Translation Validation Research Articles

Enhancing Translation Validation of Compiler Transformations with Large Language Models

This paper presents a framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) into translation validation, targeting LLVM compiler transformations where formal verification tools fall short. Our framework utilizes the existing tools, like Alive2, to perform initial validation. For transformations deemed unsolvable by traditional methods, our approach leverages fine-tuned LLMs to predict soundness or unsoundness, with subsequent fuzzing applied to identify counterexamples for unsound transformations. Our approach has proven effective in complex scenarios, such as deep-learning accelerator designs, enhancing the reliability of compiler transformations.

Vaccination health literacy: cultural validation and pilot testing of the HLS19-VAC instrument

Abstract Introduction Vaccinаtion health literacy (VHL) is considered an extremely important aspect of health literacy. HLS19-VAC questionnaire is a 14-item ‘subjective’ perception-based instrument used for measuring VHL in the M-POHL Health Literacy Survey 2019-2021, which Serbia was not part of. Aim Translation and cultural validation of the HLS19-VAC questionnaire and using the validated Serbian version (HLS19-VAC_RS) for pilot study research. Materials and methods The English version of HLS19-VAC was translated using a systematic approach; three forward and one back-translations were synthesized and compared by an expert committee. Thereafter, cognitive interviews with 11 participants produced a version that was culturally validated by an expert panel. We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study using a HLS19-VAC_RS, on a convenient sample of the general population in Serbia. VHL was assessed by calculating the score for 4 out of 14 questions. Additional data were collected through a general questionnaire with 30 questions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results Cognitive interviews showed some problems in wording, and cultural adaptation resulted in minor refinements to eight out of 14 items. The instrument was pretested by 11 experts who adjusted it accordingly to produce culturally validated HLS19 -VAC_RS. Of 439 respondents in a pilot study, 15% had problematic VHL, while the levels of sufficient and excellent VHL were nearly the same (38.5% and 35.1%, respectively). There was difficulty in deciding whether to receive the flu vaccine (15.0%) and to find information about recommended vaccines (12.3%). There was a significant statistical difference in responses to VHL and monthly income and alcohol consumption. Most of the respondents contacted pharmacists as primary sources of information about medication (42.7%). Conclusions HLS19 -VAC_RS could be implemented in a local context as culturally appropriate. Further testing on a population level is needed. Key messages • HLS19-VAC_RS Questionnaire is culturally appropriate for assessing vaccination health literacy in Serbia. • Majority of respodents had sufficient or excellent vaccination health literacy.

CULTURAL adaptation and validation of the Indonesian version of the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire: A psychometric analysis

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence underscores low back pain (LBP) as a prevalent and consequential musculoskeletal disorder, posing a significant public health challenge. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) play a crucial role in the diagnostic process for LBP, with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) being a commonly utilized tool in evaluating LBP. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Indonesian version of the 24-item-RMDQ among nonspecific LBP (NSLBP) patients. METHODS: The RMDQ scales underwent forward-backwards translation, readability, and content validity assessments with NSLBP patients (n = 137), with a mean age of 38.6±11.8 years (59% female). Psychometric testing included assessments of internal consistency and 1-week test-retest reliability, convergent validity with pain numeric rating scale (PNRS), and the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) of quality of life (Short Form 12). The construct validity using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). RESULTS: The findings of this study indicated a good internal consistency (Cronbach α= 0.80) of the translated instrument. Moderate to good repeatability estimates of all RMDQ items were demonstrated with the total ICC of the total RMDQ score of 0.90 [95%CI (0.85–0.94)]. The instrument correlations with PNRS, PCS, and MCS were 0.54, 0.60, and 0.23, respectively. The goodness-of-fit test further affirmed an acceptable fit of the data, although low factor loadings were found in several RMDQ items. CONCLUSION: Although the factor structure of the RMDQ scale warrants further investigation, the overall findings support its suitability for clinical application in Indonesian NSLBP patients.

