Translation Dictionaries Research Articles

Broadening the study of morality in multiparty settings through a novel dictionary translation and validation methodology

Broadening the study of morality in multiparty settings through a novel dictionary translation and validation methodology

Wybory translatorskie XIX-wiecznego słownikarza rosyjskiego jako impuls do badań chronologizacyjnych polskiej leksyki zapożyczonej

Fifty-one entries (with the letter M) in the Russian-Polish dictionary of 1877 which were assigned a discussion of the meaning instead of a real translation, e.g. муссон – wjatr periodyczny [a periodic wind], were examined. These were limited to borrowed Russian units which today correspond to Polish borrowed units, e.g. муссон – monsun [monsoon]. The Polish words are the object of the analysis. In order to discover the reason for their omission from the dictionary, evidence of their use in the corpus of historical texts was sought. It was found that 80% of the borrowings (41 units) occurred in texts before 1876, but some of them were not recorded in the dictionaries of the time and perhaps that is why they did not find their way into the translation dictionary. 20% of the material (10 units) is lexis that entered circulation after the dictionary was published.

A REVIEW OF THE DICTIONARY: Olesia Lazarenko, Olga Lehman, Yelyzaveta Fomina, Daryna Razvina. Wörterbuch der Pädagogik Deutsch – Ukrainisch / Ukrainisch – Deutsch. Pedagogical Dictionary of the German – Ukrainian Languages. Herausgeber : Wolfgang Dohrmann. 2023. 186 p.

The review is devoted to the analysis of the dictionary: Olesia Lazarenko, Olha Leman, Yelyzaveta Fomina, Daryna Razvina. Wörterbuch der Pädagogik Deutsch – Ukrainisch / Ukrainisch – Deutsch. Pedagogical Dictionary of the German – Ukrainian Languages. Herausgeber: Wolfgang Dohrmann. 2023. 186 p. The purpose of the dictionary is to help Ukrainian-speaking people (including those who were forced to migrate from Ukraine because of the Russian war against Ukraine) to understand the vocabulary used in German education in various educational institutions, including kindergartens and schools, and thus to facilitate communication. The translation dictionary (German-Ukrainian, Ukrainian-German) consists of two parts (the terms included in them are different) and are selected on the basis of their importance for communication between parents and educators in German institutions. The dictionary selects equivalents or offers interpretations and explanations for terms or lexemes (relevant to professional communication in the field of pedagogy) that do not have equivalents in Ukrainian. In other words, by its very nature, this is a translation dictionary, but in order to understand the realities of German education as accurately as possible, interpretations are offered that make it possible to understand the essence of a particular educational concept. This approach is unconventional, but active, which means that it makes it possible to understand pedagogical concepts that are culturally determined by the specifics of the development of pedagogy in a particular country in the most accessible way. The dictionary covers a variety of materials on educational issues (including the organisation of the educational process, upbringing (personality development), and the protection and promotion of childrenʼs health) and is primarily focused on German realities. The creation of the dictionary was a response to a challenge, the problem of immediate understanding of Ukrainian forced migrants in educational institutions that began to be attended by students from Ukraine. This is the novelty and undoubted practical importance of the reviewed work. Key words: dictionary, pedagogy, German language, Ukrainian language.

ТОЛКОВАНИЕ И ДЕФИНИЦИЯ, КАК ТЕЗА И АНТИТЕЗА

The work is devoted to the assessment of the correspondence of the names of terminological dictionaries to the methods of semantization of the terms presented in them. The study uses a method that denies the synonymy of the terms "explanation" and "definition". The definitional analysis of these terms confirmed the alternative of their use in dictionaries of various purposes. It has been established that explanation as a method of semantization is correctly used in educational translation dictionaries intended for the initial period of study at a university, when the addressee begins to study special disciplines and does not possess the relevant competencies. Such dictionaries can be attributed to the type of "explanatory terminological dictionary". The definition reveals the meaning of the term in dictionaries intended for specialists who are well-versed in the terminology system of their branch of knowledge. Dictionaries of this type can be considered "industry terminological dictionaries". The use of the lexeme "explanatory" in their names is incorrect because it contradicts the method of semantization. Thus, the distinction between explanation and definition should contribute to relevance in the matter of choosing the source of information.

The Translational Force of Words: The Journey of “Come” and “Go” into Arabic

This study delves into the translational challenges Arabic translators face in preserving the dynamism and multifaceted meanings of ‘come’ and ‘go’ phrasal verbs during translation using machine tools. Though existing literature has focused on linguistic and cultural equivalence, the ‘translational force’ of specific words is still under-researched. The aim of this study is to verify the accuracy of the output across tools, and to conclude how effective these applications were in the given language pair. The study adopts a mixed methods approach with a survey used to identify the most frequently used machine tools for translation by 27 learners of Translation Studies at Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. Thereafter, a set of frequently used phrasal verbs in English that use the root verbs ‘come’ and ‘go’ were translated by a convenience sample of 27 final year students of translation as well as by using the popular and free translation tools in the English-Arabic language pair. Results indicated that Saudi students enrolled in translation studies used MateCAT, Google Translate, Reverso to a limited extent, but relied more on online dictionaries for translation to and from English. In addition to this, translation of English phrasal verbs was found to be most accurate in MateCat and there too, accuracy in back translation was found to be more accurate in the case of the phrasal verbs formed with ‘come’ at the root than with ‘go’ verb. Finally, it was found that the translation students preferred ‘soft tools’ like English movies for learning, recall, and use of English phrasal verbs in practice. This study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the concept of "translational force" and its implications for translating dynamic words in the English-Arabic language pair in the realm of machine-based translation tools.

