French Translation Research Articles

Causes of HIV-related CNS infection in Cameroon, Malawi, and Tanzania: epidemiological findings from the DREAMM HIV-related CNS implementation study.

CNS infections cause approximately a third of HIV-related deaths. The Driving Reduced AIDS-Associated Meningo-encephalitis Mortality DREAMM study aimed to prospectively diagnose the aetiology of HIV-related CNS infection in five public hospitals in Cameroon, Malawi, and Tanzania. DREAMM was a multicentre, hybrid type-2 implementation science project. Adults (aged ≥18 years) presenting with a first episode of suspected CNS infection, who were HIV seropositive or willing to have an HIV test, were eligible for recruitment. Following implementation of the DREAMM model of care, we measured the prevalence of cryptococcal meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, bacterial meningitis, and cerebral toxoplasmosis and did a χ2 test to assess whether prevalence differed between countries. We also reported disease-specific mortality and Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence. Of 356 participants with suspected CNS infection analysed at baseline, 269 (76%) were diagnosed as having a CNS infection. Of these, 202 (75%) had a confirmed diagnosis. Between Cameroon, Malawi, and Tanzania, the prevalence of the four main types of CNS infection differed (cryptococcal meningitis p=0·0014, bacterial meningitis p=0·0043, CNS tuberculosis p<0·0001, and toxoplasmosis p<0·0001). Cryptococcal meningitis (148 [55%] of 269) was the leading cause overall. The next most common causes were CNS tuberculosis in Tanzania (29 [29%] of 99) and bacterial meningitis in Malawi (15 [19%] of 80). In Cameroon, cerebral toxoplasmosis (39 [43%] of 90) was the leading cause followed by cryptococcal meningitis (36 [40%] of 90). For cryptococcal meningitis, all-cause 2-week mortality was 23% (34 of 147) and all-cause 10-week mortality was 45% (66 of 146). Within the study population, the aetiology of HIV-related CNS infection varied substantially between Malawi, Cameroon, and Tanzania. Additional prospective epidemiological data are needed to inform HIV programmes. 2-week cryptococcal meningitis mortality outcomes were similar to those of clinical trials. However, new interventions are urgently needed to sustain mortality reductions following hospital discharge. European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership and French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis. For the French and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (BA.1) variant across Africa: an observational study.

In mid-November, 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant (B.1.1.529; BA.1 sublineage) was detected in southern Africa, prompting international travel restrictions. We aimed to investigate the spread of omicron BA.1 in Africa. In this observational study, samples from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 from 27 laboratories in 24 African countries, collected between June 1, 2021 and April 14, 2022, were tested for omicron BA.1 and delta (B.1.617.2) variants using real-time RT-PCR. Samples that tested positive for BA.1 by RT-PCR and were collected before estimated BA.1 emergence according to epidemiological properties were excluded from downstream analyses. The diagnostic precision of the assays was evaluated by high-throughput sequencing of samples from four countries. The observed spread of BA.1 was compared with mobility-based mathematical simulations and entries for SARS-CoV-2 in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) genomic database. We estimated the effective reproduction number (Rt) at the country level considering the BA.1 fraction and the reported numbers of infections. Phylogeographical analyses were done in a Bayesian framework. Through testing of 13 294 samples from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, we established that, by November-December, 2021, omicron BA.1 had replaced the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in all African subregions, following a south-north gradient, with a median Rt of 2·60 (95% CI 2·46-2·71). This south-north spread, established on the basis of PCR data, was substantiated by phylogeographical reconstructions, ancestral state reconstructions, and GISAID data. PCR-based reconstructions of country-level BA.1 predominance and the availability of BA.1 genomic sequences in GISAID correlated significantly in time (p=0·0002, r=0·78). The first detections of BA.1 in high-income settings beyond Africa were predicted accurately in time by mobility-based mathematical simulations (p<0·0001). Comparing PCR-based reconstructions with mobility-based mathematical simulations suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infections in Africa were under-reported by approximately ten times. Inbound travellers infected with BA.1, departing from five continents, were identified in six African countries by early December, 2021. Omicron BA.1 was widespread in Africa when travel bans were implemented, limiting their effectiveness. Combined with genomic surveillance and mobility-based mathematical modelling, PCR-based strategies can inform Rt and the geographical spread of emerging pathogens in a cost-effective and timely manner, and can guide evidence-based, non-pharmaceutical interventions such as travel restrictions or physical distancing. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the French, Portugese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Prevalence, aetiology, and hospital outcomes of paediatric acute critical illness in resource-constrained settings (Global PARITY): a multicentre, international, point prevalence and prospective cohort study.

