need for advanced shielding materials in high-risk areas, exploring effective and nonhazardous alternatives is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of the study was to investigate the radiation-shielding characteristics of BPSCCO superconducting ceramics and the effects of NiO additives on their shielding properties. Comparisons of linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), as well as fully simulated values for transmission factor (TF), neutron removal cross section (ΣR), electrical conductivity (Ceff), alpha and proton stopping powers, and radiation protection efficiency (RPE) using NIST XCOM, Phy-X, NIST Pstar and NIST Astar for all ceramic samples. The results indicate that optimal NiO doping notably enhances the radiation shielding capabilities of BSCCO ceramics, highlighting their significant potential for use in the medical, aerospace, and nuclear industries. This research provides a fundamental understanding of the potential of doped superconductor ceramics for radiation protection, promoting further research into these materials and the creation of safer, more efficient shielding solutions.

Association of Area Deprivation Index With Mortality in Critically Ill Adults With COVID-19.

Various social determinants of health have been established as significant risk factors for COVID-19 transmission, prevalence, incidence, and mortality. Area deprivation index (ADI, a composite score made up of educational, housing, and poverty markers) is an accepted multidimensional social determinants of health measure. Little is known about how structural social determinants of health before hospitalization, including ADI, may affect mortality related to COVID-19 in critically ill patients. To examine the association of ADI with intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with COVID-19 and compare its predictive power with that of clinical factors. This was a retrospective cohort study of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in 3 hospitals within a single health system. Multivariable logistic regression models (adjusted for demographic and clinical variables) were used to examine the association of ADI with ICU mortality. Data from 1784 patients hospitalized from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed. In multivariable models, no association was found between national ADI and ICU mortality. Notable factors associated with ICU mortality included treatment year, age, van Walraven weighted score, invasive mechanical ventilation, and body mass index. In this study, clinical factors were more predictive of mortality than ADI and other social determinants of health. The influence of ADI may be most relevant before hospital admission. These findings could serve as a foundation for shaping targeted public health strategies and hospital interventions, enhancing care delivery, and potentially contributing to better outcomes in future pandemics.

Phi6 virus transmission in Arctic outdoor air and the effects of solar UV radiation on virus and host viability

Virus seasonality is affected by many environmental factors. UV radiation is a less studied but potentially important factor in virus outdoor aerosol transmission. Virus aerosol transmission in an Arctic environment was simulated by nebulizing Phi6 outdoors to study longer range (0-75 m) transmission. Aerosolized viruses were collected using host-containing agar plates, Biosamplers and filter collectors. Additionally, the effects of long-term exposure to solar UV radiation were studied on Phi6 and its host bacteria Pseudomonas phaseolicola. Phi6 remained infectious in aerosols for at least 50 m outdoors, however, potential for longer transmission distance still exists. Exposure to solar UV radiation did not significantly affect Phi6 viability, however, a decreasing trend was seen over an 8 h exposure time. Potential UV radiation related damages were found in the host bacteria's genome, but not in Phi6. This study shows that some viruses can remain infectious and travel for relatively long distances outdoors. Solar UV radiation was found to have minimal or no effect on Phi6 aerosol transmission at these distances, however, Phi6 is known to be resilient against UV radiation. Further studies are required with longer distance collection to understand the full potential of virus aerosol transmission outdoors. Additionally, other model viruses should be experimented with to understand how different viruses remain infectious in aerosols.

