Translation Of Work Research Articles

Sign-tracking and goal-tracking in humans: Utilising eye-tracking in clinical and non-clinical populations

BackgroundIn Pavlovian conditioning, learned behaviour varies according to the perceived value of environmental cues. For goal-trackers (GT), the cue merely predicts a reward, whilst for sign-trackers (ST), the cue holds incentive value. The sign-tracking/goal-tracking model is well-validated in animals, but translational work is lacking. Despite the model’s relevance to several conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we are unaware of any studies that have examined the model in clinical populations. MethodsThe current study used an eye-tracking Pavlovian conditioning paradigm to identify ST and GT in non-clinical (N = 54) and ADHD (N = 57) participants. Eye movements were recorded whilst performing the task. Dwell time was measured for two areas of interest: sign (i.e., cue) and goal (i.e., reward), and an eye-gaze index (EGI) was computed based on the dwell time sign-to-goal ratio. Higher EGI values indicate sign-tracking behaviour. ST and GT were determined using median and tertiary split approaches in both samples. ResultsDespite greater propensity for sign-tracking in those with ADHD, there was no significant difference between groups. The oculomotor conditioned response was reward-specific (CS+) and present, at least partly, from the start of the task indicating dispositional and learned components. There were no differences in externalising behaviours between ST and GT for either sample. ConclusionsSign-tracking is associated with CS+ trials only. There may be both dispositional and learned components to sign-tracking, potentially more common in those with ADHD. This holds translational potential for understanding individual differences in reward-learning.

Narrating the Nation: Language and the Landscape of Time in Scego’s Adua

In Adua (2015), Igiaba Scego illuminates the legacy of Italian colonialism by chronicling the intergenerational trauma passed from Zoppe, a Somali translator working for Italians during the fascist ventennio, to his daughter Adua, an actress exploited by the Italian film industry. This study analyzes Scego’s use of perspective to represent fundamentally different experiences of time in Adua, emphasizing Scego’s unique contribution to a postcolonial aesthetics that combats colonial temporality as defined by Johannes Fabian. In Time and the Other, Fabian asserts that time has not yet been decolonized, and thus has not been deconstructed as an ideological instrument of power. Scego unflinchingly documents the effects of colonial chronopolitics through her third-person narration of Zoppe’s perspective, which deteriorates into a series of invectives that portray his complete arrest in time. Adua endures similar traumas, but she embraces narration as a means of refashioning her voice and restoring community. In depicting Adua’s story as a triumph over colonial temporality, Scego champions first-person narration as a tool for the construction of a postcolonial chronopolitics that decolonizes time in order to work towards a more ethical geopolitical order.

A Study of Business English Translation Skills Based on Parallel Corpus

Abstract In this paper, the support vector machine is used as the overall classification of the paragraph alignment method. The paragraph length relationship is taken as an essential feature of the business English paragraph alignment model, the CRFs discriminative model is used as the word alignment task model, and the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm is used for model parameter training. Aiming at the real-time alignment needs at the sentence or paragraph level in Business English, the word alignment algorithm based on semantic similarity calculation is proposed, and the evaluation indexes of English-Chinese EC, Chinese-English CE unidirectional alignment and bi-directional fusion alignment, and semantic extension alignment are compared. Adding traditional business English translation techniques, comparing the effects of conventional translation techniques on business English sentence and paragraph translation versus parallel corpus-based translation techniques. The dynamic chunking accuracy of two-way fusion alignment and semantic expansion alignment is 94.57% and 94.32%, respectively, and the accuracy of semantic expansion alignment is 6.85% and 8.17% higher than that of EC one-way alignment. Meanwhile, the number of errors in business English translation works based on parallel corpora is reduced, which can help translators overcome the interference of Chinese chapter structures and improve the quality of their translation works.

Translatorska biografia Heinricha Nitschmanna: niemiecki polonofil w czasach germanizacji i antypolskiej propagandy

The article attempts to reconstruct the translator biography of Heinrich Nitschmann (1826– 1905) and explain the role he played in Polish-German literary contacts. Nitschmann made German readers familiar with Polish literature firstly through his translations of Polish poetry, and secondly through his popular compendium “History of Polish Literature,” aimed at the German Bildungsbürgertum. Although his translations are not outstanding in quality, they suited the literary tastes of the era and contributed to shaping the German discourse on Poland in the second half of the 19th century. The article traces Nitschmann’s linguistic biography and topobiography, characterizes and situates his translation work against the background of his other activities as a writer, publicist and composer; it attempts to reconstruct his aesthetics and worldview, his translation poetics and self-awareness as a translator. Nitschmann’s modus operandi in his network of literary contacts is shown, exemplified by his relationships with the Danzig publisher Karl Theodor Bertling and with the Lemberg-based Germanist Albert Zipper.