Validated translation of telehealth and health app usability questionnaires to 8 European languages

Abstract International projects such as the Joint Action on strengthening eHealth including telemedicine and remote monitoring for health care systems for cancer prevention and care (eCAN) are implemented in countries with different languages, requiring validation of translations of standardized tools. Evaluation frameworks for telemedicine services necessarily include the patient’s perspective, i.a. on the service usability. Due to the lack of validated questionnaires in multiple European languages we sought to develop translation for the languages of the eCAN pilot countries. Based on literature review, we selected mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) and Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ) and developed a conceptual definition for each item. Next, we performed forward and back translation from English into the target languages, expert review, cognitive interview (CI) with 5-10 cancer or chronic disease patients per language/per questionnaire. Qualitative CI results were scored by 2 independent researchers for consistence of each item with conceptual definitions for final review by native speaker expert. We chose 8 languages (ES, GR, HU, IT, LT, NL, PT, SI) for validation. CI involved 48 respondents (29 females, 60%; 18 aged>60, 38%;23 higher education, 48%) for TUQ and 48 (22 females, 46%; 16 aged>60, 33%; 23 higher education, 48%) for MAUQ. Overall 872 (87%) of TUQ and 728 (84%) of MAUQ item answers were classified as consistent. In more than one language we identified concepts difficult to understand: consistent navigation when moving between screens, distinction between easy to use/learn, social settings. The validation process allowed us to identify opportunities to improve translation and highlighted concepts generally more difficult to understand. We provided validated translation of MAUQ and TUQ in 8 European languages for use in eCAN pilots and future telemedicine evaluation studies. Key messages • eCAN successfully validated translations of telemedicine usability questionnaires for 8 languages. • Multilingual translation validation can provide insights into concepts difficult across languages.

Translation and internal content validation of the Swedish version of the Brachial Assessment Tool (BrAT).

To translate and culturally adapt the Brachial Assessment Tool (BrAT) into Swedish and evaluate the internal consistency, and internal content validity using Rasch analysis in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries (TBPI). The translation was made in accordance with international guidelines. TBPI patients were identified in clinical records. The BrAT-Swe was sent out to patients by post. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach alpha and content validity using Rasch analysis evaluating fit to the Rasch model, threshold response, local dependency, dimensionality, differential item functioning (DIF), and targeting. The translation of the BrAT was completed without major discrepancies. A total of 164 patients completed the BrAT-Swe. Internal consistency ranged from 0.90 to 0.98. Rasch analysis supported the content validity. All subscales demonstrated fit to the model with no local dependency, minimal disordered thresholds and no unidimensionality. Uniform DIF for item 6 by age, was identified. Minimal differences in hierarchical ordering were identified. This study presents a Swedish translation of the BrAT (BrAT-Swe) and has demonstrated that the translated BrAT-Swe is well adapted for Swedish circumstances. Analysis supports the internal content validity of the BrAT-Swe as a unidimensional targeted PROM designed to assess activity limitation after TBPI.

Telemedicine in pediatric rheumatology: the video pediatric gait, arms, legs, and spine (v-pGALS) examination.

Video pediatric gait, arms, leg, and spine (v-pGALS) is a virtual application of the pediatric gait, arms, leg, and spine (pGALS) examination performed by video. We aimed to verify the applicability, validity, and accuracy of the Turkish translation of v-pGALS in a large pediatric patient cohort. Children aged 4-18 years seen between May and June 2022 were included. A hands-on physical examination and v-pGALS were performed. Demographics, active symptoms, physical examination findings, diagnosis, and v-pGALS findings were recorded. The acceptability of v-pGALS, in terms of additional distress and duration, was measured by the parent/patient using a visual analog scale (VAS). 102 patients (median age 12.41 years) were included. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was the most common diagnosis. The median duration of v-pGALS was 7 min. An abnormal v-pGALS was identified in 25 patients while the hands-on physical examination was abnormal in 27 patients. Scoliosis and pes planus were missed in v-pGALS. Both children and parents gave a median VAS score of 0 for additional discomfort and duration. That is, the duration of v-pGALS was acceptable for ≥98% of the patients/parents, and ≥98% mentioned that it caused little/no discomfort. The sensitivity and specificity of v-pGALS were 92.6% and 100%, respectively, for the detection of musculoskeletal (MSK) abnormalities. The v-pGALS is an applicable, accurate, and practical tool for evaluating MSK problems in children. The Turkish translation was also conveniently acceptable.

Arabic Translation and Rasch Validation of PROMIS Anxiety Short Form among General Population in Saudi Arabia.

