Translational Ones Research Articles

Influence of Earthquake Rotational Components on the Seismic Safety of Steel Structures

In this work a seismic analysis of structure associated with the complete description of ground motion components is performed. All earthquake excitation components corresponding to the six degrees of freedom, translational and rotational ones need to be taken into account for a realistic simulation of structural performance. The impact of the rotational components of an earthquake to the overall response of a steel structure is examined. Typically, in response to the history analyses, the seismic input is descripted by its translational component only, while the rotational components are ignored. This is because the rotational component requires special devices to be recorded in adequate detail. This is one of the reasons why this component is often ignored. With the currently available technology, such an instrument can be constructed and provide detailed records that can be used for the response history analysis of structures. The applicable design codes using a simplified response spectrum analysis accounting for rotational components is proposed and elastic design response spectra are introduced. Another reason why the rotational component was not taken into account in structural analysis is that it does not have significant effect on low-rise buildings. In this work, the analysis results in terms of response and internal forces when accounting for the rotational component is demonstrated. A case study on the response history analysis of symmetrical and non-symmetrical steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation with and without the rotational component of the excitation was performed. Numerical results show that the influence of the rotational component on the structural behaviour is important and should be taken into account in the design process.

Upper bound for the power outputs of linear vibrational power harvesters: translational vs. rotational geometries

Inertial harvesters utilize the motion of a translating or rotating mass to scavenge power from ambient vibrations. For translational harvesters, analytical expressions describing the influence of size on the output power of these harvesters have been derived previously by modeling vibrations as sinusoids or white noise. In this paper, we present a general method to estimate the size-dependent power outputs of both translational and rotational harvesters for vibrations with an arbitrary power spectral density. Using the heights and widths of the peaks in the vibrational power spectral density, we derive simple analytical expressions for the maximum power output of harvesters and the minimum harvester size required to achieve it. To illustrate an application of these estimates, we analyze the case of walking-induced vibrations produced at the hip-pocket and upper-arm locations. We find that rotational designs can outperform translational ones only when the harvester is larger than 26 cm and 8 cm for the hip-pocket and arm locations, respectively.

Non-model based structural damage assessment using improved analytical redundancy relations

A damage assessment problem can be stated as a constraint satisfaction problem utilizing the translational and rotational displacements of a structure as measurements. By this means, usual numerical models are no longer required for a damage assessment, which considerably simplifies the solution process. In order to avoid the use of rotational displacements that are difficult to measure in practice, an improved analytical redundancy reduction method has been developed in which rotational displacements are replaced by translational ones. Moreover, some constraint equation positions in the decomposition of a static equilibrium matrix are exchanged according to their association with pre-assumed damaged elements. Then damage is located according to the changes in the relevant constraints of specific elements or substructures. Besides, the deviation increments of improved analytical redundancy reduction can embody the stiffness changes of the damaged elements. The proposed improved analytical redundancy reduction method was validated using both numerical and experimental steel box beams under static loads. The damage assessment results demonstrate the superiority of the improved analytical redundancy reduction method over the constraint satisfaction problem and analytical redundancy reduction methods.

Acceleration amplification due to rotational components of near-fault earthquakes in triple concave friction pendulum base-isolated structures

Recent studies show that rotational components of earthquakes can amplify the floor acceleration in a base-isolated structure. As a result, the seismic force of nonstructural components could be significantly increased. In this paper, a simple rectangular deck with various geometrical properties mounted on triple concave friction pendulum (TCFP) bearings is examined. At first a set of three translational components from 25 near-fault ground motion records are considered. Then, three rotational components, i.e., torsional and two rocking motions are computed for each earthquake. The results of nonlinear dynamic analysis in a rectangular structure with an aspect ratio in plan equal to 3, demonstrate that the acceleration approximately intensifies 3.4 times in presence of all six ground motion components compared to three translational ones. Finally, a new formula is proposed to determine the maximum acceleration of base-isolated structure without performing the dynamic analysis due to rotational components of ground motions.

