Difficulties In Translation Research Articles

STYLISTIC ANALYSIS AND WAYS OF REPRODUCING EMOTIVE EXPRESSION IN TRANSLATIONS OF UKRAINIAN LYRICS: INTERPRETATION OF THE IMAGE OF UKRAINE

The article reflects the results of scientific and philological research, which made it possible to analyze the ways of translating the image of Ukraine in English translations of Ukrainian poetry. Based on the generalization of the research results of scientific sources, the concept of literary translation as a linguistic problem is revealed. A special connection between the artistic image and the linguistic category on the basis of which it is formed is noted. The main requirements for the translation of works of art are highlighted, among them: accuracy, conciseness, clarity and literacy. It has been established that the main difficulty of literary translation is the accurate understanding of lexical units and the relationship between what the author wanted to convey to the reader and what the translator translated. Two aspects of the Ukrainian poetry translation are highlighted: linguocognitive and linguocultural. It is determined that the linguistic and cultural aspect of translation analysis allows to identify the features of reflection in the English poetic translation of the value dominants of Ukrainian ethnoculture based on the comparison of the cultural concept name, symbols of culture and emotional expression, and linguocognitive allows to highlight the features of the concepts system reflection of the Ukrainian author in the figurative system of English translations of his lyrics. The concept and role of the cultural concept UKRAINE in English translations, which is expressed by lexical means of a particular language, are studied. There are four components of the cultural concept: conceptual, value, symbolic and figurative. It is revealed that the elements of imagery and symbolism are structural parts of the cultural concept. It has been found that the translator’s understanding of the author’s system of concepts is a condition for reproducing the image of his country in translation. The symbols of Ukrainian culture in poetic works are analyzed, which are multi-valued subject images that express values and worldviews. The artistic symbol is considered to be one of the types of figurative concept with a multilevel structure of reference and the main aspects of its analysis should include determining the depth of the original symbol and its culturological components. Analysis of the translation of symbols showed that the most commonly used way of reproducing Ukrainian poetic symbolism is tracing, less commonly used methods of transcription, transliteration and equivalent translation. It is determined that the symbolism reproduced in the translation cannot convey all the cultural components and semiological depth, because the associative connections with the place of its origin are interrupted. It causes a symbolic appropriation of the image of Ukraine in the target culture, and at the same time conveys its ethnic uniqueness. The main ways of conveying the image of Ukraine in translations of Ukrainian lyrics are revealed, as a result of which literary translation adapts to the norms of the language of translation and becomes accurate and clear. The following lexical transformations in translation have been singled out: transcription, transliteration, equivalent translation, tracing and contextual substitution method. A comparative analysis of the translation of symbols and images of Ukraine in translations of Ukrainian poetry. Comprehensive research has shown that the most prevalent methods of translation are contextual substitution, equivalent translation and tracing. Thus, the article fulfills all the tasks are fulfilled in the work and it is also determined that the components of symbolism and imagery are a structural part of the concept of UKRAINE in general.

Animal-to-Human Translation Difficulties and Problems With Proposed Coding-in-Noise Deficits in Noise-Induced Synaptopathy and Hidden Hearing Loss.

Noise induced synaptopathy (NIS) and hidden hearing loss (NIHHL) have been hot topic in hearing research since a massive synaptic loss was identified in CBA mice after a brief noise exposure that did not cause permanent threshold shift (PTS) in 2009. Based upon the amount of synaptic loss and the bias of it to synapses with a group of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) with low spontaneous rate (LSR), coding-in-noise deficit (CIND) has been speculated as the major difficult of hearing in subjects with NIS and NIHHL. This speculation is based upon the idea that the coding of sound at high level against background noise relies mainly on the LSR ANFs. However, the translation from animal data to humans for NIS remains to be justified due to the difference in noise exposure between laboratory animals and human subjects in real life, the lack of morphological data and reliable functional methods to quantify or estimate the loss of the afferent synapses by noise. Moreover, there is no clear, robust data revealing the CIND even in animals with the synaptic loss but no PTS. In humans, both positive and negative reports are available. The difficulty in verifying CINDs has led a re-examination of the hypothesis that CIND is the major deficit associated with NIS and NIHHL, and the theoretical basis of this idea on the role of LSR ANFs. This review summarized the current status of research in NIS and NIHHL, with focus on the translational difficulty from animal data to human clinicals, the technical difficulties in quantifying NIS in humans, and the problems with the SR theory on signal coding. Temporal fluctuation profile model was discussed as a potential alternative for signal coding at high sound level against background noise, in association with the mechanisms of efferent control on the cochlea gain.