Experimental study on hydrodynamic performance and structural forces of curved and vertical front face pile-supported permeable breakwaters

This paper presents an experimental study on the hydrodynamic characteristics and structural forces of pile-supported permeable breakwaters under regular wave conditions. The study evaluates three distinct configurations: one featuring a vertical superstructure, another with a permeable curved superstructure, and a third that combines a permeable curved superstructure incorporating a perforated diaphragm. Experiments were conducted under regulated wave conditions, focusing on pressures, forces, and hydrodynamic scattering coefficients associated with each structural form. Results from the experiments indicate that, under the conditions tested in this study, the curved permeable superstructure significantly reduces wave reflection coefficients and forces acting on critical elements. The curved permeable superstructure maintains reflection coefficients below 0.3 while ensuring low transmission coefficients. Moreover, the study explores dynamic water pressure on an inclined perforated plate and identifies an asymmetric double-peak phenomenon in the pressure time series, signifying the transition from regular waves to breaking waves. The critical wave steepness for the occurrence of double peaks was found to be lower than the breaking limit steepness. Filter analysis elucidates the generation mechanism and evolution pattern of this double-peak phenomenon, revealing the influence of relative water depth, with second-order harmonics dominating near the bottom and second- and third-order harmonics prevalent at the free water surface. This research contributes to the understanding of the hydrodynamic performance of pile-supported permeable breakwaters and underscores the benefits of the curved permeable superstructure design in reducing wave reflection and structural forces. The findings provide valuable insight for the further development and application of pile-supported breakwater structures.

Vedic astrological factors for human immunodeficiency virus transmission within male individuals with sexual orientation as homosexual

Background: For almost more than 70 years, the modern science had labeled homosexuality as a mental disorder and was part of DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) until the fifth edition was released in the year 2013 and homosexuality was removed from the mental disorder list. Despite of the removal of homosexuality along with all kind of sexual orientation from mental disorder, it is still being considered taboo in the society. From Sanatana Dharma perspective, homosexuality is very well mentioned in multiple scriptures. In Vedic Astrology as well, this homosexuality along with diseases due to sexual intercourse is being described. In this modern era, one of the most common disease due to sexual intercourse is HIV. Although, HIV is considered relatively new transmission due to its first scientific mention in the late twentieth century, the symptoms and overall nature of this disease is clearly described in Vedic Astrology. Finding: This research paper is an extension of the existing research paper in the field of Vedic Astrology especially in the field of Vedic Astrology focusing on HIV transmission. A total of 314 HIV positive samples was collected from 18 countries selected from Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa as well as Australia in order to have a coverage of all the continents. All these HIV positive people belong to LGBT community, to be very specific Gay (homosexuals) and have been identified as HIV transmission due to anal intercourse with another Gay partner. The Astrological Natal Chart were analyzed for all these 314 samples against the KIRAN sutra (5 thumb rules) to find the possibility of HIV based on the sutras i.e. rules. Out of 314 samples, 310 charts fit the criteria (KIRA sutra) mentioned in the KIRAN sutra for HIV transmission. 4 samples were not checked against the criteria (N) due to insufficient Nakshatra-Pada i.e. Constellation-Phase coverage along with the complex nature of the Nakshatra sutra i.e. N sutra of KIRAN sutra. The result indicates that the KIRAN sutra is very effective sutra even to identify the HIV transmission from male-to-male partner with an accuracy of 98.73% (310 cases out of 314 cases) using only 4 sutras i.e. KIRA. Conclusion: The research is an effort to raise awareness and to help males with homosexual orientation to identify whether they are highly prone to HIV or not using their Vedic Astrological Natal Chart so that they can take preventive action. A new yoga i.e. Samalaingika Yauna Sankramaṇa Yoga is being introduced in the field of Medical Astrology focusing on males with sexual orientation as homosexual, commonly known as Gay in LGBT community in order to support Gays living a HIV free life without judging their sexual orientation. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study introduces the application of the KIRAN sutra from Vedic Astrology as a predictive method for assessing HIV transmission risk in homosexual men, achieving an accuracy rate of 98.73%, along with the introduction of a new configuration, Samalaingika Yauna Sankramaṇa Yoga.

