Translation Zone Research Articles

Geological and Geomorphological Characterization of the Anthropogenic Landslide of Pie de la Cuesta in the Vitor Valley, Arequipa, Peru

This study presents the geological and geomorphological characterization of the Pie de la Cuesta landslide, a large (>60 ha) slow-moving (up 4.5 m/month) landslide in Southern Peru. The landslide has been active since 1975 and underwent a significant re-activation in 2016; the mass movement has caused the loss of property and agricultural land and it is currently moving, causing further damage to property and land. We use a combination of historical aerial photographs, satellite images and field work to characterize the landslide’s geology and geomorphology. The landslide is affecting the slope of the Vitor Valley, constituted by a coarsening upward sedimentary sequence transitioning from layers of mudstone and gypsum at the base, to sandstone and conglomerate at the top with a significant ignimbrite layer interbedded within conglomerates near the top of the sequence. The landslide is triggered by an irrigation system that provides up to 10 L/s of water infiltrating the landslide mass. This water forms two groundwater levels at lithological transitions between conglomerates and mudstones, defining the main failure planes. The landslide is characterized by three main structural domains defined by extension, translation and compression deformation regimes. The extensional zone, near the top of the slope, is defined by a main horst–graben structure that transitions into the translation zone defined by toppling and disaggregating blocks that eventually become earth flows that characterize the compressional zone at the front of the landslides, defined by thrusting structures covering the agricultural land at the valley floor. The deformation rates range from 8 cm/month at the top of the slope to 4.5 m/month within the earth flows. As of May 2023, 22.7 ha of potential agricultural land has been buried.

Translations of climate change consequences at the local level: Climate change adaptation in Bergen and Stavanger municipalities in Norway

AbstractThis paper uncovers a local‐level approach to the likely adverse effects of climate change through climate change policies, measures and practices concerning climate change adaptation. The study is sustained by the literature that addresses climate change through a securitization lens, which has identified security discourses on climate change in terms of threat or risk. To understand the origin of local discourse, we have adopted the concepts of translations and translation zones from security studies, allowing us to define encounters between different conceptual expressions of ways to handle threats and risks. In this paper, ‘translations’ mean negotiations of meanings between security, threat and risk, and ‘translation zones’ indicate where these negotiations take place. Discourses are studied in the two Norwegian municipalities of Bergen and Stavanger. Both experience similar consequences of climate change and are bound to follow national laws and regulations for developing adaptive responses. Despite these similarities, translations and translation zones unveil differences in the organisation of adaptation work. Risk discourses thus allow several possible translation pathways, and adaptation remains a distinctly local phenomenon despite commonalities in risk discourse and translation processes.

Ageing behavior of starch-based food packaging bioplastics in riparian sediments and sediment-derived dissolved organic matter in the soil environment

Riparian sediment (RS) is a translational zone separating aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To this date, the bioplastic's UV ageing and biodegradation features in these contaminated sediments remain unknown. It is a considerable concern to investigate whether a food packaging film can interact with RS and riparian sediment-derived Dissolved Organic Matter (RS-DOM) during biodegradation and UV ageing respectively, after disposal in a natural environmental setting. To address this research gap, for the first time, this study investigates the biodegradation and UV ageing of starch/PPst/GTR films intended for food packaging applications in RS and RS-DOM respectively. The findings revealed that RS comprises major fulvic acid DOM components. Remarkably, research demonstrates the leaching of humic acid-like DOM from the film promotes aromaticity and humification as UV ageing progresses from the third to the tenth day. Comparable DOM samples were darkly analysed, revealing aromatic proteins I and II. Furthermore, an elevated carbonyl carboxyl index confirmed significant degradation of films during UV ageing. Lesser humification, aromaticity, and higher biological activity were confirmed by a HI < 10 and BIX > 0.6 respectively. In comprehension, these findings reveal that the starch/PPst/GTR food packaging film will have a lesser adverse environmental impact after disposal, offering a hopeful outlook for the future of bioplastics.

Chloroplast biogenesis involves spatial coordination of nuclear and organellar gene expression in Chlamydomonas.

