Translation Of Part Research Articles

Anna Iwaszkiewicz’s Internalized Translation

The article analyzes Anna Iwaszkiewicz’s essay ‘My Fontainebleau’. It fi rst defi nes the ‘cultural turn’ in contemporary humanities and relates it to the theory of literary translation, which is supralinguistic and enables the translation of parts of cultural codes or literary values. The article shows how Iwaszkiewiczowa was inspired by such authors as Marcel Proust, Joseph Conrad, Thomas Mann, and uses her work to reconstruct the translation process as internalization. Through references to Iwaszkiewiczowa’s biography, especially her feeling of unproductivity and creative powerlessness, it shows how some private reasons infl uenced her literary choices and led her to write the essay under discussion

International military cooperation as an impetus for enriching terminological dictionaries: the English-Ukrainian context

The article focuses on the problem of successful communication in the course of military translation. The significant part of this process is a translation of numerous military terms, acronyms, and abbreviations where a translator must consider the context of the military document to ensure the right translation, which is as close as possible to the original text meaning. The research is based on the method of scientific observation during the classes and practical exercises in cooperation with NATO officers, the descriptive method, the method of comparison, which was used in the analysis of many textbooks and scientific articles. The use of the specific method of distributive analysis allowed the consideration of the context-dependent military terms and abbreviations. This paper presents the results of the research, including, in particular, the outlining of the classification of military terms and abbreviations, accentuation on the skills and knowledge which are important for producing a correct translation of the military terms and abbreviations which, in its turn, may have correspondents in a target language or may not have ones. Last but not least, the article provides the most striking instances of translating military terms and abbreviations grouped by their types. Reviewing the results, one can consider military translation as a context-based linguistic activity to a significant degree. The translator should have wide knowledge in the military sphere generally and in a concrete object of translation in part: artillery, ammo, IT-technologies etc. Besides English, itself is a language that develops exponentially, which invokes the growth of a variety of military terminology. As known, English is one of the two official languages of NATO. However, there are some differences in vocabulary and stylistic usage between the native languages of the Alliance member countries and English, so translators must take it into account in order to avoid misunderstandings

So-called “Lollardsʼs Catechism”. The translation of part from middle English to Russian with commentary and introduction article

Publication of the Russian translation of part of so-called “Lollardsʼs Catechism”, which was written by anonymous author in 14th century England. The title “Lollardsʼs Catechism” was given by first editors in the early 20th century, because the text wasnʼt originally entitled. The text is an expanded version of official Catechism, written by ordered archbishop of York John de Thoresby (died 1373). In comparison with the original, anonymous author focused on the ethos of clergy. For some time, researchers believed that the author of the text was John Wycliffe (1320-1384), but now this point of view isn’t shared by scientists. The rhetoric presented in the text gives the reasons to believe that the text was written by one of the wandering preachers, who may have belonged to the Lollards, who were especially active in England in the second half of the 14th century.

EVALUASI PERHITUNGAN DAN PENYETORAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN PASAL 22 ATAS PENGADAAN BARANG PADA KANTOR PELAYANAN PERBENDAHARAAN NEGARA (KPPN) KOTAMOBAGU

The Indonesian government requires a significant amount of funds for the national development process both at the central and regional levels. For welfare and prosperity, it can help, one of the efforts to realize national development as the case with domestic resources consisting of taxes. One of the taxes set by the government is the tax that is imposed on the tax that is said to be received in the tax year or can also be taxed on translation in part of the tax year. The taxation included in Article 22 of Income Tax is also not part of fiscal policy, because it is a type of tax requested by the government. Article 22 of the procurement tax on the procurement of goods in the municipal treasury office in Kotamobagu is in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations, taxation regulations and transfers. Descriptive qualitative method used in this study with data collection techniques consisting of interviews, documentation and observation. Data that has been collected from informants is then completed with the stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion completion. The results of the study found that KPPN at Kotamobagu City in the PPh article 22 was appropriate and some was not in accordance with Law No. 36 of 2008 concerning tax translation and Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 34/PMK.010/2017 concerning tax collection Learn article 22 regarding payment or delivery of goods and activities in important fields or business activities in other fields. KPPN is not consistent with Minister of Finance Regulation No. 34/PMK.010/2017 concerning tax collection which addresses article 22.