From Drosophila Blood Cells to Human Leukemia.

The hematopoietic system plays a critical role in establishing the proper response against invading pathogens or in removing cancerous cells. Furthermore, deregulations of the hematopoietic differentiation program are at the origin of numerous diseases including leukemia. Importantly, many aspects of blood cell development have been conserved from human to Drosophila. Hence, Drosophila has emerged as a potent genetic model to study blood cell development and leukemia in vivo. In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the Drosophila hematopoietic system, and we provide a protocol for the dissection and the immunostaining of the larval lymph gland, the most studied hematopoietic organ in Drosophila. We then focus on the various paradigms that have been used in fly to investigate how conserved genes implicated in leukemogenesis control blood cell development. Specific examples of Drosophila models for leukemia are presented, with particular attention to the most translational ones. Finally, we discuss some limitations and potential improvements of Drosophila models for studying blood cell cancer.

Oscillatory and Steady Dynamics of a Cylindrical Body Near the Border of Vibrating Cavity Filled with Liquid

The results of experimental study of vibrational dynamics of cylindrical solid in a rectangular cavity filled with viscous incompressible fluid are generalized. The cavity performs high-frequency translational oscillations in a horizontal plane. Experiments are carried out with bodies of different relative density: more or less than liquid’s density. The cylinder oscillates in the cavity under the influence of oscillating inertia force. An averaged force repels the body from the boundary and holds a heavy body over the bottom of the cavity and the light one at some distance from the ceiling. The vibrational lift force depends on the amplitude and frequency of vibrations as well as on the properties of liquid. It is shown that the value of the averaged lift force decreases with increasing dimensionless amplitude. Special attention is paid to the oscillatory behavior of a solid. The rotational oscillations of the body, observed in experiments simultaneously with the translational ones, and fluid motion, excited by an oscillating body, are investigated. The different modes of interaction of the body with the container’s boundary were found. The oscillatory dynamics of bodies with different relative density is studied by high-speed video-registration.

Assessment of the Effects of Anisotropic Interactions among Hydrogen Molecules and Their Isotopologues: A Diffusion Monte Carlo Investigation of Gas Phase and Adsorbed Clusters.

Despite the fact that the para-hydrogen molecule (p-H2) and its isotopomers (o-D2 and p-T2) are commonly modeled as spherical objects due to the large separation between rotational states, there may be situations (e.g. adsorption in pores and on surfaces) in which such an approximation neglects important degrees of freedom (i.e. the rotational ones) and introduces uncontrolled biases in the predicted properties. To better understand when approximating such molecules as spheres introduces shortcomings in their representation, we employed diffusion Monte Carlo to simulate small/medium-sized molecular aggregates, either isolated in space or experiencing external model potentials, to compute energetic quantities and distribution functions. These were chosen to mimic situations possibly occurring in real systems, in which orientational isotropy is broken. The comparison between isolated clusters with molecules described as rigid rotors with a 4D potential or as spheres interacting via Adiabatic Hindered Rotor models shows that neither energetic nor structural quantities are affected by reducing the systems dimensionality. The orientational degrees of freedom of the rotors remains largely uncoupled from translational ones whatever the molecular mass. The same happens for rotors interacting with a frozen hydrogen molecule in the vicinity of a repulsive surface. Deviating from such behavior are molecular aggregates interacting with potentials mimicking the presence of ionic adsorption sites inside porous materials. Such difference is ascribable to the markedly anisotropic and longer ranged nature of those interactions, both features being relevant in defining the adsorption energy of the molecular species.