The localization of translation can direct the polypeptide product to the proper intracellular compartment. Our results reveal translation by cytosolic ribosomes on a domain of the chloroplast envelope in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). We show that this envelope domain of isolated chloroplasts retains translationally active ribosomes and mRNAs encoding chloroplast proteins. This domain is aligned with localized translation by chloroplast ribosomes in the translation zone, a chloroplast compartment where photosystem subunits encoded by the plastid genome are synthesized and assembled. Roles of localized translation in directing newly synthesized subunits of photosynthesis complexes to discrete regions within the chloroplast for their assembly are suggested by differences in localization on the chloroplast of mRNAs encoding either subunit of the light-harvesting complex II or the small subunit of Rubisco. Transcription of the chloroplast genome is spatially coordinated with translation, as revealed by our demonstration of a subpopulation of transcriptionally active chloroplast nucleoids at the translation zone. We propose that the expression of chloroplast proteins by the nuclear-cytosolic and organellar genetic systems is organized in spatially aligned subcompartments of the cytoplasm and chloroplast to facilitate the biogenesis of the photosynthetic complexes.

Roundtable Discussion: Translation in Creativity

This Forum, appearing in each issue of the Journal of Literary Multilingualism, aims to continue the conversation started in the very first issue, where we collected articles which assessed and debated the field of literary multilingualism studies. The Forum is a space for shorter, more informal reflections on the field and its future: position papers, dialogues between scholars, roundtable discussions, responses to articles within the journal, and responses to recent multilingualism conferences or events. We welcome proposals for contributions, particularly from marginalized perspectives or on neglected aspects of literary multilingualism. Please contact us directly to discuss ideas. For this Forum, we present a roundtable discussion, organized and moderated by Eugenia Kelbert, in which Vesna Goldsworthy, Matthew Reynolds, and Douglas Robinson share some of their ideas around the relationship between translation and multilingual writing, particularly in relation to their intersecting roles as writers, translators, and academics. — Juliette Batty-Taylor and Till Dembeck, Forum Moderators The study of literary multilingualism exists within the context of recent attempts, by several scholars in comparative literature, to make sense of multilingual and/or global literary practices. From the translation zone (Apter) to born-translated (Walkowitz) or untranslatable fiction, these attempts have almost invariably involved translation, as a concept if not as a practice. What is, then, the place of translation when it comes to understanding multilingual and translingual writing? How does this theoretical debate relate to the actual practice of literary translation? And what happens to literary style when theorists of translation and translators experiment with multilingual writing or when translingual writers translate? The present discussion explores the hitherto undefined zone of creative interaction between translation and multilingual writing in the hope of contributing to the more conceptual debates from a hands-on perspective. It is based on the roundtable entitled “Stylistic Border Crossings in Multilingual and Translated (Con)texts” that was part of the Stylistic Border Crossings In and Beyond Translation conference held on March 9–10, 2023.1 The conference and the roundtable were organized by Eugenia Kelbert with the British Centre for Literary Translation and the East Centre, University of East Anglia. Each of the three guests wears a combination of multiple hats that bridge theory and practice and include “translingual writer,” “literary translator,” “translation studies scholar,” “writer,” and “literary scholar.” — Eugenia Kelbert

Toward the Translation Zone of Solidarity and Hospitality Beyond Hate：On the Reception of “K-Literature” in Japan

The 2010s in Japan saw a boom in “hate books” inciting hatred toward Korea and China, along with the spread of hate speech against diverse minority groups and socially vulnerable people. Discrimination and oppression against women and minorities had emerged globally as a serious social issue during this period, as symbolized by the #MeToo movement and the BLM movement. This paper examines the meaning and potential of translation literature against this backdrop of an age of hatred. Since the Japanese translation of Cho Nam-ju’s novel &lt;i&gt;Kim Jiyoung, Born&lt;/i&gt; 1982 became a bestseller in 2019, there has been a surge in the translation of Korean literature in Japan, known as the “K-literature” boom. Feminism is an important keyword in the active reception of Korean literature, and translation has mediated women’s solidarity against misogyny. Recently, Japanese readers have gained a great familiarity through magazines and translations with contemporary Korean feminist science fiction, a prominent feature of which is its subversive imagination that seeks symbiotic relationships between women, minorities, and non-human beings. It remains to be seen whether translation literature can build solidarity and hospitality among diverse Others transcending hate.

