Translational Research Articles

Phyllanthus-derived Naturally-occurring Products: An Overview of their Effects against Viruses in Cell Models

Background: Infectious diseases are considered a global public health problem, with viruses being the predominant infectious agents afflicting the human population. The most used control alternatives are the search and development of vaccines and drugs. Nevertheless, their efficacy has limitations related to the immune response stimulation, resistance mechanisms, costeffort ratio, development, and production. An alternative to these drawbacks is the search for compounds isolated from plants with antiviral and/or virucidal properties. The genus Phyllanthus is a plant group producing compounds that gathers an antiviral and virucidal spectrum on different biological models. However, there is no complete review of their properties against viruses in cell models. Objective: To compile and analyse the more relevant information on the antiviral and virucidal activity in cell models, phytochemical composition, and generalities of the genus Phyllanthus. Method: The information was assembled from a general search for articles in various databanks, and the information was organized, tabulated, and discussed. Results: The taxonomic classification of the genus Phyllanthus showed discrepancies between different authors and publications. The antiviral and virucidal effects of Phyllanthus naturallyoccurring compounds on cell models showed a broad spectrum and a high chemical diversity mainly related to phenols and polyphenols. Conclusion: Antiviral and virucidal properties of Phyllanthus-derived compounds showed promising results as controlling agents against viral infections in different cell models, particularly in the viral replication and translation processes. Further studies are required to elucidate the specific mechanisms involved in these natural alternatives to expand their efficient and effective applications.

Nanomedicine as a Better Therapeutic Approach: An Overview

Abstract: The fields of nanotechnology and nanomedicine have undergone a revolution. There has been a striking rise in authorized nanomedicines since 1980. Apart from functioning as thera-peutic agents, they also act as carriers for delivering various active pharmaceuticals to target or-gans. The ultimate goal of nanomedicine has always been the generation of translational technol-ogies that can improve current therapies. Nanocrystals, nanotubes, liposomes, exosomes, solid li-pid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic and magnetic nanoparticles are examples of nanostructures that are now in the market as well as in ongoing research. The preparation of these nanomaterials requires consideration of a number of difficulties. Only a few of these nano-materials were successful in obtaining marketing permission after passing all required toxicologi-cal and ethical evaluations and making them affordable to users and, at the same time, profitable to investors. Cancer, central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and cardiovascular (CVS) diseases represented the primary targets of nanotechnology applied to medicine. Therefore, this review ar-ticle is focused on providing a summary of several nano-based delivery systems, including their limitations and prospects in different therapeutic fields.

A Study on the Translation of Instructions for Heat-Clearing and Detoxifying Traditional Chinese Medicines under the Functional Equivalence Theory

Heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicines are an important part and distinctive advantage of China’s medical and health undertakings. Traditional Chinese medicine is an outstanding traditional culture of the Chinese nation and a unique and significant health resource in our country. The rapidly growing international market has created excellent opportunities for the export of heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicines. Currently, the English translation of instructions for proprietary Chinese medicines lacks unified translation standards and the guidance of translation theories. The existing English translations of instructions for proprietary Chinese medicines in our country have problems such as confusion and non-standardization. Therefore, the research on the instructions of heat-clearing and detoxifying medicines under the functional equivalence theory is highly significant. This paper takes several common heat-clearing and detoxifying medicines available on the market as examples, analyzes the problems and their causes in the translation of the instructions from the perspective of the functional equivalence theory, and finds more reasonable and standardized translation methods. It helps foreign consumers understand the characteristics and functions of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby stimulating their consumption desires. This paper studies the translation process using the functional equivalence theory, investigates the structure and language features of the instructions for traditional Chinese medicine, and discusses the corresponding translation strategies for the instructions of heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicines at the lexical and syntactic levels respectively to achieve functional equivalence.