Ganoderma lucidum extract decreases inflammatory breast cancer progression via translational control

Inflammatory Breast Cancer is a highly aggressive and chemo/radiation resistant cancer in which cells invade the vascular and lymphatic systems via generation of tumor emboli; a process regulated by selective mRNA translation. Accordingly, our objective is to characterize the role of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) in translational regulation. In IBC, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is hyperactivated, while the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4GI) is overexpressed. mTOR regulates translation initiation, and together with eIF4G, both regulate resistance to therapy of IBC cells, cancer cell survival and invasion. We previously showed that GLE reduces cap‐dependent mRNA translation in part through the inactivation (dephosphorylation) of mTOR, thereby activating eIF4E sequestration in IBC cells and tumors. GLE also induces cancer cell death, inhibits cancer cell invasion and synergizes with conventional chemotherapy to reduce IBC progression, while not affecting non‐cancerous cells. However the role of GLE on translational control in advanced BC has not been studied. We hypothesize that GLE regulates translation via translation initiation inhibition. Genome‐wide translation and transcription profiling was conducted in SUM‐149 IBC cells treated with vehicle or GLE for 24h. Analysis of actively translated mRNAs revealed that 689 genes showed differential expression by GLE treatment. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that the majority of these mRNAs are involved in the eIF2 and mTOR pathways, which control translation. Future directions include performing quantitative PCR arrays to validate the microarray results. This study is relevant to our long‐term goal of contributing to the discovery of therapeutics to reduce mortality of IBC.Support or Funding InformationThis project was sponsored by Title V PPOHA and Title‐V‐Cooperative #P031S130068 US Department of Education #P031M105050, NIH/RCMI #8G12MD007583, NIH/NIGMS #1SC3GM111171 to MMM, NCI #R01CA178509 to RJS, and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF‐16–143) to RJS. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the supporting agencies.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Tia1 dependent regulation of mRNA subcellular location and translation controls p53 expression in B cells

Post-transcriptional regulation of cellular mRNA is essential for protein synthesis. Here we describe the importance of mRNA translational repression and mRNA subcellular location for protein expression during B lymphocyte activation and the DNA damage response. Cytoplasmic RNA granules are formed upon cell activation with mitogens, including stress granules that contain the RNA binding protein Tia1. Tia1 binds to a subset of transcripts involved in cell stress, including p53 mRNA, and controls translational silencing and RNA granule localization. DNA damage promotes mRNA relocation and translation in part due to dissociation of Tia1 from its mRNA targets. Upon DNA damage, p53 mRNA is released from stress granules and associates with polyribosomes to increase protein synthesis in a CAP-independent manner. Global analysis of cellular mRNA abundance and translation indicates that this is an extended ATM-dependent mechanism to increase protein expression of key modulators of the DNA damage response.

HnRNP A1 Alters the Structure of a Conserved Enterovirus IRES Domain to Stimulate Viral Translation

Enteroviruses use a type I Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) structure to facilitate protein synthesis and promote genome replication. Type I IRES elements require auxiliary host proteins to organize RNA structure for 40S ribosomal subunit assembly. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 stimulates enterovirus 71 (EV71) translation in part through specific interactions with its stem loop II (SLII) IRES domain. Here, we determined a conjoined NMR-small angle x-ray scattering structure of the EV71 SLII domain and a mutant that significantly attenuates viral replication by abrogating hnRNP A1 interactions. Native SLII adopts a locally compact structure wherein stacking interactions in a conserved 5′-AUAGC-3′ bulge preorganize the adjacent helices at nearly orthogonal orientations. Mutating the bulge sequence to 5′-ACCCC-3′ ablates base stacking in the loop and globally reorients the SLII structure. Biophysical titrations reveal that the 5′-AUAGC-3′ bulge undergoes a conformational change to assemble a functional hnRNP A1–RNA complex. Importantly, IRES mutations that delete the bulge impair viral translation and completely inhibit replication. Thus, this work provides key details into how an EV71 IRES structure adapts to hijack a cellular protein, and it suggests that the SLII domain is a potential target for antiviral therapy.

Bilingual Time Capsule: Remembering Alastair Reid

I think I met Alastair Reid (1926–2014) not a minute too early, or too late. Meaning, I guess, I was ready to learn from him about life in general, about poetry, literature, and translation in part...