The effects of subsalt relief on gravity-driven salt tectonics: Results from analogue modelling

Gravity-driven salt-related deformation on passive margins is commonly interpreted as kinematically-linked domains of updip extension and downdip contraction with an intermediate, undeformed zone of translation. Our study uses analogue models to show how salt flow is affected by the subsalt geometry resulting in complex deformation and the alternation of extensional and contractional domains in space and time in translational salt provinces. In our work, the analogue models incorporate subsalt relief associated with half-graben and graben that are realistic geometries along passive margins and combine the effects of gravity spreading in which deformation is driven by differential sedimentary loading, and an early-stage of gravity gliding induced by basin tilt. This approach allows for analysis of how salt flow and overburden deformation are affected by: (1) smoothly dipping subsalt relief; (2) subsalt relief characterized by half-graben with a gently landward dipping extensional fault; (3) subsalt half-graben connected laterally with a distal symmetric graben. For each of these models, we evaluate: 1) the interplay between slipping deformation corresponding to gravity gliding, gravity spreading mechanisms, and subsalt geometry; 2) the spatial and temporal distribution of salt-related structural domains; and 3) the contrasting styles of salt tectonics for different subsalt geometries. In addition, some of the experiments have been repeated considering thicker salt and pre-kinematic overburden and different sedimentation rates. We show that the structures of the subsalt relief variably resist salt flow producing flow mismatch. This variable resistance controls the orientation of the extension and contraction supra-salt structures. Salt surplus and contraction occur over landward dipping base-salt ramps, and a zone of salt depletion and subsidence limited by extensional and contractional hinges occurs over the basinward dipping base-salt ramp. Variations in width and the dip of these base-salt ramps result in stronger flow mismatches and deformation complexity. We also discuss variations in salt flow profile in response to the gravitational forces that drive deformation, allowing a good first-order approximation of viscous salt flow at a regional scale that can be directly compared to examples from various salt-bearing continental margins, particularly the relatively less understood but extremely economically important distal domains of Brazil's Campos and Santos basins.

Interscalar maintenance: configuring an Indigenous ‘premium carbon product’ in northern Australia (and beyond)

AbstractMitigating climate change requires us to constrain combustion in a double sense: decreasing both the use of fossil fuels and the flammability of the biosphere. Fire management by Indigenous peoples in Australia's northern savannas has been presented as a solution to offset the former and assist with the latter, leading to the foundation of a regional economy of projects generating ‘premium’ carbon credits on Indigenous lands. This article attends to the translational zone – predominantly made up of non‐Indigenous white professionals – that functions to configure the ‘right story’ of these credits across diverse epistemes and contexts. Following such commodities’ interscalar connections, I suggest, helps illustrate the contingencies and contradictions produced by tradeable carbon, as individuals and organizations seek to maintain a niche within a changing climate and shifting global atmospheric relations.

Mapping the Circulation of a Less-Translated Literature: Georgian Books Abroad Since 1991

ABSTRACT This article maps the circulation of Georgian books abroad, through translation, from 1991 to 2019 (since Georgia’s independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [USSR] to Georgian culture’s internationalization after the guest-of-honorship at the 2018 Frankfurt Book Fair). The analysis demonstrates that interperipheral relations do not necessarily depend on mediation from the centers, as the world system of translations has tended to assume. Although the main locus of translation of Georgian books after 1991 was Western Europe, a “translation zone” distinct from the global centers of consecration situated in the Caucasus-Black Sea region has also emerged, while the shared history of twentieth-century socialism and its translational network may have left some traces in the post-Soviet space in terms of cultural transfers. Equally, the role of cultural mediators has proved crucial in the process of circulation. The article also argues for the use of alternative sources in order to analyze translation flows with the goal of adding nuance to the core-periphery model in light of the limitations of the Index Translationum.

Indigenous Linguistic and Cultural Revitalization in Canada: Toward the Demarginalization of Indigenous Narrative Voices and “Texts”

ABSTRACT This article will briefly present the work of five intercultural mediators who have contributed actively to sharing knowledge between dominant and Indigenous groups in Canada—Robert Dickson (interlinguistic settler translator); Tompson Highway (Cree writer, (self-)translator, and dramatist); An Antane Kapesh (Innu writer); José Mailhot (interlinguistic settler translator); and Kent Monkman (Cree painter and (intra-)semiotic (self-)translator). While Highway and Dickson produce “minor” narrative texts, “minor” will also be applied to the field of the visual arts to discuss Kent Monkman’s use of Cree in certain works and his rewriting of canonical works of art. The article will examine the extent to which these five mediators are “(un)known” and their works have entered a transnational space. Furthermore, the article will analyze the relations of these mediators with their respective Indigenous, and English or French language(s) and culture(s). The case studies are aimed at adding to the literature on the narrative activities of members of minority cultures, which have managed to penetrate a global translation zone. The political dimension of intercultural mediation will also be briefly assessed. Finally, the interlinguistic translators of Kapesh’s essays and Highway’s novel will be considered as mediators for dominant culture recognition.