The Role of Sentiment Analysis in Machine Translation- A Review on the Example of ChatGPT

In today’s globalization, machine translation technology has become an indispensable bridge for cross-lingual communication. The integration of sentiment analysis makes machine translation not only able to convey information, but also able to accurately express and understand the emotional color of the original text, which is of great significance in the fields of cross-cultural communication, customer service, and social media interaction. This study overviews the development of machine translation technology, from early rule-based models to modern statistical models to Transformer-based neural network models, with a special focus on the integrated application of ChatGPT in sentiment analysis and machine translation. First, this study introduces the background and research significance of machine translation, and discusses the role of sentiment analysis in improving translation quality and user satisfaction. Subsequently, the historical development of machine translation technology is reviewed in detail, and the basic concepts and methodologies of sentiment analysis and its applications in different fields are elaborated. On this basis, this study analyzes in depth the technical architecture, language model and interaction capability of ChatGPT, as well as its specific application and performance in sentiment analysis. Further, this study explores the importance of sentiment analysis in machine translation, including sentiment recognition, translation strategies for sentiment expression, and the impact of sentiment analysis on improving translation quality and cultural adaptability. Meanwhile, the advantages and limitations of ChatGPT in sentiment analysis are assessed, and future research directions are proposed, including technology convergence, construction of datasets and evaluation criteria, and ethical and bias issues. Finally, this study summarizes the practical application value of sentiment analysis in machine translation and looks forward to the potential areas of future research, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the further development of machine translation and sentiment analysis.

A preliminary exploration of feminist translation strategies

Abstract Interventionist feminist translation theory prompts translators to identify and rectify sexist notions in source texts. It encourages critical awareness and reinterprets texts through a feminist lens. Based on interventionist feminist translation theory, this research investigates how depictions of women’s physical charm, often unnecessary and rooted in stereotypes, are handled in translations. Focusing on seven instances from Liu Cixin’s The Three-Body Trilogy — a notable Chinese science fiction work debated for its sexism —, the study contrasts the source text with its English and Spanish translations. By analysing the selected fragments of the Chinese novel and the unmissable alterations to the original in the target texts, this paper demonstrates how the techniques of elision and adaptation can help translators iron out the sexist implications. The findings contribute to our understanding of feminist translation strategies for addressing sexist elements in literary works.

National implementation of telehealth in Denmark: A case study

Abstract Background With a growing number of chronic patients and a shortage of healthcare professionals, modern health systems face mounting economic pressures. Telehealth has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges and is considered a critical component of future healthcare provision. However, implementing telehealth on a large scale is complex and challenging. To fully grasp these challenges, it is essential to look beyond the technology and delve into the processes and actors involved in its implementation. Actors on a political-administrative level are pivotal in large-scale implementation, yet this level remains understudied. Thus, this study investigates the dynamics of large-scale implementation at a political-administrative level through a case study of the national implementation of TeleCOPD in Denmark - a home-monitoring intervention targeting patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Methods An in-depth qualitative study of the implementation process at the political-administrative level was undertaken. Data consisted of comprehensive documentary material, including policy documents and meeting minutes and 12 semi-structured interviews with 16 key stakeholders across all levels of the implementation process. Data was analysed in accordance with thematic analysis using an abductive strategy. Results The analysis shows that large-scale implementation of telehealth is a profoundly complex process, necessitating the collaboration of various stakeholders across organisational hierarchies. Substantial translational work is required at the political-administrative level to implement telehealth across diverse organisational contexts. Moreover, understanding the role of context in this translation process is essential. Conclusions This study generates valuable knowledge about large-scale implementation of telemedicine in addition to insights into the role of the political-administrative level in the implementation process. Key messages • Implementing telehealth nationally involves intricate translation processes at multiple levels. • Balancing local adjustments with degrees of fidelity is crucial in large-scale implementation.

Content validation of a test battery for assessing sleep quality in adolescents in Slovenia