Types of Metaphor and Problems of Translation

This article proposes a framework of studying metaphorical terms in the sphere of economics, in the context of translation difficulties lying in the base of their different perception in English and in Russian. In order to make an accurate translation, it is very important to identify the types of transformations used in the translation of English metaphorical terms in the field of economics, into the Uzbek language. The following tasks should be fulfilled in the process of research:(1) to identify semantic and pragmatic characteristics of metaphorical economic terms; (2) to define types of transformations used in translation of metaphorical economic terms.

The interaction effect between source text complexity and machine translation quality on the task difficulty of NMT post-editing from English to Chinese: A multi-method study

Abstract This study explores the interaction effect between source text (ST) complexity and machine translation (MT) quality on the task difficulty of neural machine translation (NMT) post-editing from English to Chinese. When investigating human effort exerted in post-editing, existing studies have seldom taken both ST complexity and MT quality levels into account, and have mainly focused on MT systems used before the emergence of NMT. Drawing on process and product data of post-editing from 60 trainee translators, this study adopted a multi-method approach to measure post-editing task difficulty, including eye-tracking, keystroke logging, quality evaluation, subjective rating, and retrospective written protocols. The results show that: 1) ST complexity and MT quality present a significant interaction effect on task difficulty of NMT post-editing; 2) ST complexity level has a positive impact on post-editing low-quality NMT (i.e., post-editing task becomes less difficult when ST complexity decreases); while for post-editing high-quality NMT, it has a positive impact only on the subjective ratings received from participants; and 3) NMT quality has a negative impact on its post-editing task difficulty (i.e., the post-editing task becomes less difficult when MT quality goes higher), and this impact becomes stronger when ST complexity increases. This paper concludes that both ST complexity and MT quality should be considered when testing post-editing difficulty, designing tasks for post-editor training, and setting fair post-editing pricing schemes.

Особенности перевода французских медицинских терминов на русский язык

The purpose of the study is to identify the lexical features of the French medical discourse, using the example of French-language medical texts. The author highlights the lexical features of French scientific terms and also models possible translation difficulties in the rendering of medical texts into Russian. Scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that medical terms are classified from the perspective of linguistic difficulties that they present when translated into Russian. As a result of the study, the researcher has developed a classification of French medical terms taking into account their pragmatic features manifested when comparing the initial situation contained in the original text with the target situation in the translation text.

Переводы «Пантеры» Р. М. Рильке в жанровом аспекте

The purpose of the research is to identify the most characteristic difficulties in Russian translations of R. M. Rilke’s famous poem “The Panther”, taking into account its genre specificity. The paper is novel in that it is the first to analyse translations of “The Panther” specifically in the genre aspect, since the genre, according to the author of the paper, is the dominant factor for the successful translation of the German original into Russian. The research findings indicate that an adequate rendering of the Austrian poet’s work in Russian is hindered by the absence of certain means in Russian language and poetic usage equivalent to the original (for example, a number of abstract nouns in the figurative function) and the fact that translators do not always successfully replace these means, which affects the integrity of the genre image of the text, although it does not destroy the genre of “The Panther” completely.

Стратегии форенизации и доместикации в аспекте перевода юридической терминологии по вопросу миграционных процессов (на материале английского и немецкого языков)

The article provides general information on the legal terminology nature, as well as an analysis of the legal documents on migration issues posted on the official website of the European Commission. The aim of the study is to identify the key translation difficulties and to determine the most common ways to overcome them. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the patterns of foreignization and domestication strategies application in the process of creating parallel texts of the documents for use within the European Union. The results of the study have shown that the foreignization strategy was used twice as often as the domestication one due to the high proportion of literal translation used when working with terminology.