The Influence of Byzantine Law on Serbian Medieval Law

Serbian law from the early 13th century developed under the direct influence of Byzantine law. Serbian jurists adopted Byzantine law through translations of Byzantine legal compilations. The first such translation was the Nomokanon of St. Sabba of 1219. St. Sabba’s Nomokanon contained ecclesiastical rules together with the canonist’s glosses, a translation of part of Justinian’s Novels, and the whole of the Procheiron of Basil I. Between 1349 and 1354, Serbian lawyers created a special Codex Tripartitus, codifying both Serbian and Byzantine law. The Russian scholar T. Florinsky noticed this as long ago as 1888, pointing out that in the oldest manuscripts, Dušan’s Code is always accompanied by two other compilations of Byzantine law: the abbreviated Syntagma of Matthew Blastares and the so-called Code of Justinian. In addition to translations of Byzantine legal miscellanies, Serbian lawyers also adopted a great number of the institutions of Roman law. However, Serbian jurists were not educated in Bologna so, as a consequence, Roman law was adopted in an indirect way, i.e., through Greek (Byzantine) translations and not from original Latin texts. Dušan’s Code, as the most important legal source of medieval Serbian law, took about sixty articles directly from the Basilica: the most important are articles 171 and 172.

A More Brotherly Song, a Less Passionate Passion: Abstraction and Ecumenism in the Translation of the Hymn “O Sacred Head Now Wounded” from Bloodier Antecedents

When nineteenth-century American Presbyterian pastor James Waddel Alexander wrote the lyrics of the hymn “O Sacred Head Now Wounded,” he created what has become the most popular of numerous English translations of seventeenth-century German Lutheran pastor Paul Gerhardt's hymn “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden.” That text was, in turn, a translation of part of an anonymous thirteenth-century cycle of passion poems, one dedicated to each of Christ's wounds. From the medieval original through Gerhardt to Alexander, each subsequent translation has diminished its depictions of blood and rendered its narrator's interaction with the crucified body of Christ less passionate, dictated by the theological needs and aesthetic sensibilities of the translator's religious tradition. At the same time, both Gerhardt and Alexander included significant elements from the original that were anomalous in their own contexts. The inclusion of a medieval poem in the worship of seventeenth-century Lutherans and nineteenth-century Presbyterians may reveal an ecumenical bent on their part, albeit with clear limits. A comparison of the various versions of the hymn demonstrates the complex interrelationship between an original text and translations of it, some of which may properly be called versions of it and some of which may have become something altogether different.

Allegory and Difference in Ralegh and De Bry: Reading and Seeing the Discoverie

The travel narratives in Theodor De Bry's America and the collection itself are often read allegorically: the events in the New World are read as signifying Protestant-Catholic conflict on the European continent. Attending to differences between the English text of Sir Walter Ralegh's The Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana and its Latin translation in part 8 of America, however, reveals a more complex relationship between individual texts in America and its allegorical project. The differences between Ralegh and De Bry are both textual (passages from the Discoverie that do not appear in the Latin translation) and visual (De Bry's addition of copper-plate engravings). These differences ultimately demonstrate that Guyana and Trinidad—especially because of how they were seen by early modern Europeans—cannot be fully contained within a Protestant allegorical project.

Rethinking the Lollardy of the Lucidarie: The Middle English Version of the Elucidarium and Religious Thought in Late Medieval England

The text commonly known as the Lucidarie , a Middle English translation of part of the twelfth-century Elucidarium of Honorius Augustodunensis into which additional passages of dialogue have been inserted, has frequently been identified as a Lollard work. This paper challenges the case for a Lollard provenance of the translation. It argues that, though the translator may have been influenced by Lollardy, he shows a willingness to move between theological perspectives with little regard for the doctrinal boundary between so-called heresy and orthodoxy. The paper suggests that the Lucidarie and the manuscripts in which it circulated demonstrate that late medieval belief was marked by a doctrinal flexibility that can be obscured when the terms 'Lollard' and 'orthodox' are applied too indiscriminately.