Abstract Background Sleep constitutes a fundamental biological necessity, occupying approximately one-third of our lifespan. Consequently, the field of sleep research has experienced an increase in interest, prompted by the recognition of insufficient sleep as a significant public health challenge. As the majority of existing questionnaires in Slovenia have yet to undergo official translation and validation processes, the aim of our study was to conduct content validation of a questionnaire designed to assess the sleep quality among adolescents. Methods We developed a test battery for assessing the sleep quality of adolescents by combining a diverse array of questionnaires. We employed the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale, Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents, and Children’s Morningness-Eveningness Scale. Following the development of the entire test battery, a process of back-translation from English to Slovene occurred, followed by cultural adaptation. Results The designed questionnaire underwent content validation by a panel of 10 experts drawn from diverse disciplines. Evaluation of questionnaire items followed a planned methodology tailored for the content validation of measurement instruments, focusing on content relevance, clarity, and classification into subscales or factors. Our analysis revealed that the individual questionnaires demonstrate content validity, supported by notably high indices of content validity. Conclusions Translated questionnaires demonstrate decent content validity, thus rendering them valid clinical and research tools for assessing sleep quality in adolescents in Slovenia. Key messages • Our research indicates the availability of content-valid tools for sleep research. • Further investigation is needed to determine the reliability, specificity, sensitivity, and appropriateness of the factorial structure of measures for the quality of sleep.

MicroRNA mediates the effects of food factors.

Food factors elicit physiological effects by interfering with the central dogma system, including DNA methylation, replication, transcription, and translation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding short RNAs that are approximately 20 nucleotides long and play a crucial role in the regulation of mRNA levels and translation processes. Importantly, miRNAs can be delivered to different locations in nanovesicles. However, little is known about their roles as mediators of the effects of food factors. This review introduces recent findings on the role of miRNAs in the beneficial effects of food factors, including green tea polyphenols and soybean isoflavones, and discusses the importance of miRNAs as mediators of the beneficial effects of food.

From text to allegory: ideological turns in Shamel Abatha’s translation of Animal Farm in the socio-political context of Egypt’s Pre-Arab Spring

ABSTRACT The influence of ideology on the process of translation has been one of the most controversial debates among scholars and translators who may undergo multiple challenges due to certain ideological demands, whether they be political, cultural or religious. In the Arab world, the socio-political scene has been dominated by ideological shifts since the outbreak of the Arab Spring. These shifts have influenced Arab scholars and translators in many possible ways, one of which is the reproduction of incisive narratives that not only account for the causes and effects of revolutions that swept different regions in the Arab world but also provoke political reform. In this vein, this article investigates Shamel Abatha’s translation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) to Arabic. It specifically explores Abatha’s political orientations which result in daring textual manipulations of Orwell’s text before the Arab Spring in Egypt in 2011. Following Mona Baker’s narrative theory, the article demonstrates how Abatha’s target text turns into a socio-political national allegory that embodies critical ideological implications. The corpus consists of selected comparisons between Orwell’s Animal Farm and Abatha’s مزرعة الحيوانات [mazraat alḥywānāt] (2009) to show how translation strategies expound the impact of the latter’s political environment on his translation.

SignifAI: French sign language translation based on deep learning and large language models

In this project, we propose SignifAI which is an AI-powered software that translates French Sign Language into spoken French. The goal of SignifAI is to remove the language barrier that separates the deaf and hearing communities. The translation process proves to be a major challenge for existing methods, as most of them rely on traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods which solve the task in a similar way as spoken languages (e.g., paying more attention to the logics and reasoning). The drastic syntactical difference between sign and spoken languages, however, makes such approaches not as effective and efficient. In SignifAI, we propose to leverage a combination of deep learning models for sign gesture recognition and large language models (LLM) for sentence generation from recognized words. The former allows for precise detection of individual words, while the latter takes the recognized words as inputs and returns a fluently reformulated translated sentence. With extremely limited data available for French sign language, we created our own enhanced dataset through synthetically augmenting existing videos. Utilizing the SlowFast model for this task, we have achieved a maximum test accuracy of 98.9%, and a fluid translation process after implementing ChatGPTs API. The potential applications of SignifAI range from aiding communication between the deaf and the hearing, to helping the deaf place phone calls in numerical services. Ultimately, SignifAI strives to improve all aspects of a deaf persons life, and compensates for their speaking disabilities.

The regulation role of calcium channels in mammalian sperm function: a narrative review with a focus on humans and mice.