This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the PROMIS Anxiety Short Form 8a item bank into Arabic for the general population of Saudi Arabia. The PROMIS Anxiety Short Form was translated according to the FACIT group method. Second, psychometric validation was conducted on a convenience sample of 322 participants (mean age, 26 ± 10.4 years; predominantly female) from the general population in Saudi Arabia. Rasch analysis (Winsteps® version 5.6.1) was used to examine category functioning, item fit, the person separation index, item difficulty, unidimensionality, and local dependency. Translation and cultural adaptation demonstrated that most of the items were culturally suitable and conveyed the same underlying concepts as the original scale. The five response categories of the scale satisfied the category functioning criteria, and all items fit the underlying construct, with the exception of one item that demonstrated a misfit. The item difficulty demonstrated poor targeting for the sample population; however, the person separation index and reliability were good (2.67 and 0.88, respectively) and no local dependency was noted. The Arabic translation of PROMIS-A SF8a demonstrated good structural validity and psychometrics, making it a valuable tool for screening anxiety in Arabic-speaking populations. The application of this outcome measure shows promise for healthcare professionals and patients alike, as it contributes to the provision of high-quality care and formulation of appropriate treatment plans.

Fully Verified Instruction Scheduling

CompCert project, the state-of-the-art compiler that achieves the first end-to-end formally verified C compiler, does not support fully verified instruction scheduling. Instead, existing research that works on such topics only implements translation validation. This means they do not have direct formal proof that the scheduling algorithm is correct, but only a posterior validation to check each compiling case. Using such a method, CompCert accepts a valid C program and compiles correctly only when the untrusted scheduler generates a correct result. However, it does not guarantee the complete correctness of the scheduler. It also causes compile-time validation overhead in the view of runtime performance. In this work, we present the first achievement in developing a mechanized library for fully verified instruction scheduling while keeping the proof workload acceptably lightweight. The idea to reduce the proof length is to exploit a simple property that the topological reordering of a topological sorted list is equal to a sequence of swapping adjacent unordered elements. Together with the transitivity of semantic simulation relation, the only burden will become proving the semantic preservation of a transition that only swaps two adjacent independent instructions inside one block. After successfully proving this result, proving the correctness of any new instruction scheduling algorithm only requires proof that it preserved the syntax-level dependence among instructions, instead of reasoning about semantics details every time. We implemented a mechanized library of such methods in the Coq proof assistant based on CompCert's library as a framework and used the list scheduling algorithm as a case study to show the correctness can be formally proved using our theory. We show that with our method that abstracts away the semantics details, it is flexible to implement any scheduler that reorders instructions with little extra proof burden. Our scheduler in the case study also abstracts away the outside scheduling heuristic as a universal parameter so it is flexible to modify without touching any correctness proof.

FlowCert: Translation Validation for Asynchronous Dataflow via Dynamic Fractional Permissions

Coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) have gained attention in recent years due to their promising power efficiency compared to traditional von Neumann architectures. To program these architectures using ordinary languages such as C, a dataflow compiler must transform the original sequential, imperative program into an equivalent dataflow graph, composed of dataflow operators running in parallel. This transformation is challenging since the asynchronous nature of dataflow graphs allows out-of-order execution of operators, leading to behaviors not present in the original imperative programs. We address this challenge by developing a translation validation technique for dataflow compilers to ensure that the dataflow program has the same behavior as the original imperative program on all possible inputs and schedules of execution. We apply this method to a state-of-the-art dataflow compiler targeting the RipTide CGRA architecture. Our tool uncovers 8 compiler bugs where the compiler outputs incorrect dataflow graphs, including a data race that is otherwise hard to discover via testing. After repairing these bugs, our tool verifies the correct compilation of all programs in the RipTide benchmark suite.