Children in resource-constrained settings (RCS) have disproportionately high illness and mortality; however, the prevalence in RCS of paediatric acute critical illness (P-ACI; life-threatening conditions that require time-sensitive interventions) is unknown. Most P-ACI can be managed with basic critical care (stabilisation, fluid resuscitation, oxygen, and vital-organ support), but RCS hospitals often lack such essential services. This study estimated the prevalence and examined the aetiology of P-ACI among children at RCS hospitals to support critical care capacity building and inform resource allocation. We conducted a hybrid prospective cohort and multinational point prevalence study of acutely ill or injured children aged 28 days to 14 years who presented to RCS hospitals on four designated days between July 20, 2021, and July 12, 2022. We measured the proportion of participants with P-ACI, applying the definition for acute paediatric critical illness (DEFCRIT) framework for research in resource-variable settings, and followed up admitted patients for hospital outcomes. In participants with P-ACI, we report diagnoses associated with critical illness. We used descriptive statistics to summarise site and cohort data by country sociodemographic category (Socio-demographic Index; SDI) and multivariable logistic regression to assess whether country sociodemographic category was independently associated with P-ACI. The study included 46 sites, 19 countries, and 7538 children, among whom 2651 (35·2%) were admitted to hospital and 68 died (all-cause mortality 0·9% [95% CI 0·7-1·1]). 985 (13·1% [95% CI 12·3-13·9]) participants had P-ACI. Among all sociodemographic categories, P-ACI prevalence was highest (28·0% [26·0-30·1]; 512 of 1828 participants) in low-SDI countries (p<0·0001). Mortality among those with P-ACI was 6·3% (4·9-8·0; 62 deaths). The most common P-ACI diagnoses were pneumonia (152 [15·4%] of 985 participants), sepsis or septic shock (102 [10·4%]), and malaria (95 [9·6%]). In an adjusted model, country sociodemographic category was not significantly associated with P-ACI frequency. Among all 68 deaths in the study, 40 (59% [46-71]) occurred within 48 h of presentation. P-ACI in RCS hospitals is common, associated with high mortality, disproportionately elevated in low-SDI countries, and associated with conditions that can be managed with basic critical care. This study underlines the need for investment in basic critical care services in RCS to address a major contributor to preventable mortality in hospitalised children. National Institutes of Health (USA); Medical Research Council (Singapore); Grand Challenges Canada; and University of Maryland, Baltimore (USA). For the French, Portuguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Cross-cultural validity of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory for ICD-11 across nine countries and validation of a French translation.

This study aimed to assess measurement invariance for the Five-Factor Inventory for ICD-11 (Oltmanns & Widiger, 2020) across nine national samples from four continents (n = 6,342), and to validate a French translation in seven French-speaking national samples. All were convenience samples of adults. Exploratory factor analyses supported a four-factor structure in the French-speaking Western samples (Belgium, Canada, France, and Switzerland) while a three-factor structure was preferred in the French-speaking African samples (Burkina Faso and Togo), and no adequate structure was found in the Indian sample. Factor congruence with the original American sample was excellent for the Western samples but not for the non-Western samples. Exploratory bifactor analyses led to similar results, with the g-factor essentially reflecting one of the first-order factors observed in the exploratory factor analyses. Support for configural, metric, scalar (partial), and strict invariance was obtained across the six Western samples, as well as across the two African samples. Support for criterion validity of the Five-Factor Inventory for ICD-11 scales was also obtained, with relevant associations between scale scores and the presence of a mental health diagnosis and consulting a mental health professional, but validity was lower in the non-Western samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Mary Wollstonecraft and the Girondins

ABSTRACT This paper provides a picture of the constant interchange of ideas between English radicals and French Girondins, both in France and in Britain, information being selected for its relevance to the role of Mary Wollstonecraft in the circulation of radical ideas. It shows that Wollstonecraft knew, and approved of, works by Girondins before she went over to France and that events in France during the Brissotin ascendancy, as well as frequent socialising with Girondins reverberated through some of her works. Further, some of her works were known in France before she arrived there. Finally, footnotes in the French translation of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman are shown to map out the common ground between the Girondins and Wollstonecraft.

