Transmissible Drug Resistance Research Articles

Genetic profile and characteristics of HIV-1 drug resistance mutation in the Krasnodar region over the 2014 to 2019

Objective.Molecular genetic analysis of AIDS-1, having spread in the territory of Krasnodar region over the 2014 to 2019, including analysis of drug resistance mutationMaterials and methods.The study used the collection of samples, obtained from 478 HIV-infected people, living in the territory of Krasnodar region over the 2014 to 2019; out of them 155 received antiretroviral therapy (ART). Genotyping of the obtained samples was carried out with the further phylogenetic analysis, including detailed analysis of identified unique recombinant forms of HIV-1.Results.It is shown that HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 (80,5%) continues dominating in the territory of Krasnodar region, genetic variant B (9,2%) is the second most common one. Also 11 unique recombinant forms (URFs) were discovered, 10 out of which are the result of A6 and B genetic variants recombination. Drug resistance mutations were registered with 114 patients, received ART (73,6%); primary mutations — M184V and A62V. Provisional indicator of transmissible drug resistance in the population of naïve patients is 4,6% (15/323); primary mutations — K103N и G190S.Conclusion.The analysis of genetic profile and HIV-1 drug resistance mutation is carried out in the territory of Krasnodar region over the 2014 to 2019.

Bioinformatics Identification of Drug Resistance-Associated Gene Pairs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Due to the extensive use of anti-tuberculosis drugs and the development of mutations, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is recognized as one of the most dangerous threats to global tuberculosis control. Some single mutations have been identified to be significantly linked with drug resistance. However, the prior research did not take gene-gene interactions into account, and the emergence of transmissible drug resistance is connected with multiple genetic mutations. In this study we use the bioinformatics software GBOOST (The Hong Kong University, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China) to calculate the interactions of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) pairs and identify gene pairs associated with drug resistance. A large part of the non-synonymous mutations in the drug target genes that were included in the screened gene pairs were confirmed by previous reports, which lent sound solid credits to the effectiveness of our method. Notably, most of the identified gene pairs containing drug targets also comprise Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family proteins, suggesting that PPE family proteins play important roles in the drug resistance of Mtb. Therefore, this study provides deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, and the present method is useful for exploring the drug resistance mechanisms for other microorganisms.

Surveillance for antiviral resistance.

In the 10 years since licensure of neuraminidase inhibitor drugs, their use has steadily increased, especially during the pandemic of 2009. Experience now indicates that factors which influence the emergence of high level resistance include the nature of drug binding to target, viral subtype, the use of post exposure prophylaxis and a lack of immunity in the host as seen in children and immunocompromised individuals. These factors point towards targetted surveillance programmes for the early identification of transmissible drug resistance.

Post-exposure prophylaxis during pandemic outbreaks

BackgroundWith the rise of the second pandemic wave of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in the current season in the Northern Hemisphere, pandemic plans are being carefully re-evaluated, particularly for the strategic use of antiviral drugs. The recent emergence of oseltamivir-resistant in treated H1N1 patients has raised concerns about the prudent use of neuraminidase inhibitors for both treatment of ill individuals and post-exposure prophylaxis of close contacts.MethodsWe extended an established population dynamical model of pandemic influenza with treatment to include post-exposure prophylaxis of close contacts. Using parameter estimates published in the literature, we simulated the model to evaluate the combined effect of treatment and prophylaxis in minimizing morbidity and mortality of pandemic infections in the context of transmissible drug resistance.ResultsWe demonstrated that, when transmissible resistant strains are present, post-exposure prophylaxis can promote the spread of resistance, especially when combined with aggressive treatment. For a given treatment level, there is an optimal coverage of prophylaxis that minimizes the total number of infections (final size) and this coverage decreases as a higher proportion of infected individuals are treated. We found that, when treatment is maintained at intermediate levels, limited post-exposure prophylaxis provides an optimal strategy for reducing the final size of the pandemic while minimizing the total number of deaths. We tested our results by performing a sensitivity analysis over a range of key model parameters and observed that the incidence of infection depends strongly on the transmission fitness of resistant strains.ConclusionOur findings suggest that, in the presence of transmissible drug resistance, strategies that prioritize the treatment of only ill individuals, rather than the prophylaxis of those suspected of being exposed, are most effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality of the pandemic. The impact of post-exposure prophylaxis depends critically on the treatment level and the transmissibility of resistant strains and, therefore, enhanced surveillance and clinical monitoring for resistant mutants constitutes a key component of any comprehensive plan for antiviral drug use during an influenza pandemic.