Postcolonial Literature and Translation: A Grounded Commonality of Multiculturalism

The study theorizes that multiculturalism is a grounded commonality and a contact zone of postcolonial literature and translation. It concentrates on some of the common cultural aspects in the fields. Therefore, this study aims to emphasize the multiculturalism of postcolonial literary text compared to some multicultural features of translation. The study looks into how the cultural differences travel in the inter-lingual translation of the postcolonial literature from English to African. In postcolonial literature, the cultural aspect plays the role of otherness in the text and shows the ethical aspect of translation as it reveals the presence of others. During translation, cultural difference is, therefore, the substance of postcolonial literature. The paper recommends studying the inter-lingual translation of postcolonial literature in terms of the paradoxical status of monolingual literature in which cultural difference is seen as a spectral presence of other languages.

Expanding translation through translational cities: The case of Ilan Stavans’s Nuyol

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to expand the definition of translation in a transdisciplinary fashion. This is achieved by understanding the cosmopolitan city as a text that needs to be translated. Taking as a case study Ilan Stavans’s particular use of language in a cosmopolitan translanguaging space, this article analyzes his Nuyol as a translation site and a translation zone. The translations of Stavans, a polyglot transmigrant, show how the contemporary interconnection between mobility, space and languages contributes to the construction of complex identities in cosmopolitan cities, particularly in his Nuyol, where people live translated. This is studied following a research avenue that sees contemporary cities both as translanguaging spaces and as translational cities. Combining these two concepts shows how Stavans’s Spanglish may be a force that can be used to deterritorialize homogeneous spaces.

The agent-centred translation zone

Abstract The concept of the translation zone (Simon 2013) describes spaces of intense language interaction, and has, hitherto, mostly been used to explore bi- or multilingual cities (Cronin and Simon 2014). This paper aims to broaden the concept of the translation zone and adapt it into a heuristic concept with an agent focus. To achieve this, the translation zone is combined with the spatial triad by Rolshoven (2012) – built space, experienced space, representation space. This nuanced, agent-centred conceptualisation has methodological implications: Ethnographic research methods, e.g. participant observation and in-depth interviews, are favoured when investigating plurilingual people’s living environments, requiring researchers to reflect on their own position. The agent-centred translation zone can, therefore, be used to conceptualise interpreting settings (plurilingual schools, for instance) as translational spaces and to examine their interlingual, intralingual and intersemiotic polymorphous translation practices, considering the effects of laws, societal perceptions, personal views, and structural aspects of physical spaces.

Boundary Making in Translation Zones

ABSTRACTThe article discusses practices of cooperation between metal detectorists and professional archaeologists in Germany by exploring the approach of the regional office for historic preservation (Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe) in Speyer (Rheinland-Pfalz, southwest Germany). Its model is based on open access to a permit for detecting in a certain area, combined with regular meetings in order to establish knowledge circulation between volunteer and professional spheres. Relying on ethnographic fieldwork and questionnaires, the research shows that the approach creates a symmetric coproduction of knowledge, recognizing the metal detectorists as volunteer researchers producing genuine knowledge. Several theoretical aspects of knowledge circulation are analyzed with regard to their relevance for practices of knowledge production. The enactment of the boundary between public and professionals is the result of boundary work actively performed. As a consequence, this boundary should rather be seen as a fluid, hybrid zone, conceptualized as a translation zone. The concept of boundary objects points to the importance of specific elements for enabling circulation of knowledge between different spheres. Various communities of practice and their shared practices, conventions, perceptions, et cetera, influence the relationship and knowledge circulation, and these should be taken into account in coproduction processes.