Complex and Simple Sentences: Issues Translation Correspondence in Russian and Chinese

The question of correspondences in the translation of complex sentences from Russian into Chinese is considered. It is noted that at present, translation correspondences in Russian and Chinese, including in the field of syntax, have not been studied enough. It is indicated that the difficulties of translation may be related to the discrepancy between the number of types of complex sentences in Russian, which are more than in Chinese. It is shown that some complex structures do not have an equivalent in Chinese and are translated into simple Chinese sentences. The author shows that complex sentences with explanatory clauses in Russian correspond not only to sentences with an included part in Chinese, but also to two-part and one-part sentences. The correspondence of complex sentences with attributive clauses, with relative clauses and degrees to different members of simple sentences of the Chinese language, as well as to chain sentences is substantiated. It is stated that some clauses of the tense (for example, with the conjunction NOT YET) correspond to circumstances, post-positional definitions of predicates, or one of the verbal constructions of a sentence with a sequential verbal predicate (连动句) in Chinese.

Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español de la escala MULTIPleS en pacientes de edad avanzada con multimorbilidad

Background and objectiveThe Multimorbidity Illness Perceptions Scale (MULTIPleS) analyzes whether suffering from two or more chronic diseases affects the quality of life, cost and clinical results of patients. The objective was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the MULTIPleS scale into Spanish. MethodsDirect translation and back translation followed by synthesis and adaptation by a third translator and a panel of experts to guarantee the conceptual, semantic and content equivalence between both versions. Subsequently, a comprehensibility analysis was performed on a sample of patients. ResultsThe Spanish version of the MULTIPleS scale was obtained. The medium degree of difficulty in the direct translation and the back translation of the title and the questions showed a low difficulty. In the synthesis and adaptation phase, 6 discrepancies were resolved. The comprehensibility analysis was performed in 10 patients, achieving the established requirement (> 80%) for all items. ConclusionsThis is the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the MULTIPleS scale. Having this back-translated scale will make it possible to analyze patients’ perception of the disease and thus apply improvements in their healthcare.

Translation Difficulties of Polysemous Words from English into Arabic: A Case Study of Yemeni EFL University Students

This research paper aims to shed light on one of the Arabic-speaking EFL learners' lexical problems, concerning translating words used in context from English into Arabic. It focused on translating polysemous words when they are used both in their direct core and indirect secondary meanings. In order to investigate this problem, a translation test was administered to a sample comprised 28 male and female students studying English at the Faculty of Education- Yafea, University of Aden, Yemen. The test consisted of 10 English sentences used to collect quantitative data from the participants. Each five sentences tested one polysemous word (break and sound,). The meanings of the polysemous words in the first sentence in each five sentences is direct, core meaning; whereas their meanings in the other 4 sentences are indirect secondary meanings. Based on the results of the study, it was found that Arabic-speaking EFL learners were unable to a great extent to translate the words well, especially when those words were used in their indirect secondary meanings. Based on the results, this research suggested that polysemous words should be given much attention in ELT B.educational courses at all stages of English language learning and teaching because of students' drastic incompetence in understanding the different meanings of polysemous words.

Features of the translation of modal verbs based on the novel "Little Women" by Louise May Olcott

The article is devoted to the analysis of the translation of modal verbs in the novel "Little Women" by Louise May Alcott. The object of this research is the categories of modality in a work of art. The subject of the study is the ways of transferring modality from English to Russian when translating the novel "Little Women" by Louise May Alcott. The relevance of this work is due to the fact that the transfer of modality from English to Russian and vice versa presents certain difficulties for the majority of Russian-speaking students. The author considers the classification of modal verbs, as well as the meanings they acquire in the process of translating this literary text. В The scientific novelty of the article is due to the need to study such a universal concept as modality, which in each case, depending on the communicative situation, conveys not only facts, but also evaluates what is happening. The article solves the following main tasks: to analyze the meanings of modal verbs and the frequency of their use in this work, as well as to present possible translation options. As a result, we found that modality presents difficulties in translation due to the fact that in various communicative situations it can acquire an additional emotional load, which, if misinterpreted, can distort the essence of the utterance.

How is the translation of English fairy tales born in the aspect of intercultural communication

The relevance of the research topic is due to the increased interest in fairy tales within various directions and approaches, which is associated with the loss of low-quality stigma in children's literature compared to works intended for adults. Within the framework of translation theory, the main attention is paid to the peculiarities of the transfer of linguistic and stylistic features of children's literature and other translation difficulties. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns of transmission of national and cultural identity in the translation of fairy tales. Fairy tales from the collections "Pack from the Magic Hills" and "Gifts of fairies" by R. Kipling are considered. A linguistic and cultural analysis is carried out, the used translation transformations are highlighted.The subject of the study is the general trends in the treatment of elements of foreign culture when translating English fairy tales into Russian. В The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of translation from the position of adaptation of culturally colored elements for children. It is revealed that cultural adaptation is often made, which is not required for adult works. The results of the study demonstrate that in the process of translating English fairy tales, a balance is being sought between introducing children to another culture and the need to adapt the material for ease of perception by the audience. When translating for children, translation transformations are actively used, bringing culturally colored elements closer to familiar ones or simplifying their understanding, which is not always required for an adult audience. The way of handling labeled elements depends on their plot and ideological significance, cultural value and level of fame, the context of use, the chosen translation strategy and other factors.