Planetary Gearbox Fault Diagnosis via Torsional Vibration Signal Analysis in Resonance Region

Planetary gearbox torsional vibration signals are free from the extra amplitude modulation effect due to time-varying transmission paths and have simpler frequency structure than translational ones. Gear faults result in modulation on the torsional resonance vibration and are manifested by the modulation feature. These merits are exploited for planetary gearbox fault diagnosis in this paper. Gear fault induced torsional vibrations in resonance region are modelled as amplitude modulation and frequency modulation (AM-FM) processes, the explicit equation of Fourier spectrum is derived, and the sideband characteristics are summarized. To avoid complex sideband analysis, amplitude and frequency demodulation analysis methods are exploited. The equations of amplitude and frequency demodulated spectra are derived in closed form, and their frequency structures are revealed. For fault diagnosis based on above theoretical derivations, a resonance frequency identification approach is proposed through time-frequency analysis of torsional vibrations during variable speed processes, according to the independence nature of resonance frequency on running conditions. The theoretical derivations and proposed approach are illustrated by numerical simulated signal analysis and are further validated through dynamics modelling and lab experimental tests. Localized faults on the sun, planet, and ring gears are successfully diagnosed.

An expectation-maximization algorithm for query translation based on pseudo-relevant documents

Query translation in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) can be done by employing dictionaries, aligned corpora, or machine translators. Scarcity of aligned corpora for various domains in many language pairs intensifies the importance of dictionary-based CLIR which motivates us to use only a bilingual dictionary and two independent collections in source and target languages for query translation. We exploit pseudo-relevant documents for a given query in the source language and pseudo-relevant documents for a translation of the query in the target language with a proposed expectation-maximization algorithm for improving query translation. The proposed method (called EM4QT) assumes that each target term either is translated from the source pseudo-relevant documents or has come from a noisy collection. Since EM4QT does not directly consider term coherency, which is defined as fluency of the target translation, we investigate a crucial question: can EM4QT be improved using either coherency-based methods or token-to-token translation ones? To address this question, we combine different translation models via simple linear interpolation and a proposed divergence minimization method. Evaluations over four CLEF collections in Persian, French, Spanish, and German indicate that EM4QT significantly outperforms competitive baselines in all the collections. Our experiments also reveal that since EM4QT indirectly considers term coherency, combining the method with coherency-based models cannot significantly improve the retrieval performance. On the other hand, investigating the query-by-query results supports the view that EM4QT usually gives a relatively high weight to one translation and its combination with the proposed token-to-token translation model, which is obtained by running EM4QT for each query term separately, soothes the effect and reaches better results for many queries. Comparing the method with a competitive word-embedding baseline reveals the superiority of the proposed model.

Probing a self-assembled fd virus membrane with a microtubule.

The self-assembly of highly anisotropic colloidal particles leads to a rich variety of morphologies whose properties are just beginning to be understood. This article uses computer simulations to probe a particle-scale perturbation of a commonly studied colloidal assembly, a monolayer membrane composed of rodlike fd viruses in the presence of a polymer depletant. Motivated by experiments currently in progress, we simulate the interaction between a microtubule and a monolayer membrane as the microtubule "pokes" and penetrates the membrane face-on. Both the viruses and the microtubule are modeled as hard spherocylinders of the same diameter, while the depletant is modeled using ghost spheres. We find that the force exerted on the microtubule by the membrane is zero either when the microtubule is completely outside the membrane or when it has fully penetrated the membrane. The microtubule is initially repelled by the membrane as it begins to penetrate but experiences an attractive force as it penetrates further. We assess the roles played by translational and rotational fluctuations of the viruses and the osmotic pressure of the polymer depletant. We find that rotational fluctuations play a more important role than the translational ones. The dependence on the osmotic pressure of the depletant of the width and height of the repulsive barrier and the depth of the attractive potential well is consistent with the assumed depletion-induced attractive interaction between the microtubule and viruses. We discuss the relevance of these studies to the experimental investigations.

Responses to the Letter: Cervical Foraminal and Discal Height after Dynamic Rotational Plating in the Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

I agree with you. You rightly pointed out the potential weakness of rotational dynamic plates. From your comment, most studies have been on translational dynamic plates, and unfortunately only a few studies have concerned the use of rotational dynamic plates. My guess is that the rotational dynamic plates may have less dynamic motion than the translational ones and with more dynamic motion than the static translational plates due to the screw-bone interfaces of the rotational dynamic plates adding instability.