Supplemental Material for Cross-Cultural Validity of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory for ICD-11 Across Nine Countries and Validation of a French Translation

Supplemental Material for Cross-Cultural Validity of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory for ICD-11 Across Nine Countries and Validation of a French Translation

Effect of mass campaigns with full and fractional doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Pneumosil) on the reduction of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in Niger: a three-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial.

In settings with low pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage, multi-age cohort mass campaigns could increase population immunity, and fractional dosing could increase affordability. We aimed to evaluate the effect of mass campaigns on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage of Pneumosil (PCV10) in children aged 1-9 years in Niger. In this three-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial, 63 clusters of one to four villages in Niger were randomly assigned (3:3:1) using block randomisation to receive campaigns consisting of a single full dose of a 10-valent PCV (Pneumosil), a single one-fifth dose of Pneumosil, or no campaign. Independently sampled carriage surveys were done among 2268 households 6 months before and after vaccination, collecting nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy children for culture and serotyping; those with contraindication to nasopharyngeal swabbing were excluded. The primary outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococcus. We tested whether vaccine-type carriage was reduced in full-dose versus control clusters; and whether fractional doses were non-inferior to full-doses (lower bound 95% CI more than -7·5%), using generalised estimating equations to analyse cluster summaries at baseline and follow-up, controlling for covariates to estimate risk differences and their 95% CIs. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05175014) and the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR20211257448484). Surveys were done between Dec 22, 2021, and March 18, 2022, and between Dec 12, 2022, and March 9, 2023. The vaccination campaign ran from June 15 to Aug 2, 2022. Participants' characteristics were consistent across surveys and groups. Pre-vaccination, vaccine-type carriage was 15·6% (149 of 955 participants) in the full-dose group, 17·9% (170 of 948) in the fractional-dose group, and 18·8% (60 of 320) in the control group. Post-vaccination, vaccine-type carriage was 4·6% (44 of 967) in the full-dose group, 8·0% (77 of 962) in the fractional-dose group, and 16·5% (53 of 321) in the control group. The primary analysis showed a risk difference of -16·2% (95% CI -28·6 to -3·0) between the full-dose group and control group (p=0·002 for superiority), and -3·8% (-6·1 to -1·6) between the full-dose group and fractional-dose group, meeting the non-inferiority criteria. No adverse events were judged to be related to vaccination. Multi-age cohort campaigns had a marked effect on vaccine-type carriage and fractional-dose campaigns met non-inferiority criteria. Such campaigns should be considered in low-coverage settings, including humanitarian emergencies, to accelerate population protection. EDCTP2 programme supported by the EU. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Outcomes after medical treatment for primary aldosteronism: an international consensus and analysis of treatment response in an international cohort.

Primary aldosteronism can be treated medically but there is no standardised method to evaluate treatment outcomes. We aimed to develop criteria for assessing the outcomes of targeted medical treatment of primary aldosteronism, analyse outcomes across an international cohort, and identify factors associated with a complete treatment response. An international panel of 31 primary aldosteronism experts used the Delphi method to reach consensus on the definition of complete, partial, or absent biochemical and clinical outcomes of medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. Clinical data at baseline and 6-12 months post-treatment were collected from patients with primary aldosteronism who started targeted medical treatment between 2016 and 2021 at 28 participating centres. Consensus was reached for defining complete, partial, or absent biochemical or clinical response. Of 1258 patients (with a mean age of 52 years [SD 11·5] and of whom 610 [48·5%] were female and 648 [51·5%] were male), 1057 (84·0%) had biochemical outcome data (559 [52·9%] had a complete biochemical response). The median daily dose of spironolactone was significantly higher for those with a complete biochemical response than for those without (40 mg [IQR 25-50] vs 25 mg [20-50]; p=0·011). Of the 1248 patients with clinical outcome data, 228 [18·3%] had a complete clinical response whereas 227 (18·2%) had an absent response. Patients with a complete clinical response were more likely than those with partial or absent clinical response to be women (OR 2·099, 95% CI 1·485-2·968; p<0·001), require lower doses of antihypertensive drugs at baseline (0·687, 0·603-0·782; p<0·001), and were less likely to have microalbuminuria or left ventricular hypertrophy (0·584, 0·391-0·873; p=0·009). The Primary Aldosteronism Medical Treatment Outcome (PAMO) criteria represent an internationally developed outcome standard that can guide clinical practice and research into primary aldosteronism. Efforts to optimise treatment intensity and minimise factors associated with an absent treatment response are needed to improve patient outcomes. None. For the Chinese (simple), Chinese (complex), Japanese, Korean, German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Slovenian, Polish, Italian and Russian translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Progress in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in the use of modern contraceptives in 48 focus countries as part of the FP2030 initiative between 1990 and 2020: a population-based analysis.