A study on the innovative model of foreign language teaching in universities using big data corpus

This paper aims to explore unsupervised cross-lingual word representation learning methods with the specific task of acquiring a bilingual translation lexicon on a monolingual corpus. Specifically, an unsupervised cross-lingual word representation co-training scheme based on different word embedding models is first designed and outperforms the baseline model. In this paper, we adeptly tackles the obstacles encountered in higher education foreign language teaching and underscores the necessity for inventive teaching methods, and design and implement a linear self-encoder-based principal component acquisition scheme for the interpoint mutual information matrix obtained from a monolingual corpus. And on top of this, a collaborative training scheme based on linear self-encoder for cross-language word representation is designed to improve the learning effect of cross-language word embedding. The results of the study show that the most obvious rise in the pre and post tests of the experimental class in the practical application of the foreign language teaching model based on the method of this paper is the word sense guessing, which rose by 23.12%. Sentence meaning comprehension increased by 23.39%, main idea by 16.61%, factual details by 15.47%, and inferential judgment by 10.28%. Thus, the feasibility of the unsupervised cross-linguistic word representation learning collaborative training method is further verified.

Research of types and current state of machine translation

The background of machine translation dates back to the 1950s when scientists began exploring the use of computers for translation. Motivated by various challenges and needs, such as the high cost of manual translation and cross-cultural communication, machine translation has become a pivotal field. This overview delves into the research background, content, methods, key figures, conclusions, and future prospects of machine translation. It summarizes automatic evaluation metrics, corpus construction, and transfer learning, all of which contribute to enhancing translation performance. Currently, there are three mainstream categories of methods, which include rule-based translation, statistical translation, and neural network-based translation. The rule-based translation method relies on language rules and dictionaries for translation. Statistical machine translation involves the use of extensive bilingual corpora for identification and translation. The conclusion emphasizes the potential of neural machine translation, yet acknowledges challenges in diverse languages, low-resource languages, and specialized terminology.

Leksykalne wykładniki emocji pozytywnych w tekście polskim w porównaniu z rosyjskim przekładem

This article analyses Polish nouns denoting selected positive emotional states in comparison to their equivalents in the Russian text. The factual material was taken from Katarzyna Kołczewska’s book entitled Kto, jak nie ja? and its translation into Russian, and includes sentences containing the above-mentioned nouns and their equivalents from the target text. The conducted analysis allows us to state that the nouns denoting emotions recorded in translation dictionaries, despite the presence of exact equivalents, are translated by means of lexemes modifying their meaning both in the quantitative aspect (by using lexemes indicating emotional states of higher or lower intensity), as well as in the qualitative aspect. In addition, the emotional meaning of selected nouns is conveyed in the target text by means of words referring to other parts of speech, often co-occurring with the main dictionary equivalent. The study has shown that despite the presence of established equivalents in translation dictionaries, the meaning of nouns naming selected positive emotions is conveyed in different ways in the Russian translation text. The presented repertoire of textual equivalents is by no means complete and final. The study concludes that the repertoire remains open, and textual realizations are not always consistent with the equivalents proposed by the dictionary.

A Comparative Analysis of Cultural Terms in Arabic-Javanese Religious Texts Through the Lens of al-Hikam Aphorisms Translation

Local wisdom stood as a cornerstone of Indonesia's cultural richness. Regrettably, this invaluable asset, particularly in the form of "translation products," was overlooked and underappreciated. Despite Indonesia boasting a substantial collection of Arabic religious texts translated into Javanese, utilizing the pegon script, these Arabic-Javanese texts demanded preservation, scholarly exploration, and development grounded in specific theoretical frameworks. This research undertook a comparative analysis of "cultural terms" within religious texts, focusing on al-Hikam aphorisms translated from Arabic (L1) into both Indonesian and Javanese (L2). The primary objective was to dissect and analyze the local wisdom and Islamic Sufism moral values embedded in al-Hikam aphorisms through translation. The study drew on translations of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from carefully selected sources related to cultural terms, including books and various Arabic-Javanese translation dictionaries. Employing a purposive sampling method, data collection followed a meticulous process. Qualitative data analysis unfolded through four pivotal stages: (1) domain analysis, (2) taxonomy analysis, (3) componential analysis, and (4) cultural theme analysis. The findings, gleaned from lexicography study and semantic analysis of translation, revealed the existence of two translation ideologies shaping cultural terms in Arabic-Javanese religious texts: domestication ideology and foreignization ideology. This research underscored that translation products were inseparable from the ideological dimensions of foreignization and domestication. Foreignization endeavored to assimilate source language elements into the target language, while domestication integrated original components with local elements. This research contributed to a deeper understanding of how foreignization and domestication shaped the depiction of local wisdom in Arabic-Javanese religious texts.