Silicon rich nitride: a platform for controllable structural colors

Abstract High refractive index dielectric materials like silicon rich nitride (SRN) are critical for constructing advanced dielectric metasurfaces but are limited by transparency and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process compatibility. SRN’s refractive index can be adjusted by varying the silicon to nitride ratio, although this increases absorption, particularly in the blue spectrum. Dielectric metasurfaces, which utilize the material’s high dielectric constant and nano-resonator geometry, experience loss amplification due to resonance, affecting light reflection, light transmission, and quality factor. This study explores the impact of varying the silicon ratio on structural color applications in metasurfaces, using metrics such as gamut coverage, saturation, and reflection amplitude. We found that a higher SRN ratio enhances these metrics, making it ideal for producing vivid structural colors. Our results show that SRN can produce a color spectrum covering up to 166 % of the sRGB space and a resolution of 38,000 dots per inch. Fabricated samples vividly displayed a parrot, a flower, and a rainbow, illustrating SRN’s potential for high-resolution applications. We also show that SRN can provide a better CIE diagram coverage than other popular metasurfaces materials. These findings highlight the advantages of SRN for photonic devices, suggesting pathways for further material and application development.

Transmission of an optical wave through a multilayer structure with dispersive chiral layers

Background. The using of mirror asymmetric chemical compounds for doping quartz makes it possible to metamaterial creation that has the chirality property. In such a compositional structure, unusual effects may arise when interacting with an optical wave. Aim. We calculate the transmission and reflection of a linearly polarized optical wave through a multilayer structure consisting of two doped quartz glasses separated by two air gaps. Methods. Based on a homogeneous mathematical model of a chiral metamaterial, taking into account the dispersion of the dielectric constant and the chirality parameter based on the matrix method, a system of linear algebraic equations is obtained for the complex reflection and transmission coefficients of an electromagnetic wave of linear polarization. Results. An analysis of the frequency and angular characteristics of the modules of the reflection and transmission coefficients was carried out at various values of the quartz doping level. It is theoretically predicted that at some wavelengths, most of the incident optical energy can be concentrated in the air gaps of the multilayer structure. Conclusion. The data obtained as a result of calculations can be used in the development of planar structures for frequency-selective concentration of energy in the visible and infrared spectrum based on quartz glasses doped with chiral chemical compounds.

Transmission coefficient of super-Janus solution

We calculate the transmission coefficient of the super-Janus interface conformal field theory, both at weak and at strong coupling, where latter is described holographically as a domain-wall solution on AdS2 × S2 × M4 × Σ. Surprisingly we find perfect agreement between the free and strong coupling answer, mirroring a similar unexpected equivalence previously found for the entanglement entropy.

Quantum Effects Induced by Defects in Thin-Film Structures: A Hybrid Modeling Approach to Conductance and Transmission Analysis

This study investigated the possibility of quantum effects arising from defects resulting from the use of textronic electroconductive thin films and evaluated their impact on control characteristics. A hybrid model, where the classical approach to determine stationary fields based on the boundary element method was combined with a quantum mechanical approach using nonequilibrium Green’s functions, was created. The results of conductance and transmission coefficient simulations for different types of defects in the studied structure and a wide range of temperatures assuming two different control modes are presented. Based on the results, the conditions for the occurrence of quantum effects on the surface of conducting paths containing defects were specified, and their impact on conductance in the quantum mechanical approach was estimated.

Rate Constants of the H + HCF3 → H2 + CF3 Reaction from Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics on a Highly Accurate Potential Energy Surface.

The reaction between H and HCF3 is the primary consumption pathway of HCF3 in the atmosphere and combustion. In this work, ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) calculations are performed to calculate the rate constants of the reaction on a recently developed accurate potential energy surface. 36, 20, and 8 beads are used to compute the rate constants at 350 K ≤ T < 800 K, 800 K ≤ T ≤ 1000 K, and T > 1000 K, respectively. The obtained RPMD rate constants agree well with the experimental measurements. In addition, a detailed analysis of the free-energy curves and transmission coefficients reveals that the quantum tunneling significantly affects the reaction dynamics, even at high temperatures.