Mammalian sperm are characterized as specialized cells, as their transcriptional and translational processes are largely inactive. Emerging researches indicate that Ca2+ serves as a crucial second messenger in the modulation of various sperm physiological processes, such as capacitation, hyperactivation, and the acrosome reaction. Specifically, sperm-specific calcium channels, including CatSper, voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs), and cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, are implicated in the regulation of calcium signaling in mammalian sperm. Calcium stores located in the sperm acrosomes, along with the IP3 receptors in the neck of the redundant nuclear envelope and the mitochondria in the tail, play significant roles in modulating intracellular Ca2+ levels in sperm. However, the functions and mechanisms of these calcium channels in modulating mammalian sperm physiological functions have not yet been well elucidated. Therefore, by focusing on humans and mice, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current advancements in research regarding the roles of calcium signaling and associated calcium channels in regulating sperm function. This endeavor seeks to enhance the understanding of calcium signaling in sperm regulation and to facilitate the development of drugs for the treatment of infertility or as non-hormonal male contraceptives.

Chinese-English Translation Strategies for Metaphors Based on Domestication and Foreignization

As an essential rhetorical device in language expression, metaphor deeply reflects the cultural background and social cognition. Metaphor translation needs to convey the meaning of language as well as the cultural connotations behind the metaphor. This study found that when the metaphorical images contain the same symbolic meaning in Chinese and English cultures, applying foreignization to reproduce the original metaphorical images can maintain the uniqueness and writing style of the source text and avoid the loss of cultural connotations in the translation process. Instead, in the case of different metaphorical images, using domestication to replace or omit the original symbolic images in the target language can improve the readability and acceptance of the translation. However, no studies explore applying metaphor translation strategies based on comparing the similarities and differences of metaphors in different languages and cultures, causing subjectivity in selecting metaphor translation strategies. This study compares the symbolic meanings of metaphors in Chinese and English cultures and provides a reliable and objective basis for selecting domestication and foreignization for metaphor translation, which help to achieve more effective faithfulness and cultural transmission. This analysis provides practical references for translation strategies of metaphors and promotes the depth of cross-cultural communication.

Saudi Learner Translation Corpus: The design and compilation of an English-Arabic learner translation corpus.

This article introduces the Saudi Learner Translation Corpus (SauLTC), an innovative multi-version English-Arabic parallel corpus featuring part-of-speech tagging. We describe the corpus parameters and compilation process and explain how textual processing and sentence alignment are conducted. The participants include 366 student translators, 48 instructors, and 23 alignment verifiers. The corpus provides access to two target versions of every ST to allow the detection of the changes in the translation and revision processes from the initial to the final draft. The translations were collected over three years, yielding 5,160,386 tokens. The metadata of 23 sentence alignment verifiers were added to the analysis as a unique variable to investigate individual differences in the manual verification process. This unidirectional corpus can be used to identify student translators' strategies and errors in translation and analyze the efficacy of instructors' feedback. Furthermore, it is accessible via an application and a website. It provides translation teachers and researchers with a database that can help develop corpus-based and corpus-driven teaching materials.

Development of a German version of a single-question restless legs syndrome screening questionnaire

Abstract Background The “Single Question for the Rapid Screening of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS Single Question) ©” is a questionnaire specifically designed to screen for restless legs syndrome (RLS). This research article describes the process of development and cultural adaptation of the German version of the questionnaire. Objective The primary objective of this study was to create a culturally appropriate and linguistically precise tool for evaluating RLS symptoms within German-speaking populations. Materials and methods The translation process involved meticulous forward and backward translations coupled with cognitive interviews conducted with patients to ensure the linguistic accuracy and cultural relevance of the instrument. Results The resultant final version of the questionnaire demonstrated an optimal level of comprehension and is anticipated to serve as an asset for the early detection and effective management of RLS among individuals who speak German. Conclusion The study highlights the successful development of the RLS questionnaire for the German-speaking context. Patient involvement in cognitive interviews proves pivotal in resolving minor comprehension issues. Its successful adaptation underscores the significance of comprehensive translation in diverse linguistic and cultural contexts, ultimately enhancing patient care. Future research will explore the validation of the test in larger populations and its integration into holistic diagnostic strategies.

Cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Turkish version of north star ambulatory assessment.