Despre notele marginale din cartea Ieșirea din manuscrisul de lucru (ms.70 B.A.R.) al traducerii Bibliei de la Blaj (1795)

The biblical translation made by Samuil Micu, known as the Blaj Bible (1795), has an impressive number of notes. Originally written on the edge of the text or overwritten, the glosses made by the scholar reflect his work site. A significant number of them in the working manuscript (MS.70, B.A.R.) managed to find their place in the secondary version copied for printing (MS.111 B.A.R.) and later in the printed form. Samuil Micu relies in his approach on the model offered by the Bucharest Bible (1688), on the Septuagint in the edition of Lambert Bos (1709), the source text of his translation, as well as on other texts consulted to elucidate some translation difficulties. We aim to follow, as far as possible, through a comparison of the second biblical book, the Exodus, from the two texts (MS.70) and the printed form (B1795) the way in which the notes written in the original form of the text can be found in the printed version, taking into account the revisions from the transcribed manuscript (MS.111).

Estudio lingüístico de la traducción de los versículos del Sagrado Corán al español: (Análisis crítico y comparativo)

.In this research, a critical and comparative study of the translation of the meanings of the Holy Koran Julio Cortés and Abd el-Ghani Melara is carried out. The study is divided into two chapters: in the first, we address the issue of the difficulty of translation, the role of Orientalists in translating the meanings of the Holy Koran.And also discuss the most important translations for several centuries and the mistakes made by the translators, when translating the meanings of the Koran. In the second chapter, we address the methodologies of the two translators mentioned above, presenting examples of their translations, and comparing them later.

Lexico-Structural Characteristics of Aviation Terminology and Techniques of its Transmission Into the Russian Language

The article discusses the lexical and structural characteristics of aviation terminology and the methods of its translation into Russian, the features of terminology functioning, and the specifics of translation. A scientific and technical text is presented as a communicative unit, a source of replenishment and knowledge exchange between professionals of a certain field of science and technology, a synthesis of the scientific and the technical; both linguistic and extralinguistic factors are considered. Linguists’ points of view regarding the characteristics of scientific and technical texts are taken into account. The goal of this paper is to study the functioning of aviation terminology and the ways of its translation into Russian. A scientific and technical text is considered as the sphere with specific terminological units, and names of processes and phenomena, however, the consistent and logical nature of the presentation of the subject matter in a scientific and technical text does not exclude the presence of such lexical units as neologisms, phraseological units, vocabulary of foreign origin, abbreviations and acronyms. Aviation technologies abbreviations are full-fledged lexical units used as a means to economize linguistic means and as part and parcel of a technical text. The difficulties connected with the stylistic, lexical and syntactic features of the scientific and technical text are associated with the use of passive constructions, inversions typical of the analytical English language. Metaphorical means are identified as a source of terminology, which is proved by the adduced examples. Finding translation solutions when transferring the meanings of aviation terminology, and the selection of the required equivalent is the primary task of a full-fledged translation and an urgent problem of modern translation studies. The main task of the translator, who is not an expert in aviation technologies, when transferring the meanings of the term from English into Russian, is to achieve maximum semantic adequacy in translation. The difficulties encountered by the translator when translating aviation texts containing differently-structured terminological units are considered; the difficulties of translation are attributed to the absence of an equivalent in the translating language and may also be connected with determining the referent for designating the object in question, or may be associated with the syntactic difference between the English (analytical) and the Russian (synthetic) languages. The processing of language material makes it possible to determine the characteristic structural types of terminological units and to identify the most appropriate techniques of translation, such as formal, lexical and grammatical, in order to select the most appropriate equivalent to achieve a full-fledged translation option.

Preclinical evaluation of a protracted GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist: Translational difficulties and pitfalls.