Important Considerations for ELISpot Validation.

The ELISpot assay has a solid place in the immune monitoring field for over 40years. It is an assay that can assess the function of single immune cells in a straightforward and easy-to-learn approach. Its use in basic research, translational, and clinical work has been documented in countless publications. Harmonization guidelines and invaluable tools for optimal assay performance and evaluation exist. However, the validation of an established ELISpot protocol has been left to diverse opinions about how to interpret and tackle typical validation parameters. This chapter addresses important considerations for ELISpot validation, including the interpretations of validation parameters for a meaningful description of assay performance.

W lustrze przekładu. Translatorska biografia Cristiny Campo

The subject of this article is the translation work of the Italian writer Cristina Campo (born Vittoria Guerrini), one of the most prominent Italian writers of the 20th century, poet, translator, and essayist, analysed in a biographical key. The aim is to look more closely at Cristina Campo’s biography – described so far in the only biography book (De Stefano 2002), but also recorded in the voluminous correspondence the writer left behind – through the framework of her translation activity. Of interest from this point of view become both her translation choices and reading choices (“the lovely kinsmen of the shelf,” as the writer called her favourite books) – related to a large extent to Campo’s literary temperament, her experiences in her private life, and her friends – as well as her choice of translation activity itself, largely conditioned by the need to spend a large part of her life in seclusion due to the incurable heart disease that Campo suffered from since her birth. An attempt will be made to answer the question of how illness and other life circumstances influenced her choice of translation activity, the selection of texts to be translated and the translator’s actual working conditions.

Techniques Adopted in Literary Translation of Prose: A Study of “Palpasa Café” from the Perspective of Equivalence Relation

Purpose: This study aims to see the ‘equivalence relation’ between the source text and the target text in relation to ‘paragraph equivalence’ while translating a prose text from the source language into target language.
 Methodology: The methodology of this study is document analysis. The texts are translated from Nepali into English. Nepali language is known as source language and English language is known as target language in this study. The words and sentences are counted and the difference is found in terms of percentage of the selected paragraphs; Nepali as source language and English as the target language.
 Originality: This study maintains originality as a text of translation requires originality in the field of syntactic, semantic, stylistic and pragmatic aspects.
 Practical Implications: This study has practical value because the work of translation transfers languages, among people as well as culture and civilization. In reality, translation has played such type of role that people have the idea of knowledge and civilization through translation.
 Limitations: This research work is limited to the technique of translation from Nepali into English to show equivalence relation. The texts used are from the Narayan Wagle’s novel, “Palpasa Café” originally written into Nepali language and its translation into English language by ……?
 Findings: The findings of this study show that translation techniques are main sources of education from time immemorial. The ancient Vedic, Greek and Roman civilization, which are as sources of knowledge and education, have spread from place to place through the work of translation, if it had not been so, people would remain in their primitive situation in the field of knowledge. We would not read about Homer, Plato, Kalidas and many other writers today if their works were not translated from their source / native languages into other languages such as English/ Nepali/ Hindi. However, there is no exact one-to-one limitation while translating a text from its source language to another target language.

1724 m. rugpjūčio 9 d. įsakas dėl tvorų ir jo vertėjas Christophoras Heinrichas Wegneris