Semiclassical Wigner theory of photodissociation in three dimensions: Shedding light on its basis

The semiclassical Wigner theory (SCWT) of photodissociation dynamics, initially proposed by Brown and Heller [J. Chem. Phys. 75, 186 (1981)] in order to describe state distributions in the products of direct collinear photodissociations, was recently extended to realistic three-dimensional triatomic processes of the same type [Arbelo-González et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 9994 (2013)]. The resulting approach, which takes into account rotational motions in addition to vibrational and translational ones, was applied to a triatomic-like model of methyl iodide photodissociation and its predictions were found to be in nearly quantitative agreement with rigorous quantum results, but at a much lower computational cost, making thereby SCWT a potential tool for the study of polyatomic reaction dynamics. Here, we analyse the main reasons for this agreement by means of an elementary model of fragmentation explicitly dealing with the rotational motion only. We show that our formulation of SCWT makes it a semiclassical approximation to an approximate planar quantum treatment of the dynamics, both of sufficient quality for the whole treatment to be satisfying.

Conductive heat transfer in a rarefied polyatomic gas confined between coaxial cylinders

The conductive heat transfer through rarefied gases composed by rigid rotators and confined between coaxially placed cylinders maintained at different temperatures is investigated on the basis of the Holway and Rykov kinetic models as well as on the Boltzmann equation via the DSMC scheme supplemented by the Borgnakke–Larsen collision model. The translational and rotational parts as well as the total temperature and heat flux distributions are computed and their behavior in terms of the gas rarefaction, the temperature difference between the cylinders and the ratio of the radii is investigated. The two kinetic models and the DSMC method provide results which are in good agreement for HS and VHS molecules. Furthermore, very good agreement with available experimental data for polyatomic gases has been observed at small and large temperature differences validating the implemented modeling. Qualitatively the behavior of the dimensionless total macroscopic quantities is similar to that of the monatomic ones. Quantitatively however, the heat fluxes of polyatomic gases are significantly higher than the corresponding monatomic ones. Also, as the amount of the elastic compared to the inelastic collisions is increased, the translational heat fluxes are increased and they tend to the monatomic ones, while always the rotational heat fluxes are about 50% and 75% of the translational ones for linear and non-linear rigid rotators, respectively. It is clearly demonstrated that heat transfer simulations through rarefied polyatomic gases in MEMS and other devices cannot rely on typical monatomic modeling. On the contrary, reliable kinetic modeling for polyatomic gases must be implemented.