Educational intervention to raise awareness and foster responsibility for Chagas disease risk factors in the rural community of Texca, Guerrero, Mexico.”

Problem consideredChagas disease is a vector-borne parasitic infection considered of public health importance. For farmers and residents of endemic areas, vectors are part of their day to day life and they often lack awareness of their infectious potential, so the risk they pose is not a main concern in their lives. So far, existing measures set in place to eradicate the vector have not been effective long-term. MethodsIn this study, a one-year program was designed and implemented to inform and assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of 81 parents or heads of household regarding the risk of transmission and prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The program aimed to raise awareness of the crucial role they play in the prevention and control of vectors associated with Chagas disease. ResultsAfter educational interventions, a notable increase in the percentage of knowledge regarding the parasite, transmission factors, and Chagas disease was observed. ConclusionThis might suggest that properly implementing educational interventions within the population, with training from health professionals and through public programs, will allow for the reduction of infection risks. In the long term, it could significantly reduce the incidence of the disease in the region and state.

Flat double-layer metal-only metasurface with polarization-dependent operation in a C/X dual band

In this communication, a dual-band, orthogonal polarization transmission metasurface antenna operating at 6.5 GHz and 9.5 GHz is proposed. The element of this transmitarray is composed of only two identical layers of metal plates, with air medium filling the space between the upper and lower layers. Each layer has four sets of staggered I-slots, thus ensuring dual-frequency orthogonal polarization operation. Moreover the proposed element overcomes the challenge of achieving full 360-degree phase shift in dual-layer metal-only structures without any additional connecting elements. By altering the length of the slots, it can achieve a continuous full 360-degree phase shift while maintaining a transmission amplitude above −2 dB and exhibits co-polarized transmission in both bands. Then a prototype containing 16 × 16 elements is designed and fabricated to verify the feasibility of the design scheme. The measurement results, which are consistent with the simulation, demonstrate that the maximum gains of 24.85 and 27.64 dBi are obtained at 6.4 GHz and 9.4 GHz, with corresponding aperture efficiencies of 23.18% and 20.4% and a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 15.6% and 22.34%. The good transmission coefficients of the element and the dual-band capability make the design a competitive candidate for satellite and high-power applications.

Applying heterogeneous building materials for the protection of people against electromagnetic radiation

The object of this study is the processes of shielding electromagnetic radiation by building and facing materials. The research is aimed at solving the problem of ensuring the electromagnetic safety of people by improving the composition and structures of building and facing materials. Means for improving the electromagnetic safety of people under industrial and domestic conditions using non-homogeneous building materials have been determined. The shielding properties of reinforced concrete structures were studied. A methodology for increasing their efficiency depending on the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the radiation that needs shielding has been devised. The efficiency of electromagnetic radiation shielding by heterogeneous dielectric building materials based on cement concrete and basalt fibers was determined. It was established that shielding through the refraction of electromagnetic waves on inhomogeneities does not give an acceptable effect. The expediency of covering basalt fibers with a conductive substance to increase the protective properties of materials was substantiated. The protective properties of flat facing material with carbonyl iron content were studied. It has been shown that the properties of materials can be effectively controlled by adjusting the filler. The material's transmission coefficient of ultra-high frequency electromagnetic radiation does not exceed 0.40, and the reflection coefficient – 0.25 with a filler content in the base of 14–15 % by volume. This makes it possible to simultaneously ensure the electromagnetic safety of people and the stable functioning of wireless communication devices. The advantage of the material is the low coefficients of reflection of electromagnetic waves, which does not lead to deterioration of the electromagnetic situation in other areas where people stay. It has been established that the addition of boron nitride to the facing material significantly increases the thermal insulation characteristics of the coating and contributes to the solution of energy saving problems. Adding a layer containing boron nitride to the material provides thermal conductivity coefficients of 0.030–0.031 W/m·K, which is better than known analogs