Despite increases in modern contraception use, socioeconomic inequalities in family planning persist. In this study, we aimed to measure progress in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) and demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) in 48 countries as part of the Family Planning 2030 (FP2030) initiative between 1990 and 2020 for which Demographic and Health Survey data were available. We analysed two rounds of Demographic and Health Survey data per country. Changes in concentration indices between two survey rounds were compared to measure reductions in overall socioeconomic-related inequalities in modern contraceptive use. Poisson regression models were used to measure the adjusted average annual rate of change across wealth quintiles. In this population-based analysis study, all countries reduced socioeconomic-related inequalities in modern contraceptive use among in-union women of reproductive age (15-49 years) during the observed 30-year period. On average, mCPR increased at an annual rate of 2·1% (95% CI 2·1-2·2), and the rate of increase for the poorest women was 3·1% (3·0-3·2), which outpaced the rate of increase for the richest women of 1·3% (1·3-1·4%). The pattern of progress was similar for mDFPS, but at a slower pace. Overall, levels of mCPR and mDFPS increased, and socioeconomic-related inequalities were reduced during this period. Substantial progress has been made in reducing socioeconomic-related inequalities in family planning across the 48 studied countries, which account for 86% of the population of the 82 FP2030 initiative countries. During the past three decades, poorer women have seen greater improvements in modern contraceptive use and demand satisfaction compared with richer women. As contraceptive prevalence rates are near their maximum, it is crucial to ensure marginalised and vulnerable groups are not left behind. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the French and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Prevalence, management, health-care burden, and 90-day outcomes of prolonged mechanical ventilation in the paediatric intensive care unit (LongVentKids): an international, prospective, cross-sectional cohort study.

The number of children requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) has increased with the advancement of medical care. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of PMV worldwide, document demographic and clinical characteristics of children requiring PMV in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and to understand variation in clinical practice and health-care burden. This international, multicentre, cross-sectional cohort study screened participating PICUs in 28 countries for children aged >37 postgestational weeks to 17 years who had been receiving mechanical ventilation (MV; invasive or non-invasive) for at least 14 consecutive days. Screening days took place every 90 days for 3 years. Patients were eligible for inclusion in the analysis if they had been receiving MV (invasive or non-invasive) for at least 14 consecutive days by their first day of screening. Eligible patients were followed up on the subsequent screening day 90 days later or at time of hospital discharge, whichever came first. Outcome data were recorded in a validated web-based case report file. The primary outcome was the prevalence of PMV. Secondary outcomes were mortality, duration of MV, tracheostomy, and number of complications. All outcomes were assessed at 90 days post-screening. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04112459. Between Sept 4, 2019 and Dec 7, 2022, 14 595 children were screened on four separate screening days in 158 PICUs, and 2773 patients had been receiving MV for at least 14 days and were included in the analysis. The point prevalence of PMV was 25·8% (IQR 24·1-28·5). Median age was 0·4 years (IQR 0·2-5·3) and median weight was 8·1 kg (IQR 4·7-19·1). 625 (24·0%) of 2610 patients had a history of prematurity (<37 weeks gestational age at birth). 90-day outcome data were collected for 2430 patients. 441 (18·2%) of 2430 patients had died within 90 days. 649 (29·8%) of 2176 patients who initiated ventilation support upon hospital admission had a tracheostomy placed after the first 14 days of MV. The median time to tracheostomy placement after MV initiation was 26 days (IQR 18-52). 462 (21·2%) of 2176 patients had at least one failed extubation between MV initiation and their first screening date. 556 (25·6%) of 2174 patients who started MV upon hospital admission required MV for 21 days or less, whereas 1618 (74·4%) patients required MV for 22 days or more; 90-day mortality did not differ between these groups (18·2% vs 20·30%, p=0·288). Complications were recorded for 810 (38·4%) 2109 patients who initiated MV upon hospital admission; of these 539 (67%) had ventilator-associated pneumonia, and 212 (39%) of 539 patients had multiple episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Timing of tracheostomy was variable, and duration of MV was longer than previously reported. The large variability in patients requiring MV and the associated health-care burden and outcomes across PICUs suggest that further investigation of the factors influencing the care of children with MV is warranted. Réseau en Santé Respiratoire du Québec (Respiratory Research Network of Quebec), Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec, Women and Children Health Research Institute-Clinical/Community Research Integration and Support Program, Réseau mère-enfant de la francophonie. For the French and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The Translation, Dissemination, and Evolution of Poetry from the High Tang Dynasty in France