During the preparation of the publications of the edicts of the Prussian authorities for the website of the Database of Old Lithuanian Writings of the Lithuanian Language Institute, the only currently known copy of the Prussian government’s edict forbidding the burning of fences in winter, issued by the Prussian authorities on 9 August, 1724, was discovered in the Library of the University of Leipzig (UBL : 01E-2015-25). Two copies of the German edict from which it was translated were found in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB : E-343). Up until now, the 1878 transcript of the Lithuanian edict, prepared and published by Hugo Weber on the basis of a copy owned by August Leskien and lost during World War II , has been used. The supplement to the article presents transcripts and photographs of the edicts and a word index. Documents from the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation in Berlin show that Christophor Heinrich Wegner (1685–1731), a priest of the Lithuanian church in Königsberg, worked as a translator of the edicts into Lithuanian between 1721 and 1731. A comparison of the language and orthography of the published edict with other edicts of the early eighteenth century revealed features common to all texts of Lithuania Minor and specific only to the period of Wegner’s translation work. The linguistic elements of this edict that are typical of the edicts printed during Wegner’s translation period are the adverb ik čiolei ‘until now’. The preposition with [č] <cz> occurs only in the edicts attributed to Wegner. The conjunction ydant ‘so that’ written with <y> is found in other texts, albeit rarely, and the genitive forms menesės ‘of the month’, rugpjutės ‘of August’ are also the most abundant in Wegner’s translation period. According to the currently available data, the chronological distribution of the Germanised Slavism štonas ‘state, condition’ is limited to the years 1721–1723.

Arapçada Te’kîd Nun’ları ve Te’kîd Nun’larının Kur’ân-ı Kerim Âyetlerinin Anlaşılmasına Olan Katkısı

İnsan düşüncelerini ifade ederken kendisine bahşedilen dili ve onun özelliklerini kavraması kaçınılmazdır. Dilin özelliklerinin temelinde gramer ve ilgili kurallar gelmektedir. Ancak bu kuralların aynı şekilde kullanıldığı ya da anlaşıldığını söylemek oldukça zordur. Çünkü bu kurallar, dilin kullanıcıları tarafından dili kullanmaları sürecinde gelişen bir olgudur. Dil, insan düşüncelerini ifade etmenin temel aracıdır ve dilin özellikleri düşünceyi ifade etme biçimini derinden etkiler. Dolayısıyla bir dilin yapısı, o dilin kullanıcılarının düşünsel ve kültürel dünyasını yansıtan bir aynadır. Dil, sadece iletişim aracı değil, aynı zamanda kültürel bir kimliğin taşıyıcısıdır. Bir dili anlamak, o dilin altında yatan kültürel değerleri ve inançları anlamak anlamına da gelmektedir. İşte bu nedenle bir dilin özelliklerini kavramak, o dilin kullanıcılarının düşünsel ve kültürel dünyasını anlamak için temel bir aşamadır. Dilin özelliklerinin anlaşılması, aynı zamanda çeviri sürecinde büyük bir öneme sahip olduğu dilin yapısal özellikleri, bir dilin diğerine çevrilirken dikkate alınması gereken kritik faktörlerden biridir. Özellikle dilin retorik yapısında bulunan ifade biçimleri, çeviri sürecini karmaşık hale getirebilir. Bu nedenle bir dilin kendine özgü özelliklerini anlamak, çeviri sürecinin başarılı bir şekilde tamamlanabilmesi için temel bir gerekliliktir. Arapça, diğer dünya dilleriyle karşılaştırıldığında kendine özgü bir metot geliştirmiştir. Özellikle te’kîd (vurgulama) ve ısbât (kanıtlama) gibi retorik anlatımlar, Arapça dilinin özel bir özelliğini temsil eder. Bu özellikler Arapça metinlerin derinliği ve zenginliğini artırarak Arapça dilinin kültürel ve düşünsel değerlerini yansıtır. Te’kîd, bir ifadeyi gereksiz yere uzatmamak anlamına gelirken ısbât ise daha önce belirtilen anlamı vurgulayarak ifadeyi güçlendirmeyi amaçlar. Arapça dilinin bu özel özellikleri, dilin zenginliğini ve ifade gücünü artırır. Bu nedenle Arapça dilinin özelliklerini anlamak ve kullanmak, Arapça metinlerin doğru bir şekilde anlaşılması ve çevrilmesi için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu konuya daha fazla derinlemesine bakabilmek adına dilin yapısı ve retorik özellikleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinmek gerekmektedir. Bu, çeviri sürecinin başarısı için önemli bir adımdır ve dilin kullanıcıları için büyük bir avantaj sağlar. Bazen ifade edilmesi istenen mesajın daha güçlü bir şekilde aktarılması için kelimenin veya cümlenin tekrar edilmesi veya belirli sözcüklerin kullanılması gerekebilir. Bu dilbilgisi kuralı, tüm dillerde önemli bir rol oynamakta olup metinlerin anlamını vurgulamak için kullanılır. Ancak Arapça dili, özellikle te’kîd/pekiştireç konusunda büyük bir üne sahiptir. Te’kîd, kelimenin anlamı veya vurgusunu artırmak amacıyla kullanılan bir dilbilgisi terimidir ve birçok yerde kullanılabilmektedir. Arapça dili aynı zamanda ilahi bir kitabın dili olarak Kuran-ı Kerim'de kullanıldığından, te’kîd kullanımı daha da fazla önem arz etmektedir. Kuran-ı Kerim'de te’kîd, özellikle elit bir toplulukla iletişim kurmaya çalışan peygamberin ret mekanizması güçlü olan muhataplarına mesajını daha etkili bir şekilde iletebilmesi için sıkça kullandığı bir dil metodu haline gelmiştir. Arap dilinin benzersiz yapısı te’kîd’in kullanımına olanak sağladığından Kur’an-ı Kerim'de yoğun bir şekilde geçmektedir. Te’kîd’in Arap dili ve Kuran-ı Kerim'in bu özelliği insanlar üzerindeki etkisini daha da artırmıştır. İslam öncesi dönemde Arapça şiir ve nesirinde de te’kîd sıkça kullanılırdı. Bu nedenle, te’kîd hem Kur’an-ı Kerim hem de diğer Arapça metinler için önemli bir dilbilgisi unsuru olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Araştırmamızın bir yönü te’kîd'in genel kullanımını incelerken diğer bir yönü ise Ef'âli Hamse'lerin sonuna eklenen (nûn) harflerine bakmaktadır. Te’kîd, özellikle te’kîd nûn'ları kullanılarak muhatapları ikna etme amacı gütmektedir. Bu tür te’kîd'in detaylı bir şekilde incelenmesi, Kur’an-ı Kerim mealleri üzerinde çalışan araştırmacılara yol göstermesi ve meallerin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayacağını ümit ederek çalışmamızın Arapça dilinin bu önemli özelliğini ve Kuran-ı Kerim'deki etkisini daha iyi anlamamıza yardımcı olacağı kanaatindeyiz.