Bright future for physiological research in Physiological Reports

The unique collaboration of the two major physiological societies, The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society, in their first joint publishing venture, highlights that something of major importance is happening. That event is the launch of this journal, Physiological Reports. This online-only journal will be the flagship open access vehicle for the two societies, adding a rigour and substance that can surpass other open access journals, and providing a venue for physiologists to publish research that constitutes an important contribution to the field. The unique collaboration of the two major physiological societies, The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society, in their first joint publishing venture, highlights that something of major importance is happening. That event is the launch of this journal, Physiological Reports. This online-only journal will be the flagship open access vehicle for the two societies, adding a rigour and substance that can surpass other open access journals, and providing a venue for physiologists to publish research that constitutes an important contribution to the field. Physiological Reports is international in its reach and broad in its scope. The journal will publish good, solid peer-reviewed research in basic and translational, physiology and allied disciplines, and take the lead in keeping our discipline dynamic, accelerating discovery and giving physiology a competitive edge. So, what does this mean? No matter from where in the world you may be reading this editorial, it is likely that you are aware of the drive throughout academic publishing towards publishing models that make content accessible online to all, without delay. Physiological Reports brings to the physiological literature all that is best about public access. Within days of your paper being accepted, it can be read by anyone, anywhere with internet access, at no cost to the reader. This benefits you as an author: drawing attention to your work, allowing you to distribute it to your peers, and enabling the results of your research to be freely available to current and potential grant funders in a respected, peer-reviewed publication. It also benefits our discipline: Physiological Reports will give the physiological community speedier access to the latest research and reviews in their area. New concepts will emerge faster and can be shared by all. Importantly, Physiological Reports is not limited to a narrow or trendy area of physiology; we are interested in all aspects of physiology. We are interested in cellular and molecular studies as well as intact tissues, model organisms and translational studies. It is important that in multidisciplinary studies, such as translational ones, physiologists have a natural home for their data. After all, physiology is a key underpinning discipline in translational studies. We welcome the work of biomedical scientists, whose studies incorporate physiological findings. We will also publish papers with negative data or confirmatory results, as long as they are well conceived, as these studies should benefit our community. We do not make a subjective judgement on priority and importance, simply on scientific rigour, and we provide a platform for all physiological research whose publication will be of benefit to the community. Physiological Reports will bring to readers enhanced features that are possible with an online only journal. You will see that our website is slick, attractive and interactive. We plan to engage our authors and readers with social media and encourage constructive feedback on the articles we publish. We also think you will find our submission and peer–review process friendly and we aim to give authors a decision very quickly. Our internationally distinguished and geographically-balanced board will provide feedback on your paper in a fair and constructive manner, focusing on essential enhancements to improve clarity and remove ambiguity, avoiding requests for significant re-work. Our goal is to convince you by our processes and outcomes, our attractive website and its features, and the added value we will bring to your papers, that Physiological Reports is where you should be sending your research. As a further inducement, the first 100 papers to be accepted will incur no publication charges. We look forward to you joining us as readers and authors in this exciting venture and we welcome your feedback.

Study on an impersonal evaluation system for English-Chinese translation based on semantic understanding

Human evaluations of translation are extensive but expensive. Human evaluations can take weeks to finish and involve human labor that cannot be reused. This paper proposes a method of automatic translation evaluation that is quick, inexpensive, and correlates highly with human evaluation. It uses natural language processing techniques to extract linguistic features from translated sentences and to model human analytic ratings. We discuss the methodology, development, and reliability of this system. Then we describe main approaches, such as the segmentation of target text, the recognition of passive voice and negative tense, the assignment of weighting scheme for phrases based on their scarcity, and the calculation of the phrase- and sentence-level semantic similarity between candidates' translation and several reference ones. Statistical results show that compared to human judges, this method is manageable, fast, and can effectively simulate human translation evaluation.

Rigid motions in special relativity

As is well-known, the usual definition of rigid bodies is not possible in special relativity. However, special kinds of motions of extended objects will be shown to be possible so that these motions resemble those of rigid bodies in many respects. In contrast to the rigid-body motions in nonrelativistic cases, only the motions similar to translational ones are allowed. These rigid motions can be shown to correspond to the Fermi-Walker transportation.

Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering

The paper addresses the issue of researching into the engineering characteristics of rotational strong ground motion components and rotational effects in structural response. In this regard, at first, the acceleration response spectra of rotational components are estimated in terms of translational ones. Next, new methods in order to consider the effects of rotational components in seismic design codes are presented by determining the effective structural parameters in the rotational loading of structures due only to the earthquake rotational components. Numerical results show that according to the frequency content of rotational components, the contribution of the rocking components to the seismic excitation of short period structures can never be ignored. During strong earthquakes, these rotational motions may lead to the unexpected overturning or local structural damages for the low-rise multi-story buildings located on soft soil. The arrangement of lateral-load resisting system in the plan, period, and aspect ratio of the system can severely change the seismic loading of wide symmetric buildings under the earthquake torsional component.