Effects of organizational climate on employee job satisfaction and psychological well-being: the role of technological influence in Chinese higher education

BackgroundIn the Chinese education sector, educators’ job satisfaction (JoS) is considered critical to educational quality and student outcomes. One critical area of inquiry is the organizational climate (OC) and its impact on JoS, and psychological well-being (PW), with technological influence (TI) moderating effect.PurposeThe current study has tried to look at the exact relationship among OC, PW, and JoS for educators working in the Chinese higher education setting. It also discusses the moderating role of TI on OC and JoS.Design/methodologyThis study uses a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, grounded in post-positivism assumptions. Data collection involved sampling 690 respondents in the Chinese higher education setting via WeChat.FindingsThe study methodology part included a pre-test, translation validation, demographic characteristics of participants, and results that showed a significant positive influence on JoS for PW and OC. The study also confirms the positive effect of PW on JoS. Moreover, the mediating role of PW within the OC–JoS link is also supported. Furthermore, TI positively moderates the OC–JoS relationship, thus it implies a supportive role of technology in enhancing the educators’ satisfaction. The model indicated that OC, PW, and TI explain 72.4% of the variation in JoS.ConclusionIn this respect, the findings offer some practical insights for educational institutions and policymakers to facilitate enhancement strategies for OC, thus recognizing its influence on JoS and the well-being of educators. Understanding how technology can play a moderating role presents the strategic occasion to utilize technological tools for a more satisfying work environment.

Validation of the Arabic translation of the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale

Background and aimThe availability of concise and valid instruments for measuring vaccination attitudes across different countries or populations is limited. The 12-item four-subscale Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) scale designed to assess vaccination hesitancy has been validated in more than 15 languages.This study aimed to validate the Arabic translation of VAX. MethodsVAX was translated from Danish to Arabic following the Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. The translated VAX was distributed to the citizens of Saudi Arabia in March 2023 through an online survey system and the authors' networks. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach's α. Factorial structure was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Known-group validity was assessed based on COVID-19 vaccination status. ResultsResponses from 164 participants who fully answered the questionnaire were analyzed. The mean age was 40 years, 77 % were females, and 90 % were fully vaccinated against COVID-19, with one-third receiving booster doses. CFA confirmed a well-fit four-factor structure. All items loaded well with their factors: standardized regression weight values ranged from 0.69 to 0.96. Correlations between the four factors ranged from 0.47 to 0.79. Cronbach α ranged from 0.874 to 0.930. As expected, the mean scores of all subscales were higher in those unvaccinated compared to those who were fully vaccinated as well as those fully vaccinated with a booster dose (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe Arabic translation of the VAX exhibited a well-defined factorial structure with good internal consistency reliability and known-group validity. It is a valuable tool for measuring vaccination hesitancy in Arabic-speaking countries or populations, enabling the comparison of vaccine hesitancy across different countries and cultures.

Validation of the Spanish Translation for "Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan" (SCAMP) for the Evaluation of Patients with AKI

Validation of the Spanish Translation for "Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan" (SCAMP) for the Evaluation of Patients with AKI

Translation and Comprehensive Validation of the Hebrew Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS 2.0).

The study aim was to create an updated valid translation into Hebrew of the AHRQ's survey on patient safety culture for hospitals, version 2.0. It also suggested a supplementary section about workers' safety. Comparable and valid measurement tools are important for national and international benchmarking of patient safety culture in hospitals. The process was carried out by a designated committee according to AHRQ translation guidelines. Methodology included several translation cycles, 6 semistructured cognitive interviews with health workers, and a web-based pilot survey at 6 general hospitals. Main analyses included an exploratory factor analysis, a comparison of the differences in results between versions 1 and 2 of the survey to the differences reported by AHRQ, and content analysis of open-ended questions. A total of 483 returned questionnaires met the inclusion criterion of at least 70% completion of the questionnaire. The demographic distributions suggested this sample to be satisfactory representative. Cronbach's alpha for the translated questionnaire was 0.95, meaning a high internal consistency between the survey items. An exploratory factor analysis revealed 8 underlying factors, and a secondary analysis further divided the first factor into 2 components. The factors structure generally resembled HSOPS 2.0 composite measures. Analyses of the new section about health workers' safety showed high involvement and possible common themes. The study demonstrated good psychometric properties-high reliability and validity of the new translated version of the questionnaire. This paper may serve other countries who wish to translate and adapt the safety culture survey to different languages.