In vivo selection for transmissible drug resistance in Salmonella typhi during antimicrobial therapy

We report the recovery of Salmonella typhi that acquired resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin subsequent to multiple antibiotic therapy. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates which were recovered from the same stool sample displayed identical resistance patterns. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that S. typhi and laboratory-derived transconjugants contained a high-molecular-weight plasmid present in the resistant intestinal bacteria.

Transmissible drug resistance among shigellae and other enterobacteriaceae isolated from diarrhoeic human beings in Ibadan, Nigeria

Antibiotic resistance patterns and the distribution of R-factors among Shigella, Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic human beings were studied. Nine multiple antibiotic resistance patterns among which PNS TCK was the most common were observed. All the Shigella, Salmonella and eighteen Escherichia coli isolates transferred part of their r determinants respectively to E. coli K 12. It is thought that enforcement of the law regulating the sales and judicious use of antibiotic in Human and Veterinary Medicines would reduce the incidence of multiple drug resistance in Nigeria.

Presence and Persistence of Transmissible Drug Resistance Factors in the Coliform Intestinal Flora of Calves Reared in an Intensive System

Presence and Persistence of Transmissible Drug Resistance Factors in the Coliform Intestinal Flora of Calves Reared in an Intensive System

Incidence of lysogeny, colicinogeny, and drug resistance in enterobacteria isolated from sewage and from rectum of humans and some domesticated species.

Enterobacteria were isolated by streaking swabs of sewage and rectal swabs from human volunteers from domesticated animals. Thirty strains of human origin were identified as Escherichia coli. Out of 1,367 rectal isolates of animal origin, 21% were lysogenic (phi+), 29% were colicinogenic (col+), and 7% were col+ phi+. Out of 85 rectal samples more than 60% harbored variable numbers of col+ or phi+ bacteria. Lysogens harboring homoimmune prophages were detectable in six out of eight human subjects in sequential samples taken at weekly intervals. Chickens in Hong Kong are fed on antibiotic-containing feeds; the avian isolates contained the highest frequency (98%) of drug-resistant bacteria, whereas only 39% of the bovine and 61% of the human isolates were drug resistant. Transmissible drug resistance was demonstrable in sewage isolates and those from animal sources; the highest frequency (58%) of resistance donors was shown by the avian isolates, and the lowest (9%) was shown by the bovine isolates. Unselected marker analysis has shown that a vast majority of multiply resistant donors of diverse origins are able to transmit multiple resistance.

Considerations of antibiotic prophylaxis in nonsurgical high risk patients

Among patients in general hospitals approximately one-third receive antimicrobial drugs, and nosocomial infections develop in 3 to 4 percent of them. These two events vary widely suggesting no constant relation, except that antibiotic use affects the etiology and course of nosocomial infections. There is deliberation about the benefits versus the harm of antibiotic prophylaxis. It avoids the morbidity and tissue damage from infection with the least antibiotic for the shortest time and works best when the need is brief or the microbial target is a single species. Among nonsurgical patients, a high risk of infection results from exposure to a transmissable infection, minor procedural trauma or increased host susceptibility. In clinical use, antimicrobial prophylaxis usually combines inefficiency with unproved efficacy. Prevention of nosocomial acquisition of urinary tract infection, pneumonia, catheter sepsis and cutaneous infections by antibiotic prophylaxis is ineffective. Recommendations in other conditions are derived mostly from presumed benefit, recognized failures and assessment of adverse results from drug use. Inefficient long-term prophylaxis contributes to the emergence of transmissible bacterial drug resistance. Those clinical conditions that represent need with reasonable efficiency and those that are useless and dangerous prophylactic practices should be defined. Using one and avoiding the other through education and professional discipline offers the best hope of amplifying effective antibiotic prophylaxis and minimizing unwanted effects on the recipient and hospital cohorts.