During recent years combining GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonism with the purpose of achieving superior weight loss and metabolic control compared to GLP-1 alone has received much attention. The superior efficacy has been shown by several in preclinical models but has been difficult to reproduce in humans. In this paper, we present the pre-clinical evaluation of NN1177, a long-acting GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist previously tested in clinical trials. To further investigate the contribution from the respective receptors, two other co-agonists (NN1151, NN1359) with different GLP-1-to-glucagon receptor ratios were evaluated in parallel. In the process of characterizing NN1177, species differences and pitfalls in traditional pre-clinical evaluation methods were identified, highlighting the translational challenges in predicting the optimal receptor balance in humans. In diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, NN1177 induced a dose-dependent body weight loss, primarily due to loss of fat mass, and improvement in glucose tolerance. In DIO rats, NN1177 induced a comparable total body weight reduction, which was in contrast mainly caused by loss of lean mass, and glucose tolerance was impaired. Furthermore, despite long half-lives of the three co-agonists, glucose control during steady state was seen to depend on compound exposure at time of evaluation. When evaluated at higher compound exposure, glucose tolerance was similarly improved for all three co-agonists, independent of receptor balance. However, at lower compound exposure, glucose tolerance was gradually impaired with higher glucagon receptor preference. In addition, glucose tolerance was found to depend on study duration where the effect of glucagon on glucose control became more evident with time. To conclude, the pharmacodynamic effects at a given GLP-1-to-glucagon ratio differs between species, depends on compound exposure and study length, complicating the identification of an optimally balanced clinical candidate. The present findings could partly explain the low number of clinical successes for this dual agonism.

Ceramides as Mediators of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Disease.

Ceramides, composed of a sphingosine and a fatty acid, are bioactive lipid molecules involved in many key cellular pathways (e.g., apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation). There is much evidence on the relationship between ceramide species and cardiometabolic disease, especially in relationship with the onset and development of diabetes and acute and chronic coronary artery disease. This review reports available evidence on ceramide structure and generation, and discusses their role in cardiometabolic disease, as well as current translational chances and difficulties for ceramide application in the cardiometabolic clinical settings.

The Presentation of Sound and Color in English Translation of Tang Poetry

As the peak of Chinese literature, Tang poetry is also the magnificent pearl of the world literature treasury. Spreading the brilliant achievements of Tang poetry in the context of globalization is of great significance for shaping a good image of China on the international stage. This article selects the literary giant of the Tang dynasty Wang Wei’s poetry as a representative, from the latest English version of Wang Wei poetry, focus on difficulties of the English translation about sound and color in Wang Wei’s poetry, makes an in-depth analysis of the thinking logic and original meaning reproduction in the translation process, in order to provide theoretical reference for the international dissemination of excellent traditional Chinese culture,and promote the exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations of the world.

Research on the Language Characteristics of Agricultural English and Its Translation Strategies

In recent years, with the continuous advancement of economic globalization, transnational agricultural cooperation has been on rise at a gradual manner, and English plays an important role in it. Based on the increasingly frequent transnational agricultural cooperation and the increasing demand for agricultural English translation, this paper analyzes the linguistic characteristics of agricultural English and the difficulties in agricultural English translation, and puts forward some strategies for agricultural English translation in order to provide reference for agricultural English translation and serve the transnational agricultural cooperation.

Comparability of difficulty levels of translation tasks in CET-6 parallel test forms: evidence from product and process-based data

ABSTRACT This study investigates the comparability of three parallel translation tasks selected from a College English Test Band-6 (CET-6) and explores the major linguistic features contributing to translation difficulty. Data obtained from the participants’ subjective rating, eye-tracking, and performance evaluation were triangulated to measure the comparability of difficulty levels of parallel translation tasks. Data of word translation entropy, translation errors, and participants’ retrospective reports were correlated to examine the difficulty triggers. The results show that: (i) the text comparability was evidenced by eye-tracking indicators and performance measurements, but not supported by subjective ratings; (ii) the domain content words (DCWs) were reported by the participants as the major cause of translation difficulties and the unequal number of DCWs among the three tasks led to inconsistent ratings for the task difficulty. Our findings suggest that test-takers’ subjective perception and their cognitive skills deserve serious consideration by test designers, as these two factors can better demonstrate difficulty levels among parallel tasks. Our study postulates a new direction to establish a relationship between task characteristics and test validity, and provides suggestions for the CET-6 committee and other examination boards with practical methods to be able to compare the difficulty levels of parallel translation tasks.