HetOpus tripartitumvan Jean Gerson in het Middelnederlands

It has long been known that from the early fifteenth century on, Jean Gerson's Opus tripartitum was renowned internationally as being a very important practical guide for the salvation of the souls of ordinary christians both in life and death. This article brings together all the evidence which demonstrates the availability of the three texts in Middle Dutch - initially in Flanders - more or less since their origin, and that they functioned from the outset in conformity with Gerson's intentions. Thus far a Middle Dutch translation of the commentary to the Ten Commandments was not known to exist. Precisely this translation - possibly from the Bruges region, where Gerson lived for some time - was produced at about the same time as the original text. Gerson's Opus tripartitum is an invaluable source regarding a very specific social-religious context. The work is geared to a 'religious emergency situation' known firsthand by Gerson and one that he took to heart. The fact that contemporaries and later scholars identified the same sore spot, makes it all the more understandable that Gerson Opus made such a deep impression and proved so very influential. An appendix contains editions of Middle Dutch translations of parts from the Opus tripartitum.

Glossary: Tort Liability Law, P.R.C. Civil Code

This is the working glossary, and author's final version of the English translation of Part 8, Articles 1 - 68, Tort Liability Law, of the current draft (December 17, 2002) of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China. The version published in China by Peking University Press in the journal SiFa [Private Law Review] contained no glossary, nor did the pinyin have phonetic tone marks. This version is intended for use as teaching materials. The pinyin here - in both the glossary and the translation - does have phonetic tone marks. A facsimile of the Si Fa version of the translation published in China is available on SSRN: Conk, George W., People's Republic of China Civil Code: Tort Liability Law, Private Law Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (The 10th Issue), pp. 77-111, December 2005. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=892432

The Hierarchy of Needs and the Concept of Groups in Consumer Choice Theory [1943

This is the first English translation of parts of an article published in the January 1943 issue of Econometrica by the French economist, René Roy. In it Roy sets out a theory of lexicographic preferences that anticipates more recent developments in the Post Keynesian theory of consumer behaviour.

Functional interaction between RAFT1/FRAP/mTOR and protein kinase cdelta in the regulation of cap-dependent initiation of translation.

Hormones and growth factors induce protein translation in part by phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). The rapamycin and FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-target 1 (RAFT1, also known as FRAP) is a mammalian homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae target of rapamycin proteins (mTOR) that regulates 4E-BP1. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in growth factor-initiated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) associates with RAFT1 and that PKCdelta is required for the phosphorylation and inactivation of 4E-BP1. PKCdelta-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 is wortmannin resistant but rapamycin sensitive. As shown for serum, phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 by PKCdelta inhibits the interaction between 4E-BP1 and eIF4E and stimulates cap-dependent translation. Moreover, a dominant-negative mutant of PKCdelta inhibits serum-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. These findings demonstrate that PKCdelta associates with RAFT1 and thereby regulates phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and cap-dependent initiation of protein translation.

Yaeko Nogami and the Lotus Library (1)

Yaeko Nogami refers to one scene from La Faustin by Edmond de Goncour and translates its part in an essay called 'Iroiro-na-koto' (1916). As she could not read French, it is almost certain that she read the little known novel in an English version. In the Meiji era many Japanese students and literary men read French novels in an English translation published in a series of the Lotus Library. The Lotus Library consisted of translations of the greatest French, German, Russian, Italian, and Turkish novels. The title La Faustin is found in the list of the Lotus Library. Therefore, it is probable that she read the novel in the Library.Soseki Natsume praised the novel in the talk entitled 'The Attitude of the Writer' (1908) and there is a copy of La Faustin published in the Lotus Library in his library. I compared Yaeko's translation in her essay with the original and found that she makes a faithful translation of part of the novel. Her husband, Toyoichiro Nogami, was one of Soseki's best disciples and read books Soseki praised and recommended. According to Yaeko, Toyoichiro recommended one book after another to her. La Faustin was probably included in these books.

A third Old English translation of part of Gregory's Dialogues, this time embedded in the Rule of Chrodegang

Gregory's Dialogues are a hitherto unnoticed source of the final chapter of the enlarged version of the Rule of Chrodegang of Metz. The chapter in question, no. 84 or 86 depending on the recension of the Latin text, is preserved in the following manuscripts (the letters in brackets are the sigla used for these manuscripts throughout this article):Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 1535 (P), 113V–149V. Second quarter of the ninth century, possibly written at Fécamp. Latin text only, 86 chapters.