Transmissible drug resistance in certain enteric bacilli isolated in Tehran.

A total of 284 isolates of gram-negative enteric bacilli associated with urinary tract infections or normal fecal flora were examined for resistance to antimicrobial agents and the presence of transmissible R factors. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus isolates exhibited the highest frequencies of resistance to antimicrobial agents. The incidence of drug resistance among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was considerably higher than its incidence among E. coli strains isolated from healthy individuals. Transmissible R factors mediating resistance to antimicrobial agents were demonstrated in 43% of resistant strains of E. coli isolated from urinary infections and 21 - 26% of those isolated from healthy individuals. Frequencies of R factor transfer among drug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae and Proteus species were 26 and 28%, respectively.

Transmissible drug resistance in human and animal strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In an investigation carried out over a period of six months, 53 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and nine strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined for antibiotic resistance and transmissible drug resistance factor. Seventeen antibiotic resistance patterns were found among 51 drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Of the 62 strains, 23 were capable of transferring a part or all of the antibiotic resistance pattern to sensitive Escherichia coli. The P aeruginosa isolated from both man and piglets harboured R-factors which were transferable at high frequencies to the sensitive recipients, while only one of the six single resistant E coli isolated from piglets transferred resistance to the sensitive recipients. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulphadimidine and streptomycin of the resistant E coli, P aeruginosa, Salmonella spp and Proteus spp were 500 to 625, 62 to 500, 500 to 625, 500 and 7.8 to 500 micrograms/ml, respectively.

Transmissible drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy dogs, cattle, sheep and horses

The antibiotic resistance patterns and the distribution of R-factors among Escherichia coli isolated from apparently healthy dogs, cattle, sheep and horses were studied. It was found that 102 strains (16.48 per cent) of a total of 619 isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. Twenty-six per cent (27 strains) of the resistant strains were capable of transferring either a part or the entire resistance patterns to the sensitive recipient strain. These results indicates that antibiotic resistance and R-factors are not particularly widespread among animals whose diet does not cotain antimicrobial drugs.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Incidence of R Factor among Salmonella Isolated from Patients with Enteric Fever and Other Clinical Conditions in Madras, India (1975-1976)

The incidence of transmissible drug resistance among Salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions is reported. All of the Salmonella isolated were studied for antimicrobial resistance. Of the 336 strains, five were multiply resistant to drugs including chloramphenicol, and four of these strains transmitted resistance to Escherichia coli F-Lac+. Multiply drug resistant E. coli were isolated from 12 patients receiving chloramphenicol, and in seven cases the E. coli transmitted drug resistance to sensitive Salmonella isolated from the same patients. The occurrence of multiple drug resistance among Salmonella was not found to be restricted to a single serogroup, and multiple drug resistance in Salmonella paratyphi A in India is reported for the first time. Although the incidence of Salmonella carring R factor is negligible, the unpredictability of its occurrence poses a potential threat in a country where typhoid is endemic.

Transmissible drug resistance in Shigella and Salmonella isolated from pet monkeys and their owners.

During two dysentery outbreaks in primate pet owners, Shigella and Salmonella strains were isolated from the enteric flora. In both outbreaks the source of infection was traced to asymptomatic spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). The spider monkeys and their owners shed multiply drug-resistant Shigella and Salmonella serotypes. Six of the nine bacterial strains isolated from the animals were multiply drug-resistant and capable of transferring antibiotic resistance patterns.

Properties of Plasmids. (Book Reviews: Bacterial Plasmids. Conjugation, Colicinogeny and Transmissible Drug-Resistance)

Properties of Plasmids. (Book Reviews: Bacterial Plasmids. Conjugation, Colicinogeny and Transmissible Drug-Resistance)

G. G. MEYNELL. Bacterial Plasmids. Conjugation, Colicinogeny and Transmissible Drug‐Resistance. 164 S., 29 Abb., 8 Tab. London‐Basingstoke 1972: MacMillan Press LTD. £4.95.