Classicisms in the Black Atlantic ed. by Ian Moyer, Adam Lecznar and Heidi Morse

Reviewed by: Classicisms in the Black Atlantic ed. by Ian Moyer, Adam Lecznar and Heidi Morse Ronald Charles Classicisms in the Black Atlantic. Edited by Ian Moyer, Adam Lecznar, and Heidi Morse. Classical Presences. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp xiv + 338. Hardback, $150. ISBN 0198814127 This volume is a groundbreaking study of how Classical texts, tropes, figures, art, myths and history have been received, used, deployed and interpreted within the Black Atlantic. The book aims to show how artists and intellectuals in the Black Atlantic have excavated the classical texts, images, narratives and practices in order to imagine new possibilities. The essays emphasize the outcomes of slavery's aftermaths by way of various geographical (dis)location and cultural connections. The volume is divided into three parts: 1) Wakes, 2) Journeys and 3) Tales. The editors grace the book with a programmatic Introduction in which they lay out the aims and contours of the project. Paul Gilroy's famous work on the Black Atlantic provides the broad conceptual framework for these analyses of the reception of the classics in the diasporic world. Part I : Wakes The first chapter is by Emily Greenwood, "Middle Passages: Mediating Classics and Radical Philology in Marlene NourbeSe Philip and Derek Walcott." This chapter explores the use of classical texts and figures as mediating elements in the historical and representational space the Middle Passage plays in the work of Marlene NourbeSe Philip and Derek Walcott. The Middle Passage remains a site of memory or, as the author identifies it, "a zone of translation based on the physical transportation and translation of bodies" (31). Both NourbeSe and Walcott use classical texts as tools of resistance and radical rewriting. Greenwood shows how the notion of critical memory is used in a creative way in Walcott's works, pointing [End Page 356] out his recurring evocation of bones as poetic touchstone. NourbeSe's goal, Greenwood highlights, is to dismember the Classics, that is, to challenge certain Eurocentric readings of the classical texts and to make them serve her own purpose of remembering the fate and the story of her Black ancestors. Playing with languages and with texts, she engages in reading the classical texts, such as the Aeneid, subversively: "While Philip may not find common cause with Derek Walcott, both poets are engaged in a profound philological project because they ceaselessly address the question of how to love a conflicted language that bears the traces of a colonial history, as well as the question of how to express Caribbean experience within this language" (54). The second chapter in this section of the book, "Nero, the mustard!: The Ironies of Classical Slave Names in the British Caribbean," was authored by Margaret Williamson. The author demonstrates how slaveholders took names (place names, literary and classical names) from a wide classical stock of names and imposed them on to the Black slaves. The point was to ridicule the slaves, and to differentiate "slaves as a group from free whites by means of nomenclature and to assert the primacy of European culture" (63). Williamson also shows how this naming of slaves participated in the overall violence exercised against the slave's body and psyche. The classical names were also used for animals (domestic pets and working animals), thus obliterating in the minds of the slaveholders the difference between slaves and animals. As the author states, "Those who named their slaves Homer, Virgil, Pindar or Sappho were not offering any commentary on those individuals' poetic prowess. Rather, they were boasting of their own fluency in the language of power" (78). The third chapter is a fascinating contribution by Dan-el Padilla Peralta, "Athens and Sparta of the New World: The Classical Passions of Santo Domingo." He shows how classical tropes, figures and myths have been at the core of Santo Domingo's claims to racial purity and ethnic identity throughout its history. This particular way of presenting the DR, as the Athens of the New World, is placed within a clear racialized anti-Haitianism propagated by the Dominican Republic's dominant classes. This racist attitude, or this deep-seated desire to be seen by others as a...

From translation zone to sacrifice zone

AbstractOne of the most extreme challenges facing humanity at present is the climate crisis. Responding appropriately to this crisis requires a fundamental re-examination of received ways of thinking about translation, among other things. Contrasting the eco-minor with the eco-major mode of representing ecological crisis, we argue for the importance of minority perspectives in developing an expanded remit for translation studies in the context of the climate emergency. The concepts of relational and situational minority are advanced to explore how indigenous translation hermeneutics can inform climate debates. In line with environmental debates around the importance of ‘thinking outdoors’, we advocate for a notion of ‘translating outdoors’ and seek to incorporate this line of enquiry into the development of the concept of the city as more-than-human translation zone. In the coming age of extreme climate conditions, no socially responsible understanding of translation can afford to ignore ecological perspectives on the practice.