Indirect and direct effects of nighttime light on COVID-19 mortality using satellite image mapping approach

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of understanding environmental factors in disease transmission. This study aims to explore the spatial association between nighttime light (NTL) from satellite imagery and COVID-19 mortality. It particularly examines how NTL serves as a pragmatic proxy to estimate human interaction in illuminated nocturnal area, thereby impacting viral transmission dynamics to neighboring areas, which is defined as spillover effect. Analyzing 43,199 COVID-19 deaths from national mortality data during January 2020 and October 2022, satellite-derived NTL data, and various environmental and socio-demographic covariates, we employed the Spatial Durbin Error Model to estimate the direct and indirect effect of NTL on COVID-19 mortality. Higher NTL was initially directly linked to increased COVID-19 mortality but this association diminished over time. The spillover effect also changed: during the early 3rd wave (December 2020 – February 2021), a unit (nanoWatts/sr/cm2) increase in NTL led to a 7.9% increase in neighboring area mortality (p = 0.013). In contrast, in the later 7th wave (July – September 2022), dominated by Omicron, a unit increase in NTL resulted in an 8.9% decrease in mortality in neighboring areas (p = 0.029). The shift from a positive to a negative spillover effect indicates a change in infection dynamics during the pandemic. The study provided a novel approach to assess nighttime human activity and its influence on disease transmission, offering insights for public health strategies utilizing satellite imagery, particularly when direct data collection is impractical while the collection from space is readily available.

Genomic analysis of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from the Brazilian poultry farms.

The rapid expansion of broiler chicken production in Brazil has presented significant sanitation challenges within the poultry industry. Among these challenges, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Heidelberg stands as a contributor to global salmonellosis outbreaks. This study analyzed 13 draft genomes of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from the pre-slaughter broiler chickens farms in Brazil. By conducting in silico analysis of these genomes, the study investigated genome similarity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified genes encoding resistance to antimicrobials, sanitizers, and virulence factors. Furthermore, mobile genetic elements (MGE) were identified to assess their potential role in propagating genes through horizontal gene transfer. A risk classification was also applied based on the resistomes. The genomes revealed a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and genes linked to quaternary ammonium resistance. The study also uncovered six Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) and over 100 genes encoding virulence factors. The association of MGE with antibiotic-resistant genes sul2 and blaCMY-2 raised concerns about the potential transfer to other bacteria, posing a substantial risk for spreading resistance mechanisms according to established risk protocols. Additionally, SNP analysis indicated close phylogenetic relationships among some isolates, suggesting a common origin. This study enhances our understanding of Salmonella Heidelberg strains by identifying key risk factors for transmission and revealing the association between resistance genes and MGEs. This insight provides a foundation for developing and implementing effective control, monitoring, and treatment strategies in the poultry industry.

Annealing effect of Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 catangasite crystals on their optical activity

The spectral dependences of transmission and absorption in the wavelength range of 200–2500 nm were measured for Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 crystals cut perpendicular to the optical axis in the initial state (without annealing) and after isothermal annealing in vacuum and in air. It was found that annealing in vacuum leads to a decrease, and annealing in air leads to an increase in the intensity of absorption bands. A spectrophotometric method for measuring and calculating the specific rotation angle ρ of the plane of polarization of light in gyrotropic crystals from the transmission coefficient spectra at different angles between the polarizer and the analyzer is considered. The transmission spectra were normalized in order to eliminate shifts in the spectra associated with measurement features. Spectral dependences of the values of ρ for all three samples, which are approximated by the extended Drude formula, are obtained; the influence of the annealing atmosphere on the values of the coefficients of this formula is established.

"V"-Shaped Changing Electronic Performance of Iodinene-Based Nanoflakes as a Function of Width.