The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a functional motor outcome measure originally developed for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The aim of this study was to perform the cultural adaptation and investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the NSAA (T-NSAA) in DMD. After translation process, internal consistency, interrater and test-retest reliability of the NSAA were determined by using the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), respectively. Absolute reliability was determined by using the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) with minimal detectable change at 95% limits of confidence (MDC95). Lower limb functionality of children was evaluated by Vignos Lower Extremity Scale (VLERS). To establish convergent validity, the correlations between T-NSAA and Motor Function Measure (MFM-32), 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), and VLERS were analyzed by using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. The study was completed with 86 patients with DMD whose age were mean 104.56 ± 24.66 months. The internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94), intra-reliability (ICC = 0.977) and inter-reliability (ICC = 0.972) of T-NSAA were excellent. SEM and MDC values were low indicating satisfactory absolute agreement (< %10). The T-NSAA had strong correlations with the MFM-total score, 6-MWT, and VLERS (p < 0.01). T-NSAA is a valid and reliable tool to assess ambulatory status of Turkish-speaking DMD population. NCT05549999, Date of registration: September 19, 2022.

Translation and Validation of the Filipino Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (F-SCQ)

Sustainable Development (SD) has undeniably become an important concept worldwide. But sustainability issues are viewed in different contexts and situations. It is believed that cultural context is an important factor that influences human behaviors and values related to society, the economy, and the environment. Language is an essential part of culture. Thus, measurement indicators that are culturally adapted are as important to visualize the efforts toward SD. The present study aims to create a Filipino version of the Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ) reflecting the three psychological constructs of knowingness, attitudes, and behavioral items which are related to SD dimensions of social, economic, and environmental. Also, validation of the Filipino SCQ (F-SCQ) by experts and pilot tests as to the conceptual level of the target users and construct validity were done. This study used a cross-sectional, explanatory nonexperimental design with participants composed of 678 male and female aged 18-19 years old. The translation processes go through preparation, translation proper (forward translation), and evaluation (i.e. back translation, bilingual technique, and pretest/cognitive debriefing with 10 target samples) to ensure that the translated instrument is both culturally acceptable and contextually scale relevant to target population. In terms of its factor structure, the results of the second-order factor analysis are as follows: for Sustainability Knowingness, all of the first-order factors (i.e., Environmental, Social, and Economic) were loaded onto a single second-order factor. For Sustainability Attitudes, only the Social and Economic factors were retained; while, for Sustainability Behaviour, only the Environmental and Economic factors were confirmed. Hence, this Filipino version of the SCQ is found to be psychometrically sound and suitable for Filipino adolescents in measuring their sustainability consciousness. Further evaluation is recommended in comparison to the original English SCQ, other age groups; and translation to other Philippine dialects may also be considered in future studies.

How do students translate? A study of the translation process from student perspectives at Key Stage 3

Abstract Achieving proficiency in reading Latin is the stated aim of nearly every Latin course the world over. However, very little research has been devoted to how beginner students attempt to process Latin when it is placed in front of them for the first time. This paper aims to fill this gap, based on a study of students still relatively close to the start of their Latin journeys. I found that they tend to read Latin sentences in their original order, breaking them down into individual lexical items, and trying to discern their meaning by looking for similarities with words they already know. They will usually skip over words they do not recognise, returning to them later. This suggests that, as they become more familiar with Latin vocabulary and grammar, and so long as they are not taught to read in a different order, they will continue to read Latin in the order it is written. There is, however, a perception among many of the students that grammar is difficult, and so they tend to overly rely on context and common sense instead. Going forward, I would try to ensure my students become more confident with their grammar, as context can sometimes lead them astray. However, it is clear that, rather than just giving them tables and lists to learn, they need as much exposure to the grammatical forms ‘in the wild’ as possible, to promote ease of recognition.

An Instructional Module for Functional Dissociative Seizures (FDS) in Hindi: Enhancing Communication and Management in India.