The 17th to 18th centuries marked the beginning of cultural exchange between China and the West, during which Jesuit missionaries played a significant role. They introduced the latest Western thoughts and scientific advancements to China while providing detailed descriptions of China in their letters sent back to Europe. Additionally, they translated many Chinese texts, with French Jesuits contributing the most influential works. Among these translations were various collections of Tang poetry translated into French. In the 19th century, the first collection of Tang poetry in French was published in France. Subsequently, an increasing number of French translators, sinologists, and Chinese scholars became involved in the translation of Tang poetry, enriching the variety of French translations. The translation and dissemination of Tang poetry in France have become an important aspect of Sino-French cultural exchange, garnering attention from numerous scholars. While there have been significant research contributions from scholars in both countries, much of the work has been conducted from a macro view, lacking micro-level studies focused on specific periods of Tang poetry, particularly regarding the poetry of the High Tang period. In light of this, this paper organizes and analyzes different versions of French translations of Tang poetry, primarily selecting works by prominent High Tang poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu, and Wang Wei. Through comparative analysis, the paper aims to explore how the translations reflect the French translators' understanding of High Tang poetry and the cultural concepts behind them.

Avventure e disavventure letterarie di Adelaide Ristori fra traduttori ed editori in Francia, Gran Bretagna e Stati Uniti

This essay reconstructs the difficulties encountered by Adelaide Ristori in coordinating the translation and simultaneous publication in several languages of her volume of Ricordi e Studi artistici. In particular, the actress’s relationship with her French and English translators, namely Édouard Rod and Fanny McLaughlin, is analysed. The former is an established translator active in France between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, while the latter is a less-known figure who, at the time she was hired by Ristori, had however already worked as a professional translator. The analysis of the extensive correspondence that Ristori maintained with both of them and her other collaborators allows a clear understanding of both Ristori’s working method and her difficulty in finding a common ground between her ideas, the translation requirements, and the demands of the publishing market. The comments of the foreign press following the publication of the volume in France, Great Britain, and the United States are also examined. Additionally, the peculiarities of the edition of Memoirs and Artistic Studies of Adelaide Ristori published in the United States in 1907, a year after the actress’s death, are analysed. This edition was curated by Gaetano Mantellini, who is also the author of the translation. The main sources used, including the letters from the correspondence and the scrapbook where the actress collected numerous reviews of her volume, all belong to the Adelaide Ristori Archive housed at the Museo Biblioteca dell’Attore in Genoa.

Per una storia della semantica di medaglia in veneziano dai Vangeli medievali al vernacolo dell’uso

This article explores the chronological steps in the process of semantic change for the word medaglia from the early vernacular, especially Venetian, to the modern times, through the analysis of relevant textual sources. The evidence shows how the original meaning of ‘coin with a value of a half’ in Latin progressively changed into the current meaning of ‘medal’ across a semantic process common to many other names of coin. A major focus of attention has been set on the use of the word in the four Gospels in early Venetian (first half of 14th century AD) as a shared translating term for different names of coin in the Vulgate, through the mediation of the translation in ancient French (13th century AD).