Zeitschrift für allgemeine MikrobiologieVolume 14, Issue 1 p. 83-84 Buchbesprechung G. G. MEYNELL. Bacterial Plasmids. Conjugation, Colicinogeny and Transmissible Drug-Resistance. 164 S., 29 Abb., 8 Tab. London-Basingstoke 1972: MacMillan Press LTD. £4.95. D. Noack, D. Noack JenaSearch for more papers by this author D. Noack, D. Noack JenaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1974 https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.19740140116AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume14, Issue11974Pages 83-84 RelatedInformation

Coccidiosis: Experimental analysis of drug resistance

Serial propagation of avian coccidia in birds fed mash containing coccidiostats results in the acquisition of a resistance for the specific coccidiostat. This is stable and persists virtually unchanged when the resistant strains are passed serially through groups of unmedicated chickens. When passed through groups of chickens fed mash containing a different coccidiostat, some strains, in addition to acquiring a tolerance for the second chemical, regained their sensitivity to the first, while others did not and were now resistant to two compounds. Although acriflavine did not influence the development of amprolium resistance by a strain of Eimeria tenella, serial exposure of an amprolium-resistant strain to this chemical mediated a reversion to the sensitive state. Attempts to demonstrate transmissible drug resistance among coccidia were unsuccessful.

Effect of Quinacrine Hydrochloride and Acriflavine Hydrochloride on Development and Stability of Resistance to Dimetridazole by Tritrichomonas foetus

Quinacrine hydrochloride had no effect on the course of resistance development to dimetridazole by Tritrichomonas foetus in experimentally infected hamsters. Also in hamsters, exposure of a dimetridazole-resistant strain of T. foetus to acriflavine hydrochloride did not effect a reversion to the dimetridazole-sensitive state. Although streptomycin-resistant strains of bacteria survive and multiply when cultured in media containing quinacrine hydrochloride, or certain polyamines, and streptomycin, streptomycin-sensitive strains cultured under the same conditions do not develop a tolerance for the antibiotic. The literature on this interesting facet of drug resistance has been summarized by De Courcy and Sevag (1967) and by Warren et al. (1967). Moreover, McLoughlin and Gardiner (1968) found that quinacrine hydrochloride did not prevent Eimeria tenella from developing resistance to glycarbylamide. Mukherjea and Ray (1956) found cytochemical aberrations, including alteration in nuclear DNA, in Tritrichomonas foetus that had been cultured in the presence of acriflavine. Exposure to acriflavine, in vivo or in vitro, also induces dyskinetoplasy in several genera of the order Kinetoplastida. Trager and Rudzinska (1964) and Stuart and Hanson (1967) have summarized the literature on this phenomenon. Moreover, Mitsuhashi et al. (1961) and Watanabe and Fukasawa (1961) reported that transmissible drug resistance could be eliminated in vitro by culturing multiple resistant strains of Shigella flexneri or Escherichia coli in medium containing acriflavine. The cells became sensitive to all drugs to which they previously had been resistant. McLoughlin and Chute (1968) described a similar reversion by an amprolium-resistant strain of Eimeria tenella that was serially propagated in groups of chickens fed mash containing acriflavine. McLoughlin (1967) found that T. foetus developed resistance to dimetridazole and that Received for publication 29 October 1968. the degree of resistance persisted virtually unchanged for long periods. The present report describes the influence of quinacrine hydrochloride on the development of dimetridazole resistance by T. foetus, and the effects of acriflavine on the stability of this resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quinacrine hydrochloride Hamsters, intravaginally infected with a dimetridazole-sensitive strain of Tritrichomonas foetus, were visually grouped by size into 3 lots of 10 and one of 5. Each lot was weighed and the various dosages were calculated on the basis of mean group weight. Hamsters of the first 3 groups were given an initial course of medication with quinacrine hydrochloride, low level dimetridazole, or a combination of the two. All four groups were then treated with dimetridazole at a level of 100 mg/kg. In the initial course of medication, the animals were treated for 5 consecutive days, rested for 2 days, and then treated for an additional 5 days. They were given a second 2-day rest period prior to initiation of the 5-day test treatment. Aqueous solutions of the medicaments were used and were adjusted so that 1 ml contained the appropriate dosage per hamster. With dimetridazole at the 100-mg level, it was necessary to slightly acidify the medium to increase solubility. The solutions were administered per os with a modified hypodermic needle and syringe. Vaginal secretions from principal and control hamsters were examined for trichomonads microscopically and by cultural techniques utilizing Diamond's medium (Diamond, 1957) after each treatment period. The protocol used for each group is given in Table I. Acriflavine hydrochloride The methods used for grouping, treating, and examining the hamsters were the same as in the studies with quinacrine hydrochloride. The principals were infected with dimetridazole-resistant T. foetus, Strain 4711 (McLoughlin, 1967). The protocol used for these trials is given in Table II.