Experimental Evidence of Selective Heating of Molecules Adsorbed in Nanopores under Microwave Radiation

We have performed in situ quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements on zeolite-guest systems under microwave irradiation, for comparison with corresponding simulations. Both experiment and simulation reveal selective heating of methanol in silicalite, but little to no heating of benzene in silicalite. Effective translational and rotational temperatures extracted from QENS data under microwave heating were found to depend on microwave power. In agreement with simulation, QENS rotational temperatures significantly exceed translational ones at high microwave power, thus providing the first microscopic proof for athermal effects in microwave-driven nanopores.

Dynamics of pistachio oils by proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation dispersion

A number of pistachio oils were selected in order to test the efficacy of nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation dispersion (NMRD) technique in the evaluation of differences among oils (1) obtained from seeds subjected to different thermal desiccation processes, (2) retrieved from seeds belonging to the same cultivar grown in different geographical areas and (3) produced by using seed cultivars sampled in the same geographical region. NMRD measures relaxation rate values which are related to the dynamics of the chemical components of complex food systems. Results not only allowed to relate kinematic viscosity to relaxometry parameters but also were successful in the differentiation among the aforementioned oils. In fact, from the one hand, the larger the kinematic viscosity, the faster the rotational motions appeared as compared to the translational ones. On the other hand, relaxation rate curves (NMRD) varied according to the oxidative stresses and chemical composition of each sample. The present study showed for the first time that NMRD is a very promising technique for quick evaluations of pistachio oil quality without the need for time-consuming chemical manipulations.

Transcriptome dynamics and molecular cross-talk between bovine oocyte and its companion cumulus cells

BackgroundThe bi-directional communication between the oocyte and its companion cumulus cells (CCs) is crucial for development and functions of both cell types. Transcripts that are exclusively expressed either in oocytes or CCs and molecular mechanisms affected due to removal of the communication axis between the two cell types is not investigated at a larger scale. The main objectives of this study were: 1. To identify transcripts exclusively expressed either in oocyte or CCs and 2. To identify those which are differentially expressed when the oocyte is cultured with or without its companion CCs and vice versa.ResultsWe analyzed transcriptome profile of different oocyte and CC samples using Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome array containing 23000 transcripts. Out of 13162 genes detected in germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and their companion CCs, 1516 and 2727 are exclusively expressed in oocytes and CCs, respectively, while 8919 are expressed in both. Similarly, of 13602 genes detected in metaphase II (MII) oocytes and CCs, 1423 and 3100 are exclusively expressed in oocytes and CCs, respectively, while 9079 are expressed in both. A total of 265 transcripts are differentially expressed between oocytes cultured with (OO + CCs) and without (OO - CCs) CCs, of which 217 and 48 are over expressed in the former and the later groups, respectively. Similarly, 566 transcripts are differentially expressed when CCs mature with (CCs + OO) or without (CCs - OO) their enclosed oocytes. Of these, 320 and 246 are over expressed in CCs + OO and CCs - OO, respectively.While oocyte specific transcripts include those involved in transcription (IRF6, POU5F1, MYF5, MED18), translation (EIF2AK1, EIF4ENIF1) and CCs specific ones include those involved in carbohydrate metabolism (HYAL1, PFKL, PYGL, MPI), protein metabolic processes (IHH, APOA1, PLOD1), steroid biosynthetic process (APOA1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, HSD3B7). Similarly, while transcripts over expressed in OO + CCs are involved in carbohydrate metabolism (ACO1, 2), molecular transport (GAPDH, GFPT1) and nucleic acid metabolism (CBS, NOS2), those over expressed in CCs + OO are involved in cellular growth and proliferation (FOS, GADD45A), cell cycle (HAS2, VEGFA), cellular development (AMD1, AURKA, DPP4) and gene expression (FOSB, TGFB2).ConclusionIn conclusion, this study has generated large scale gene expression data from different oocyte and CCs samples that would provide insights into gene functions and interactions within and across different pathways that are involved in the maturation of bovine oocytes. Moreover, the presence or absence of oocyte and CC factors during bovine oocyte maturation can have a profound effect on transcript abundance of each cell types, thereby showing the prevailing molecular cross-talk between oocytes and their corresponding CCs.