Special structures and prominent performance make 2D iodinene more appealing and valuable at the molecular level. Here, new-type electronic devices have been constructed with iodinene-based nanoflakes in different sizes and are theoretically studied for electronic transport properties. Our findings reveal that iodinene-based nanoflakes possess great electron transport suppression, achieving the same function as SiO2 on single molecule scale. Such transport suppression shows surprisingly nonlinear "V"-shaped trend with the width of the iodinene-based nanoflake. The medium-width iodinene-based nanoflake exhibits the strongest electron transport suppression, while the narrowest and widest ones display the largest electron transmission coefficients due to delocalized transmission eigenstates. Essentially, the weakest electron transport originates from an extremely small DOS and wide HOMO-LUMO gap. Specifically, increasing the width would diminish the extension of electronic states for the dominant transport orbitals, resulting in more butterfly-like electronic states. In non-equilibrium, negative differential resistance effect can be observed in iodinene-based devices, caused by the weakening and staying away from the Fermi level of transmission peaks influenced by the bias. Our findings provide insights into the relationship between the width of iodinene-based nanoflake and electronic transport properties, and lay a foundation in the device design and applications in molecular insulators and controllable-functional devices.

Hydrodynamic Performance of Half Pipe Breakwaters Experimentally and Numerically

The main objective of constructing barriers is to safeguard harbours and shores from waves and sea currents. This paper aims at presenting a study on innovative and non-traditional alternatives to breakwaters, experimentally and numerically, to assess the hydrodynamic efficiency of the suggested models in order to choose the most appropriate one. Two models of semi-submersible-type breakwaters have been studied, in the form of a cross-section of a half pipe with an internal diameter and thickness of 30.00 and 1.00 cm, respectively. Model (a) is a circular half-pipe with an upward concave, whereas model (b) has a sideways concave towards the water. Several scenarios for the breakwaters suggested in this study have been simulated using FLOW 3D. The results indicate that the transmission coefficient (Tc), provided by model (b), is 3-7% lower than model (a), while the reflection coefficient (Rc) values for model (b) are 4-8% higher than model (a). The results show that model (b) has a 10% lower (Tc) at d/h = 0.80 compared to d/h = 0.60, while (Rc) is 8% higher at d/h = 0.80 than at d/h = 0.60 for the same model. The suggested breakwater reduces inclined waves' energy more quickly than perpendicular waves. Regarding the hydrodynamic performance, the proposed breakwater in model (b) is shown to be more efficient and effective than the breakwater in model (a), so it is recommended to use it due to its effectiveness in providing protection for coastal wave zones and benefiting from the energy of waves to generate electricity.

Unveiling the shielding potential: Exploring photon and neutron attenuation in a novel lead-free XCr2Se4 chalcogenide Spinals alloys with MCNP 4C code

The study covers shielding properties of three promising lead-free XCr2Se4 alloys, where X represents Mn, Cu, or Ag, across a spectrum of energies between 0.02 MeV and 15 MeV. MCNP4C was employed to simulate the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the three selected alloys. After being prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction method, the samples displayed densities ranging from 5.45 g cm−3to 6.22 g cm−3. The simulated results obtained from the MCNP4C are then benchmarked with data obtained using different software such as Phy-X, Py-MLBUF, EPIXS, and GRASP. Upon comparing the acquired results with the Phy-X data, a notable correlation was observed with a relative difference ranging from 0.11% to 8.57%. The accuracy of the simulated data was additionally validated through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. From the simulated MAC, different ionizing radiation shielding properties including linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean-free path (MFP), transmission factor (TF), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), and fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) were calculated to provide a comprehensive analysis of the samples' efficacy in dealing with different types of radiation. The LAC for neutrons at different energies is also examined. HVL analysis indicates the radiation-blocking capacity of the samples. The TF shows the alloys’ ability to either permit or restrain the transfer of radiation. Additionally, RPE and FNRCS give indication of the shielding potential of the studied samples. This study is important for nuclear physicians and researchers and serves as useful data for the development of superior shielding materials.