Nemeshegyi Péter SJ mint a Szentírás magyarázója

Péter Nemeshegyi SJ Interpreter of the Scripture. The one hundredth birthday of Péter Nemeshegyi SJ was celebrated with a conference by members of the Hungarian Jesuit order on 25 March 2023. On this occasion, I was asked to appraise this excellent theologian as the interpreter of the Bible. One of Father Nemeshegyi’s most important foreign mission assignments during the decades he spent in Japan was his work in the Japanese ecumenical Bible translation. His experience and impressions during this work provide encouragement and guidance to those involved in a similar enterprise in Hungary. Péter Nemeshegyi was a true Catholic interpreter of the Bible, who believed that the Biblical tradition of the church brings parts of the Holy Scriptures that seem contradictory or difficult to a higher level of synthesis. His favourite hermeneutical starting point was the assumption of God’s goodness in every interpretation of the Scriptures, as well as the Christological principle, which he may have adopted from St Augustine. He taught about the Bible very effectively and creatively in various cultural environments (such as Japan or other East Asian countries) because he always found the fitting inculturation aspects of the Gospel and used them in both his teaching and application. Keywords: Nemeshegyi, biblical interpretation, inculturation, Jesuits, foreign mission, Bible translation

La fraise : histoire d’un accessoire et de sa terminologie

Between specialised and general language, the domain of fashion is of great interest for the study of terminology: a terminology that, following the trends of an era, evolves over time and space. In this context, this study focuses on a fashion accessory of ancient origin and on its terminology: the ruff.Very fashionable in the 16th and 17th century, after having symbolised the austerity and rigour of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, the ruff became a symbol of elegance and power. Nowadays, some fashion companies have reintroduced this accessory whose value has changed: contemporary ruffs are extravagant accessories for their shapes and sizes, that inevitably evoke the 16th and 17th century. The study of ruffs requires heterogeneous sources, such as manuals of fashion history, technical documents and lexicographic resources. Moreover, iconographic sources – paintings, sculptures, sketches – are to be collected and analysed, since they clarify similitudes and differences between different types of ruffs. After having described the most important sources for this study, the history of ruff is presented into details, in order to describe its different models. Then, a terminological analysis is conducted: the French terminology of this accessory is presented, with a focus on the difference between the termsfraise, collerette and gorgerette. The French terminology is compared to the Italian one and a French-Italian glossary is prepared in order to answer to the needs of experts of communication, translator and people working in the fashion field.