Translation, adaptation and initial validation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) in Río de la Plata health personnel

The study addresses the translation, cross-cultural adaptation and initial validation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) questionnaire into Spanish, particularly for the context of health personnel. The OLBI, based on the Job Demands - Resources Model, evaluates burnout and job disengagement. After a rigorous methodological process, two versions of the questionnaire were carried out, followed by a pilot test and cognitive interviews. Comprehension problems were identified in a question related to work disconnection. Adjustments were made to the final version, which was validated with a multiprofessional pediatric palliative care group. The results showed adequate reliability for the Exhaustion scale and acceptable for the Disconnection scale. The importance of considering the particularities of the work context in adapting the instrument was highlighted. Although limitations, such as sample size, are acknowledged, it is suggested that the OLBI – UY version is promising and can be used in future studies for a more comprehensive psychometric analysis. This study represents an original contribution by addressing the adaptation of a relevant instrument for measuring burnout in Spanish-speaking health personnel in the Río de la Plata.

Tobacco Craving Questionnaire Short Version: Translation and Validation in Urdu

Tobacco Craving Questionnaire is a very important measure and is widely used in many countries to measure tobacco craving among cigarette smokers. But unfortunately, most of the cigarette smokers in Pakistan do not know about English language and therefore it was a need to translate the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire into the Urdu language. Cross-Sectional survey design has been used. Forward and backward translation was conducted on a sample of 40 cigarette smokers. Both SPSS (Version-26) and AMOS (Version-10) have been used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and alpha reliability analysis were conducted on the scale. To verify the validity of the scale, 500 smokers were included in a sample and subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The scale's Cronbach alpha reliability was 0.73 which indicated satisfactory reliability. 11 items from the translated Urdu version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire were validated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In CFA item number 9 was excluded from the model because it explained zero regression weight. Reliability and validity were confirmed in the findings of the study of the translated Urdu version of the questionnaire. Tobacco Craving Questionnaire Short Version (TCQ-SF) among Pakistani habitual smokers has been verified by translation and cross-lingual validation of the Pakistani version of the scale and confirmed its cross-cultural use. The findings have significant implications for Pakistan's indigenous population.

Human-powered vehicles as a way to abate transport-related greenhouse gas emissions: Part 2 - A virtual prototype for emissions and performance analyses

Velomobiles, despite their potential for efficient transportation, remain relatively unknown compared to electric cars, receiving limited attention in academic research and public awareness. This paper highlights their untapped potential and underlines public interest in their adoption, provided a velomobile meeting customer requirements is available. Leveraging the Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) methodology, this work presents a structured approach to design, focusing on customer needs translation and digital prototype validation. This iterative process ensures velomobiles meet performance criteria while minimizing environmental impact. The lack of standardized testing for the energy consumption of Human-Powered Vehicles (HPVs) is addressed by proposing an analysis of consumption under diverse operating conditions, giving information on the environmental assessments. This study underscores velomobiles’ potential as a sustainable transportation solution and provides a framework for their design, validation, and optimization.

Evaluating depression in Indonesian adolescents with epilepsy: Comprehensive validation and reliability assessment of the neurological disorders depression inventory-epilepsy for youth Indonesian version (NDDI-E-Y[ID]).

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder in pediatrics. Depression is an often underdetected comorbidity in childhood epilepsy. This study aimed to adapt the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory-Epilepsy for Youth (NDDI-E-Y) to the Indonesian language and population, as well as to validate the Indonesian version of NDDI-E-Y (NDDI-E-Y[ID]). This three-stage study comprised instrument translation, cultural verification, and content validity testing (first stage), pilot testing (second stage), followed by concurrent validity and reliability testing (third stage) of the NDDI-E-Y(ID). Validation was done against the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R). Content validity, assessed by six experts, was quantified using the content validity index for items (I-CVI) and scale (S-CVI). Participants were adolescents aged 12-17 years diagnosed with any type of epilepsy who completed both instruments. Concurrent validity was evaluated using Spearman's correlation and reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. The first stage produced a culturally appropriate NDDI-E-Y(ID). Thirty healthy adolescents and 10 adolescents with epilepsy participated in the second stage. In the third stage, another group of 30 adolescents with epilepsy took part. We obtained I-CVI and S-CVI values averaging 1. The NDDI-E-Y(ID) showed a positive and significant correlation with CESD-R (Spearman's rho = 0.671, p < 0.001). A Cronbach's alpha of 0.928 reflected a high internal consistency. Based on the results, the NDDI-E-Y(ID) was found to be a valid and reliable screening instrument for detecting depression in youth with epilepsy. Depression is an under-recognized problem in youth with epilepsy. Currently available depression screening tools are in English, making it less suitable for detection purposes in Indonesia. This study developed and validated the Indonesian version of the NDDI-E-Y, a depression screening tool for youth with epilepsy.