Functional dissociative seizures (FDS) are very common in neurology clinics, they straddle both neurology and psychiatry. In India, scarce resources and guidelines are available for effectively conveying their diagnosis and management, which leads to a substantial gap in care. We aimed to provide an instructional module for FDS, tailored to clinicians, patients, and caregivers in Hindi, to enhance communication of diagnosis and facilitate suitable management strategies. The instructional module development process was based on clinical settings and expert opinions. A standard translation process was performed to ensure the linguistic and cultural equivalence. Validation was carried out by a panel of 15 validators, comprising 13 neurologists and two psychiatrists, to identify key psychoeducation components and their significance. They were provided a questionnaire consisting of five questions that were related to completeness, understandability, legibility, clarification, and usefulness of educational material for clinicians, patients, and caregivers. Items were rated using a 5-point Likert scale. There was agreement on four items (Q1, Q3, Q4, and Q5), whereas approximately 85% of the validators agreed on the remaining one item (Q2). The instructional module demonstrated high content validity as indicated by both item level-content validity index (0.98) and scale-level content validity index (0.97), alongside content validity ratio and modified kappa statistics. The developed Hindi instructional module for FDS serves as a valuable tool to enhance the communication of FDS diagnosis and dispel misconceptions. This offers a comprehensive resource for clinicians, patients, and caregivers in India, potentially bridging gap in FDS care.

Exploring linguistic and cultural barriers in literary translation: an analysis of undergraduate students' strategies and challenges in translating Albanian texts into English

Purpose: Investigate the challenges undergraduate students face when translating Albanian literary texts into English, focusing on the cultural and linguistic considerations that impact the translation process and the concept of translation loss. Methodology: Qualitative analysis of the translation methods used by non-English-speaking students, examining the types of cultural loss, challenges, and solutions encountered. Data were collected by studying translated excerpts from the Albanian literary work "Prilli i Thyer" (Broken April), with attention to the strategies employed by students to address translation challenges. Findings: Students predominantly used literal translation, resulting in implicit, modified, and complete cultural losses. Key challenges included translating Albanian cultural words, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical differences. Despite these challenges, students demonstrated proficiency and versatility in literary translation, employing strategies such as adaptation, direct translation, borrowing, and omission. Implications: The findings highlight the need for enhanced cultural competence and linguistic skills in translation education. Recommendations include using Albanian-Albanian dictionaries and a deeper engagement with Albanian culture to improve translation accuracy and reduce cultural loss. Recommendations: Students should be encouraged to develop a comprehensive understanding of the source culture and to utilize creative translation solutions. Peer collaboration and feedback are also recommended to refine translation skills and strategies. Conclusion: This research contributes to the field of translation studies by shedding light on the intricacies of translating Albanian literature into English. It underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity and linguistic proficiency in producing accurate and culturally resonant translations, ultimately fostering a more interconnected and diverse literary world

Linguistic Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual-Well-being-Expanded Version 4 Tool into Malayalam Language and its Feasibility in Advanced Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care

Objective: The objective of this study was to validate the ‘Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual-Well-being-Expanded(FACIT-SpEx) Version 4’ tool in Malayalam and assess its feasibility among advanced cancer patients receiving palliative care. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the outpatient Department of Cancer Palliative Medicine of Malabar Cancer Centre between November 2022 and June 2023. Initially, the FACIT-Sp-Ex version 4 tool with 23 items was translated into the Malayalam language with a forward-backward translation procedure. This was followed by pilot testing in 10 advanced adult cancer patients receiving palliative care who could read and comprehend the Malayalam language. After answering the draft version of the validated tool, patients responded to questions from a Malayalam-translated cognitive debriefing script. Results: The process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation went on smoothly with very few hurdles. The Malayalam terms used in three items Sp7, Sp9 and Sp23 when back translated were found to be different from the source. These issues were resolved with the use of the most suitable translations and closest equivalents available in Malayalam. In the pilot testing, the majority (70%) of the patients were female. The mean age of patients was 45.90 (standard deviation [SD] = 7.62) years. Carcinoma breast (50%) was the most common type of cancer. All the patients knew their diagnosis, while only 80% knew the prognosis. Almost 90% of the patients were receiving some form of palliative anticancer treatment. All patients completed the draft version of the validated tool. The mean spiritual well-being score measured using this validated tool was 71.20 (SD = 15.10). Analysis of the debriefing interviews revealed that the Malayalam version was easy to complete, relevant, and appropriate. Conclusion: Linguistic validation and cognitive debriefing produced the Malayalam translated FACIT-Sp-Ex version 4 tool conceptually equivalent to the original FACIT-Sp-Ex version 4 tool, and it is feasible for its use.