Pre-Reformation and Reformation Influences on the Development of European Literary Languages

The pre-Reformation and Reformation social and religious movements contributed to the development of biblical and religious as well as journalistic and polemical writings, which had a significantly positive impact on the increase in functional efficiency and standardisation of European languages. Translations of The Bible played a special role in the development of European languages as texts with the highest linguistic prestige. Not only did Luther’s Bible (1522–1534) contribute to the unification of German literary language, but its 16th-century translations had an outstanding influence on the development of Dutch and the Scandinavian languages, i.e. Danish, Swedish and Icelandic. The language of Protestant translations of The Bible was regarded in the 16th–17th centuries in France and England as a model of stylistic excellence. Prior to the 16th century, there were fairly rich Celtic writings (Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Cornish), but they were undoubtedly greatly enriched between the second half of the 16th century and the first quarter of the 19th century by Protestant translations of The Bible and other religious texts. The translation work by the Czech brothers (ideological supporters of the Reformation) – Blahoslav’s New Testament (1564) and the Kralice Bible (1579–1593) – is a symbol of the linguistic prowess of the 16th-century Czech language as well as the basis for its rebirth in the 19th century. The linguistic consciousness of the Slovaks was long influenced by the Kralice Bible. Hungarian and Polish Reformation translations of The Bible enriched the history of these languages considerably. A number of European languages owe their actual literary beginnings to the Reformation: Finnish and Estonian (Finnish languages), Latvian and Lithuanian (Baltic languages), Upper Lusatian, Lower Lusatian and Slovene (Slavonic languages). In Croatia, prints financed by Reformation supporters appeared in the 16th century. The Serbian Orthodox New Testament (1847) by Karadžić and The Old Testament (1868) by Daničić were published by the Protestant publishing house of the British Bible Society in London, which also published a translation of the Bulgarian Catholic Slaveykov Bible (1871).

The Translation Memoir: An Introduction

ABSTRACT This introduction presents the frame and contents of this volume devoted to the translation memoir. The translation memoir is formed at the intersection of life writing and translation studies, in which translators interweave reflections on their practice, craft, texts they translate and positionalities they occupy. As such it is a kind of creative-critical research carried out by translators. It offers a unique entry into texts, languages, cultures and the work of translation. The contributions included in the volume explore the way in which the subject position of writing can be displaced and problematised by inserting the translator's voice and subjectivity into a text, as the translator is precisely the player within a textual ecology who is supposed to not occupy a central position, but reside on the margins, invisible or couched in shadows, speaking only through the voice of another. The writings discussed in this volume, and in some cases the writings themselves, are thus a form of translational experimentation insofar as they break some of the rules, or push the limits of translation as precisely that which is not traditionally considered an original, authored writing. As such it is also a location from which to carry out critiques of other dominant paradigms such as national or gender-based oppressions.

The Translational Work of Interoperability: Digital Health and Data Enabling Integrated Care Special Interest Group Workshop

Introduction: Members of the Digital Health and Data Enabling Integrated Care Special Interest Group came together at ICIC22 to discuss priority issues. One critical international struggle is the challenge of interoperability to support information and data sharing and communication as cornerstones of integrated health and social care systems. 
 Aims and Objectives: The emphasis of SIG work in 2023-2024 will be to deeply engage with the critical challenge of interoperability. From an integrated care perspective what is required is understanding the translational work needed to make the sharing of information and data useful and meaningful to those who need it. In this meeting, delegates will work together to unpack the translation problem of interoperability in terms of translating information between stakeholders (e.g. between patients, families and their care teams), between disciplines (e.g. between different clinicians and providers), and between sectors (e.g. between health and social care sectors), with the aim to share current work and identify knowledge and practice gaps that we can address as a SIG for the next year. 
 Audience: All existing and newly interested members of the SIG are welcome to join for this discussion. Our membership consists of patients and family caregivers, researchers, frontline providers, managers, system leaders and decision-makers, policy makers, informaticians, and industry partners. 
 Structure and engagement: This session will use the hour largely to engage with delegates to meet session objectives. To set up the discussion we will begin with a short introduction from SIG leads (C. Steele Gray, L. Lewis, I. Meyer) followed by SIG member (J. Piera-Jiménez) to present the case example of Catalonia’s Digital Health Strategy and their efforts towards improved interoperability that addresses limitations of current information systems, reduces loss of meaning in information exchange, and advances standardization of care processes. Delegates will next break into small groups (5-6 per table with one facilitator), to discuss what translation needs would be required to implement an interoperable system (like Catalonia’s), and how those needs could be met (e.g. consensus group discussions, technological solutions like Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing). Facilitators will use a live Google Jamboard to record ideas shared by the individual groups. 
 Structure: 1) Introduction (10 minutes); 2) Catalonia Example (10 minutes); 3) Table Discussions (25 minutes); 4) Identification of current work and gaps (15 minutes)
 Summarizing take home messages: In the final 15 minutes of the session the full group will reconvene to review the live Google Jamboards and engage in priority setting of translation needs. Delegates will be asked to identify where they may already be working on identified needs, and where current gaps might exist. This exercise will allow us to bring together sub-groups to tackle translation problems who would then engage in webinars and/or discussion groups between ICIC23 and ICIC24 with the aim to generate a white paper, report, or journal special issue that would bring together current and new knowledge generated by SIG members of the translational work of interoperability.