Studies in Pre-Vesalian Anatomy: Biography, Translations, Documents

This scholarly work, in preparation for 15 years, fills a great gap in our knowledge of medical history, especially of the knowledge of anatomy during the Renaissance. Vesalius has received abundant attention and stands as a landmark, but his immediate precursors have received relatively little attention. Lind, by a close study of all available sources, has helped to remedy this defect. His task was very difficult. He combed all available sources, including published texts, letters, relevant contemporary writings, and archival material, together with modern secondary sources. The anatomists he discusses are not well known except by scholars—Achillini, Benedetti, Massa, de Laguna, and others. Lind discusses the life and works of his chosen authors, with description and analysis of the anatomical texts, and in all except one case, he provides translations of part or all of the anatomical writings. The annotations are abundant and scholarly. Lind discusses anatomical methods as well

Avicenna's Treatise on Logic. Part one of Danish Nāmeh-i 'Alāi (review)

400 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY turbed by passion and desire. We are on the threshold of a view of man----one favoring "the development of a more stable personality structure" (p. 260). To begin with, this is not a new view at all; it is at least as old as Democritus. Adkins is aware of the objection and has tried to anticipate it: Democritus, and the atomists generally, do not represent the ethic of the more articulate and prominent members of Greek society, whose views are, for the most part, what we possess; for they wrote most of the surviving literature, and it is only from written documents that knowledge of values can be obtained [sic!]. (P. 111) One hardly knows what to make of such an argument, it is so redolent of special pleading. Did not Democritus' writings survive, albeit in fragmentary form? Then they must, according to the argument, represent the ethic of the more articulate and prominent members of Greek society--which was, Adkins adds in a footnote, the "dominant " ethic. Why, then, is Democritus passed over? Because, one suspects, he upsets the theory according to which the values of the polis are those of a shame-culture. Secondly, the Epicurean philosophy is, Adkins admits, one of withdrawal (p. 263). How likely is it that such a philosophy would favor the development of "a more stable personality structure"7 As described by Adkins (p. 264), Epicureanism is a philosophy for drop-outs; and it has not, so far I know, yet become even fashionable, let alone true, to say that such a philosophy makes for a more stable personality. It would be a mistake to reject, out of hand, the application of even merely fashionable ideas to the elucidation of Greek life and thought. In the hands of a master such an approach can be suggestive; at the very least it can have the virtue of breaking up the staleness of vision induced in us by habit, making us see the familiar in a new perspective. But here I think the categories take charge, facts are made to fit them, willy-nilly, or are disregarded, and we end with as simplistic and misleading a pictua'o of Greek life and thought as we should got from a theory of European history which professed to plot the rise and fall of the population as a simple function of the avail, ability of salt at any given time. It would be magnificant, but it would not be history. JOHN ROBINSON Windham College Avicenna's Treatise on Logic. Part one of Danish N~meh-i 'Alai (A Concise Philosophical Encyclopedia) and Autobiography. Trans. by F. Zabeeh. (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1972. Pp. 48. $3.75) Avicenna's Treatise on Logic--translation of part one of Avicenna's Persian work Danish N~meh-i "Al~i ("The Book of Scientific Knowledge"), as well as his autobiography and biography by his pupil, Abu-Abid Gorgani--contains some of Avicenna's salient points on logic. Ibn Sin~ (980-1038), known to the Latins as Avicenna, wrote a number of books that dealt with logic; four were written in Arabic and one in Persian. The Arabic ones are: Kit~b al-Shifd~ ("The Book of Healing"), Kitdb al Ndjdt ("The Book of Salvation "), Kitdb al-lsl~r~t wa'l-Tanb~h~t ("The Book of the Indications and Remarks"), and Mantiq-al-Mashriqiyyin ("The Logic of the Easterus"). One finds close similarities BOOK REVIEWS 401 between lsharat, al-Shifa" and al-N~jat. As a matter of fact, al-Na]at is to some extent a summary of some sections of al-Shi]d'. The Persian work Danish Nameh contains many points that were discussed in Avicenna's other works. Arabic logic---or as the translator prefers to call it, Islamic logic-- did not substantially differ from Aristotle's logic, as evidenced in their accounts of the kinds of categorical propositions, the three figures and their moods, categorical syllogisms, etc. However, one should not conclude .that Arabic logic was simply a duplication of Aristotelian logic, for it is more comprehensive in scope and subject matter. No one is certain about the actual influences on Arabic...