Letters at trial: the Lucianic Judgment of the Vowels Gallicized (1654)

ABSTRACT In the Second Sophistic (fl. ca. 50–230 CE), Greek writers developed a fascination with the literary dialect of classical Athens (5th century BCE). This Atticist zealotry was skillfully mocked in a satirical oration attributed to Lucian, in which the letter Sigma complains before a jury of vowels that his rival Tau has stolen various words from him. This pun-infested text, however short, posed problems for early modern translators. Notably, the renowned French translator of Lucian, Nicolas Perrot d’Ablancourt, refrained from translating the text, instead asking his nephew Nicolas Frémont d’Ablancourt to write a new version tailored to the French context. The Ablancourts deemed it more appropriate to produce a dialogue adapted to their contemporary situation, in which the letters of the alphabet voice their complaints to the judge Usage and the advocate general Grammaire. This paper explores the contents of the ‘Dialogue des lettres de l’alphabet’ (1654). I argue that Frémont, the author, tried to strike a balance between (1) fidelity – or rather ‘belle infidèle’-ity – to the spirit of his Lucianic model and (2) entertainment for his French-speaking audience, respecting the contemporary culture of ‘galanterie’ with its goal of ‘plaire et instruire’.

“AOLEU”, THE ROMANIAN IDENTITY-CULTURAL INTERJECTION PAR EXCELLENCE?

The interjection “aoleu” is a very interesting case in Romanian and seems to be “prototypical” for this language. In this article we attempt to provide arguments to support this hypothesis. We start with its etymology then we analyse its derivatives, its many lexicophonetic, diachronic and diatopic variants, and its diastratic and pragmatico-stylistic values. We then carry out a submorphological analysis. We focus on its semantic-functional aspects. In the last section, we review a few occurrences of “aoleu” in (web) comics and other recent icono-textual documents, for which we provide French and English translations.

Addressing barriers to global multidisciplinary stakeholder inclusivity: Lessons from global orofacial cleft research priority setting.

Inclusivity in research priority setting is fundamental to capturing the opinion of all stakeholders in a research area. Globally, experienced healthcare workers often have deep insights that could impactfully shape future research, and a lack of their involvement in formal research and publications could mean that their voices are insufficiently represented. We aimed to modify the well-established Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology to address barriers to inclusivity, which are particularly relevant in healthcare that requires highly multidisciplinary care. This global research priority-setting exercise for orofacial clefts adapted the CHNRI methodology to include research experts, clinicians from multiple disciplines, and non-technical stakeholders (i.e. patients and parents and non-governmental organisations (NGOs)) on a global basis. A multidisciplinary international steering group proposed and discussed methodological changes to improve inclusivity, including survey edits, subgroups for research questions, a demographics section, translation in French and Spanish, phrasing adaptation, and alternative dissemination techniques. We received 412 responses and 1420 questions, spanning 78 different countries and 18 different specialties/groups. Challenges remain to improve representation of all groups, with the vast majority of answers (30%) being from surgeons and a comparatively small proportion from patient/parent groups (9%). This also includes managing responses in three languages, effective dissemination, and responses that were not worded as research questions. This is one of the first CHNRI exercises to involve patients and parents, clinicians, and researchers in its first question submission stage, and the first ever to do so on a global scale. We describe our approach to addressing inclusivity challenges and report related demographic data to serve as a benchmark upon which we hope future CHNRI exercises will improve.

Berman’s Model of Deforming Tendencies in the English Translation of Mahfouz’s Novel Children of Gabalaawi

This research aims to study Berman's deformation tendencies toward Arabic literary texts in the process of translation into English, using novel translation as a case study. The paper will explain the twelve deforming tendencies and their recurrence in the translation. Then it will present these tendencies sequentially. The task is accomplished through applying the negative analytical model proposed by the French translator and critic Antoine Berman (1985), which he calls "deformation tendencies," to the revised English translation of Naguib Mahfouz's novel “Children of Gabalaawi” by the British writer and translator Philip Stewart (1996). The selected examples will be analyzed and discussed to determine the practice of deformation in the analyzed examples. To achieve this subjectively the researchers have selected the first two hundred sentences in the first chapter of the novel. The selected texts were read thoroughly to identify the examples covered by these deformations, and then the sentences were analyzed sequentially and comprehensively. Finally, comparing the examples under study and presenting the proposed translation in accordance with Berman's model, the researchers have found results that support Berman's theory of deformation tendencies. The data selected found nearly 330 cases relating to Berman’s model, a large number in 200 sentences.