They are our daughters; Agatha, Jiah Anna, Rosa, Sohwa Therese and our son Kunjoo DaegonAndrea. They are very good at their behaviors (務玆稼穡)! (Tcheonzamun 641st-656th)

French Missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that ‘The thousand character essay’ was utilized as text for instructing Chinese children for Chinese characters. This education was carried out from the ancient China (Dallet, 1874). The thousand character essay is called as ‘Tcheonzamun’ in Korea. Korean people firmly believed that Tcheonzamun was created by Chinese people (Han, 1583). But several researchers studied that Tcheonzamun poem was well interpreted through Korean grammar (Park et al., 2021a). These researchers found that Tcheonzamun poem was well translated through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters (Park et al., 2021b). This is the work of translation of Tcheonzamun poem. Several researchers suggested that a Tcheonzamun poem is consisted of 16 Chinese characters in Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021a; Park et al., 2021b). There are two methods for the translation. The first one is through the meaning of Chinese characters in Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021a). The second method is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character in Tcheonzamun (Park et al., 2021b). In this study, the translation was done through the meaning of Chinese character in Tcheonzamun. And the pronunciation of Chinese character in this study is taken from the somewhat old textbook of Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583). This study is for the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. This translation is carried out through the meaning of Chinese character in Tcheonzamun. And the range of this study is (Tcheonzamun 641st-656th). The title of this study is ‘They are our daughters; Jieun Agatha, Jiah Anna, Rosa, Sohwa Therese and our son Kunjoo DaegonAndrea. They are very good at their behaviors (務玆稼穡)! (Tcheonzamun 641st-656th)’. The theme of this Tcheonzamun poem is as follows. 649-652 治(Ti) 本(Bon) 於(Eo) 農(Long). This third line shows the secret of the life (治本於農), the hope for our life! And her husband says to his wife as follows. My dear wife! I will speak loudly this joyfulness! I will say to everybody again and again! Yes, this is our great pleasure (治本於農)!.

Yan Zhao Folk Art: Challenges and Future Perspectives

Yan-Zhao folk art is an indispensable part of Chinese traditional culture and plays an important role in inheriting Chinese culture. The translation work of it is also crucial. This article briefly introduces the Yan-Zhao culture, as well as the developing history of Yan-Zhao paper-cutting and tea art, and introduces the characteristics of these two folk arts. It also looks the translation situation of these two folk arts, mainly focusing on the plight and challenges they faced in translation. Through case analysis, some difficulties in translation work can be identified, such as the difficulty of translating unique cultural symbols, significant differences between Chinese and foreign cultures, and the difficulty in conveying the implicit content of folk culture and art. It aims to raise awareness among learners about these issues and propose methods to address these challenges. In order to improve the translation of this type of folk art, the article explores the opportunities that can be seized in the current translation of folk arts, aiming to combine these opportunities with ideas and suggestions for solving translation problems. Finally, the article concludes that when translating content with cultural features, translators can deepen their understanding of their own culture, select appropriate foreign language vocabulary for translation, and utilize tools such as the internet and artificial intelligence to better derive translation solutions, ensuring accurate conveyance of the original text's meaning and achieving effective cross-cultural communication.