Incidence of R factors among Gram negative bacteria in drug-free human and animal communities.

TRANSFER of drug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is mediated by cytoplasmic particles called R factors which seem to consist of a transfer factor (RTF) coupled to genes which determine the drug resisting capacity of the bacterial host2. Although the origin of the intact R factor is obscure3, there is some evidence4 that the transfer factors are widely distributed in the Enterobacteriaceae, and that they may on some occasions have picked up bacterial chromosome genes which determined drug resistance. Another possibility1 is that R factors arose in otherwise unrecognized plasmids during the course of mutations to a resistant form, but whatever mechanism is responsible, there is no doubt that R factors are selected and maintained by drugs in the environment4. The finding5 of transmissible drug resistance in a strain of Escherichia coli lyophilized in 1946 may indicate that R factors were already present in pre-antibiotic cultures. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence of R factors in intestinal Gram-negative bacteria of wild animals and humans living in surroundings free of drugs.

R (transmissible drug-resistance) factors in Salmonella typhimurium: pattern of transduction by phage P22 and ultraviolet-protection effect.

SUMMARY: R factors from Enterobacter strains isolated outside Japan were transferred to Salmonella typhimurium LT 2 and their resistance traits transduced by phage P 22. Of five fi + factors conferring resistance to tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulphonamides (Su) and chloramphenicol (Cm), three, one of which conferred also resistance to kanamycin (Km), behaved like previously reported factors in that: Tc was transduced by itself but never with any other trait; all other traits were usually co-transduced; no transductants could transmit resistance by conjugation, even after infection with F'-13 lac. The other two fi + factors, which conferred also resistance to benzylpenicillin (Pn), behaved similarly, except that: Pn was transduced only at a low rate, and was never co-transduced with any other trait; and a few transductants when given F'-13 lac became able to transmit. Four fi − factors, two of type Tc, Sm, Su, Pn and two of type Tc, Su, Pn differed in that: nearly all Tc transductants acquired also all the other traits; Pn was usually co-transduced with the other traits; and some transductants could transmit by conjugation, even without F'-13 lac. The various transductant classes obtained by treatment with P 22 grown on LT 2 carrying both an fi + (Tc, Sm, Su, Cm, Km) and fi − (Tc, Sm, Su, Pn) factor could be accounted for by transduction of fragments of either one or the other of these factors. The sorts of transductants produced by lysates of a strain possessing Tc, Sm, Su, Cm, Km determinants obtained by growing a strain carrying an fi + (Tc, Sm, Su, Cm) factor with one carrying an fi + (Km) factor suggested that the strain carried two fi + factors, not a recombinant factor. Both fi − and fi + factors conferring resistance to benzylpenicillin conferred also resistance to cephalothin and cephaloridine and caused the constitutive production of a β-lactamase, active on both benzylpenicillin and on cephalothin. All four fi − and one of the five fi + factors resembled coll factors in that they protected strain LT 2 against the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet irradiation.