Inclusive language in medical texts and medical translation in French

Inclusive language in medical texts and medical translation in French

Understanding progress and challenges in women's health and wellbeing in exemplar countries: a time-series study identifying positive outliers

Women's health and wellbeing (WHW) forms a multidimensional continuum across the life course, with intersecting power dynamics including socioeconomic and ethnic positioning. The WHW Exemplars project uses robust quantitative approaches to identify best-performing low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) in improving WHW across the entire life course. Using the life course approach, we created a list of 32 cross-sectional indicators belonging to nine dimensions based on a conceptual framework to assess progress in WHW. Small population countries (<5 million people), high-income countries, and those among the top ten in the fragility index were excluded. We calculated the average annual rates of change (AARC; 2000-19) for each indicator, which were then standardised around the regional mean for comparability. The standardised values were aggregated into a final score for each country (the lower the score, the worse the country's performance). We assessed the performance of countries from a regression of the aggregated scores and the AARC of gross domestic product. We evaluated the performance of each country relative to regional peers across life course stages and dimensions based on data availability and improved performance. The final standardised score ranged from -11·0 in Costa Rica to 14·8 in Cambodia (measure of dispersion of the standarised score: 1·0 [SD 5·9]). Cambodia, Ethiopia, Peru, and Türkiye ranked highest in the life course and dimension assessment in their regions. After triangulation of results, the best-performing countries in WHW were Bangladesh, Cambodia, and India in south Asia and east Asia and the Pacific; Congo (Brazzaville), Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone in sub-Saharan Africa; Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia in Latin America and the Caribbean; and Morocco, Türkiye, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan in Europe and central Asia and the Middle East and north Africa. This study quantified the performance of WHW across the life course among LMICs over the past two decades and identified good performers that might be selected as exemplars. The study also highlights low data availability and quality relating to this topic. Children's Investment Fund Foundation and Gates Ventures. For the French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese and Arabic translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Lassa fever outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Understanding the epidemiological parameters and transmission dynamics of Lassa fever, a significant public health threat in west Africa caused by the rodent-borne Lassa virus, is crucial for informing evidence-based interventions and outbreak response strategies. Therefore, our study aimed to collate and enhance understanding of the key epidemiological parameters of Lassa fever. We conducted a systematic review, searching PubMed and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published from database inception up to June 13, 2024, to compile and analyse key epidemiological parameters, mathematical models, and outbreaks of Lassa fever. English-language, peer-reviewed, original research articles were included if they reported on Lassa fever outbreak sizes, transmission models, viral evolution, transmission, natural history, severity, seroprevalence, or risk factors. Non-peer-reviewed literature was excluded. Data were extracted by two independent individuals from published literature, focusing on seroprevalence, transmissibility, epidemiological delays, and disease severity. We performed a meta-analysis to calculate pooled estimates of case-fatality ratios (CFRs) and the delay from symptom onset to hospital admission. This study is registered with PROSPERO (identifier number CRD42023393345). The database search returned 5614 potentially relevant studies, and a further 16 studies were identified from backward citation chaining. After de-duplication and exclusion, 193 publications met our inclusion criteria and provided 440 relevant parameter estimates in total. Although Lassa virus is endemic in west Africa, the spatiotemporal coverage of general-population seroprevalence estimates (ranging from 2·6% [6/232] to 58·2% [103/177]) was poor, highlighting the spatial uncertainty in Lassa fever risk. Similarly, only four basic reproduction number estimates (ranging from 1·13 to 1·40) were available. We estimated a pooled total random effect CFR of 33·5% (95% CI 25·8-42·2, I2=95%) and found potential variation in severity by geographical regions typically associated with specific Lassa virus lineages. We estimated a pooled total random effect mean symptom-onset-to-hospital-admission delay of 8·19 days (95% CI 7·31-9·06, I2=93%), but other epidemiological delays were poorly characterised in the existing literature. Our findings highlight the absence of empirical Lassa fever parameter estimates despite its high burden in west Africa. Improved surveillance approaches to capture mild cases in humans and to further cover rodent populations are needed to better understand Lassa fever transmission dynamics. Addressing these gaps is essential for developing accurate mathematical models and informing evidence-based interventions to mitigate the effect of Lassa fever on public health in endemic regions. UK Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Academy of Medical Sciences, Wellcome, UK Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, British Heart Foundation, Diabetes UK, Schmidt Foundation, Community Jameel, Royal Society, and Imperial College London. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.