Ludwik Kondratowicz jako wydawca staropolskich pisarzy łacińskojęzycznych. Problemy edycji

Ludwik Kondratowicz (1823–1862) first came to prominence in wider literary life as a translator and publisher of works by Polish Latin-language writers of the 16th and 17th centuries. The course of his translation work is known from the translator’s letters, above all to Jozef I. Kraszewski and Antoni Pietkiewicz, with whom he consulted his initiative. The translator’s works were published between 1848 and 1855 in two collections: Translations of Polish-Latin Poetry of the Zygmunt Era [Przekłady poezji polsko-łacińskiej epoki Zygmuntowskiej], and The Country’s Chronicle Writers [Dziejopisowie Krajowi], each comprising six volumes. For both series, Kondratowicz gave an aesthetically pleasing graphic design, as well as valuable editorial content, providing individual works with introductions and factual footnotes (by himself and, among others, Mikołaj Malinowski). The translation and publishing work received relatively considerable recognition from the culturalmilieu of Vilnius, but also of Warsaw and Greater Poland, and was meticulously remarked upon above all by the critics of the “Biblioteka Warszawska”. The reviewers’ opinions show the areas of interest of literary historians of the time. However, there was hardly any place for editorial and philological phenomena. Still, Syrokomla’s translation initiative restored forgotten Old Polish writers to literary and social life, and proposed a publishing model that was perpetuated in the following decades.

Microbiome Depletion Increases Fentanyl Self-Administration and Alters the Striatal Proteome Through Short-Chain Fatty Acids.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a public health crisis currently being exacerbated by increased rates of use and overdose of synthetic opioids, primarily fentanyl. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers and treatment strategies to reduce problematic fentanyl use and relapse to fentanyl taking is critical. In recent years, there has been a growing body of work demonstrating that the gut microbiome can serve as a potent modulator of the behavioral and transcriptional responses to both stimulants and opioids. Here, we advance this work to define how manipulations of the microbiome drive fentanyl intake and fentanyl-seeking in a translationally relevant drug self-administration model. Depletion of the microbiome of male rats with broad spectrum antibiotics leads to increased drug administration on increased fixed ratio, progressive ratio, and drug seeking after abstinence. Utilizing 16S sequencing of microbiome contents from these animals, specific populations of bacteria from the gut microbiome correlate closely with levels of drug taking. Additionally, global proteomic analysis of the nucleus accumbens following microbiome manipulation and fentanyl administration to define how microbiome status alters the functional proteomic landscape in this key limbic substructure. These data demonstrate that an altered microbiome leads to marked changes in the synaptic proteome in response to repeated fentanyl treatment. Finally, behavioral effects of microbiome depletion are reversible by upplementation of the microbiome derived short-chain fatty acid metabolites. Taken together, these findings establish clear relevance for gut-brain signaling in models of OUD and lay foundations for further translational work in this space.

Between Language and Reality: Translation in Ramon Saizarbitoria’s Martutene

The mistrust of the possibilities of language to represent reality is among the main features of the narrative work by the Basque author Ramon Saizarbitoria. This mistrust is brought out by the wavering narration and the employ of an unreliable narrator, as well as by the author’s reflections on translation. This article will review the theoretical positions that Saizarbitoria has maintained and expressed in books and interviews: starting from the idea of ​​translating developed in his own work, he offers a rich speculation about the function of translation in the Basque literary system. In addition, the author’s ideas about translation that appear in his novel Martutene (2012) will be analysed, namely embodied in the character Julia. The aim is to describe the grounds and forms of the wide space of representation that opens up between language and reality. Therefore, the translation practices developed by Julia will be commented upon, since translation is described as the space in which the gap between language and reality is produced in a more stable way. Through the fictional character Julia and her translation work, Saizarbitoria presents several of his own opinions and obsessions about the proper use of language in the search for the “exact name” of things.

Source and target factors affecting the translation of the EU law: Implications for translator training

Abstract By virtue of its very nature, the process of translating European legislation presents certain particularities that any translator working in this domain must be aware of. These particularities are mainly related to the manner in which the EU law is drafted, to the categories of people representing its intended audience, and to what is understood by the concept of equivalence. All these aspects determine an interesting interplay between the source and the target factors influencing the process of translating the EU law. Which are the source factors, on the one hand, and the target factors, on the other, that facilitate the creation of a good translation in this field? Which are the implications that the particularities of the process of translating EU legal texts have for the process of translator training? The article will offer some answers in this respect, relying on both theoretical information and qualitative research data relevant for the translation from English into Romanian.