ICD-11 adjustment disorder: Translation and validation of the Danish international adjustment disorder questionnaire among a working population of social educators

Adjustment disorder is frequently used as a diagnostic category for work-related stress disorders in Denmark. However, the diagnostic category is poorly delineated in ICD-10 which has hampered clinical practice as well as research studying the development of work-related adjustment disorders. In ICD-11, the diagnostic category of adjustment disorder has been refined and a new self-report measure is available to operationalize symptoms. The aim of the current study is to translate the International Adjustment Disorder Questionnaire (IADQ) to Danish and test the psychometric properties of the scale in a sample of social educators. A total of 609 social educators in current employment participated in an online survey including the IADQ and data was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. Findings suggested that a two-factor model reflecting the distinction between preoccupation and failure to adapt as part of the diagnostic criterion fitted the data best, although strong factor correlations and one cross-factor loading suggests that differentiating between the dimensions of preoccupation and failure to adapt is difficult. Relationships to burnout, posttraumatic stress and general distress support the validity of the Danish translation of the IADQ. Further research should explore the structure of adjustment disorder among other working populations.

Breastfeeding Basic Competence in Primary Care: A Spanish Translation and Cross-Cultural Validation of the CAPA Questionnaire.

The number of validated questionnaires that assess the level of breastfeeding competence of primary care professionals who attend lactating mothers is limited. To validate the CAPA (Competència en l'Atenció Primària sobre Alletament [Breastfeeding Competence in Primary Care]) questionnaire into Spanish in collaboration with professionals from the primary care services of the Comunidad de Madrid (Spain). In this multicentric study, four bilingual healthcare professionals translated the CAPA questionnaire into Spanish and back-translated it into Catalan. The cross-cultural adaptation included a discussion by an expert committee, a review by a philologist, and a pilot study that involved 13 healthcare residents. We randomly selected professionals from specialties involved in breastfeeding. The re-test was conducted 3 weeks later, aiming to avoid changes in the studied population. We performed a factor analysis to identify underlying constructs and hypothesis-testing to assess the validity of the questionnaire and estimated the Cronbach Alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess its reliability. A total of 198 professionals participated by responding to the questionnaire. Factorial analysis showed that the questionnaire was unidimensional. Hypothesis testing showed that, of all the considered professional groups, midwives achieved the highest mean score (M = 131.7, SD = 10.9, p < 0.001). Amongst the other professionals, only 26.5% achieved a basic level of breastfeeding competence. The Cronbach alpha and ICC were 0.852 (95% CI [0.821, 0.880]) and 0.890 (95% CI [0.800. 0.937]). The Spanish CAPA questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing breastfeeding basic competence among primary care professional groups who attend lactating mothers.

Urdu translation and cross-cultural validation of neurological fatigue index on post stroke

BackgroundThe Neurological Fatigue Index (NFI) is the instrument used to evaluate stroke patients’ fatigue. There was no Urdu version of NFI available officially.ObjectiveThis study aimed to translate the Neurological Fatigue Index into Urdu and to determine the validity and reliability of Urdu NFI among stroke patients.MethodologyIt is a cross-cultural validation study. According to international guidelines in phase I, a process of translation was carried out. In phase II, using the sample of 120 participants, validity and reliability of the Urdu version of the Neurological Fatigue Index scale was conducted. The Urdu version’s content validity, convergent/concurrent validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were determined. The latest version of SPSS was used for the data analysis.ResultsThe Urdu version of NFI was drafted after the expert’s review. The content validity index was used to analyze the content validity. The reliability and validity of the Urdu version NFI were evaluated by calculating Cronbach’s alpha (α = 0.86), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.823). Correlations with other scales were the fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) (r = 0.76), Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) (r = 0.68), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (r = 0.53) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (r = 0.47).ConclusionThe Urdu Version was linguistically acceptable for the fatigue assessment in post-stroke patients. It showed good content validity, convergent/concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.