Dynamic processes of the Dora Kamiyama rockslide in the Tibetan Plateau, China: geomorphic implication

The mechanisms of high-speed and long-runout landslides are reflected in the geomorphology of their deposits. Comprehensive field investigation using unmanned aerial vehicles photography was undertaken to observe special landforms of the Dora Kamiyama rockslide in the Tibetan Plateau. The dynamic processes of the rockslide were analysed based on the complex topography that remained. The age of sediments sampled from the landslide lake was tested through optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). In translation zone II, the landslide material near both edges underwent sinistral or dextral shearing motions, forming levees. In accumulation subzones III-1 and III-2, a rapid extensional sliding process contributed to toreva block formation. Transverse and longitudinal ridges developed due to compression-dominated processes in subzone III-2. Meanwhile, high-speed material was overturned in subzone III-3 due to the original topographical resistance, and carapace facies featuring abundant megablocks were clearly visible on the surface. Ridges confined by troughs were well-developed across the area experiencing rapid radial spreading motion in subzone III-4. Finally, dynamic parameters of the rockslide were calculated. The equivalent friction coefficient and the angle of reach were 0.40 and 21.80°, respectively. The maximum sliding velocity was estimated between 37.42 and 54.73 m/s. The OSL ages showed that the occurrence time of the rockslide can be estimated to be 4.24 ± 0.35 ka, defining it as an ancient landslide in the Holocene.

Recontextualisation and advocacy in the translation zone

Abstract This paper reports an element of a team linguistic ethnography which investigated the ways people communicate with each other in the changing, dynamic environments of superdiverse cities in the UK. The particular example examined here is that of a ‘translation zone’ between an advice worker and her Chinese clients in a community centre with a remit to support Chinese people in the city. In the interaction the advice worker, herself a migrant from China, translates relevant aspects of the complex, bureaucratic welfare benefits system, deploying interlingual, intralingual, and intersemiotic translation. More than this, however, the advice worker engages in recontextualisation, co-constructing and re-shaping the client’s narrative so that it meets the criteria of the government welfare benefits office. Recontextualisation is a consistent feature of the discourse practice of the advice worker as she seeks to support her clients. We propose that it may well be a salient feature of interactional encounters as people seek help and advocacy to negotiate complex bureaucratic systems.

Effect of Vacuum Annealing on the Nickel-Based Coatings Deposited on a CGI Cast Iron through Atmospheric Plasma Spraying

Plasma-sprayed nickel-based self-fusion alloy coatings were annealed in a vacuum at 990, 1020 and 1050 °C for 20 min to increase the bonding between the compacted graphite cast iron substrate and coating, as well as the inner cohesion of the coatings. It was found that nickel and chromium diffused between nickel-based alloy coatings and compacted graphite cast iron substrate. A metallurgical translation zone with a thickness up to 1145 μm formed during the vacuum annealing, which resulted in an enhancement of the adhesion between the coating and substrate. The adhesion strength at room temperature was increased from the as-sprayed coating of 33.4 MPa to the annealed one of 163 MPa. Meanwhile, the adhesion strength at 500 °C reached 146 MPa. Conversely, the inner cohesion of the coating was improved with the particles’ interfaces healed after vacuum annealing. The micro-hardness of the annealed coatings was increased to 902 HV from the as-sprayed one of 578 HV.

Photosystem Biogenesis Is Localized to the Translation Zone in the Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas.

Intracellular processes can be localized for efficiency or regulation. For example, localized mRNA translation by chloroplastic ribosomes occurs in the biogenesis of PSII, one of the two photosystems of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in the chloroplasts of plants and algae. The biogenesis of PSI and PSII requires the synthesis and assembly of their constituent polypeptide subunits, pigments, and cofactors. Although these biosynthetic pathways are well characterized, less is known about when and where they occur in developing chloroplasts. Here, we used fluorescence microscopy in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to reveal spatiotemporal organization in photosystem biogenesis. We focused on translation by chloroplastic ribosomes and chlorophyll biosynthesis in two developmental contexts of active photosystem biogenesis: (1) growth of the mature chloroplast and (2) greening of a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. The results reveal that a translation zone is the primary location of the biogenesis of PSI and PSII. This discretely localized region within the chloroplast contrasts with the distributions of photosystems throughout this organelle and, therefore, is likely a hub where anabolic pathways converge for photosystem biogenesis.plantcell;31/12/3057/FX1F1fx1.