Лемматизация как средство оптимизации макроструктуры электронного словаря

The paper is aimed at identifying the ways of the optimization of the process of user lemmatization in an electronic translation dictionary. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyze the procedure of lemmatization executed by the software of an electronic dictionary from the standpoint of the functional theory of lexicography. The paper provides a lexicographic analysis of a user’s operations and possible mistakes, including spelling, in the process of lemmatization when accessing the corpus of a translation dictionary. The author examines the solutions offered by the compilers of printed dictionaries and proves that an increase in the volume of a dictionary corpus complicates the lemmatization procedure and forces the compiler to rely on a user’s knowledge; analyzes the problems arising in the lexicographic situation when a user perceives information by ear and then creates a search query for an electronic dictionary; determines the role of context in the selection of a translation equivalent when consulting a dictionary; suggests using voice input, speech recognition and spellchecking as means to satisfy communicative and cognitive needs of a dictionary user. As a result, the study proves that automation of the lemmatization procedure and integration of context analysis tools into the electronic dictionary software (for example, spellcheckers used in text editors) increase the efficiency of a user’s consultation with an electronic dictionary.

Репрезентация военного термина и его переводных эквивалентов в англо-русских онлайн-словарях

The study aims to identify the potential of English-Russian dictionaries in the selection of translation equivalents as exemplified by the English military terms used to denote the main types of weapons and military vehicles. The authors refine U Heid’s algorithm of access to an e-dictionary and apply it to the analysis of three online translation dictionaries (Cambridge Dictionary, Multitran and Lingvo Live) in the situation of selecting translation equivalents to the military terms that denote main types of weapons and military equipment used by the US and NATO armed forces. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors for the first time conduct a comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the situation of selecting a translation equivalent to a special (military) term. As a result of analysing the representation of military terminology in English-Russian online dictionaries, the authors prove that Multitran is superior to Lingvo Live and the Cambridge Dictionary in the selection of translation equivalents to military terms, substantiate the importance of a user’s participation in the process of expanding and editing an online dictionary corpus, reveal drawbacks of online dictionaries and provide practical recommendations for the optimisation of an e-dictionary.

IDIOM БОГЪ ВѢСТЬ/ВEДАЕТ/ЗНАЕТ I BOG ZNA U RUSKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU

The subject of this article is the idiom БОГЪ ВѢСТЪ / ВЕДАЕТ/ ЗНАЕТ, that is, БОГЪ ВѢСТЪ / Bog zna in Russian and Serbian. In the first chapter, which deals with the origin and genesis of the expression, the evidence of its biblical origin is given, while the process of its development as a phrase, its course and the reasons for the emergence of a new meaning of the idiom in communicative use are explained. The second chapter provides an analysis of the idiom from a paradigmatic aspect. Its lexical, morphological and stylistic variants are analyzed. The third chapter deals with the status of the idiom черт/бес/леший ЗНАЕТ in the Russian language, i.e., джବ¬vo zna (will znati, bi znao) in Serbian and its relationship to the idiom Бог весть/ ведает/ знает, that is, God knows. Descriptive, phraseological - monolingual and translation dictionaries - both contemporary and historical - were used as the basic corpus in the research. As an additional corpus, we used our own file created on the basis of excerpts of examples from literary and artistic works and epic poetry. The National Corpus of the Russian Language (NKRJ) served us as a basic check of the functioning of idioms in context. The application of the diachronic, contrastive and descriptive method on the aforementioned corpus was aimed at discovering the origin and genesis of the idiom highlighted in the title. The semantics of the expression Бог весть/ знает is identical to the semantics of the idiom черт знает, with the same syntactic structure, which unequivocally proves that it is an idiom of a structural-semantic model, but, on the other hand, despite the fact that both idioms have an identical global meaning, in the key component of the expression Бог i черт (God and the Devil) are made distinct, and are actualized today in the process of communication despite the phrasing of the meaning of the original expression. It is precisely this transparent internal form that causes a double actualization of the idiom in use and which means that the mentioned idioms in a specific context usually differ in their connotative value. Ta The different connotations of the idioms Бог знает and черт знает were created as a set of expressive (metaphorical and evaluative) elements related to the key components of the idiom, i.e. God or the Devil, The analysis of numerous examples of the contextual use of the two idioms in our literature confirms that apart from the meaning of uncertainty or doubt, which they have in common, they clearly also differ from each other in the connotative sphere. The idiom Бог знает (God knows) is used predominantly in situations that are accompanied by, if not positive, then at least neutral pragmatic content, while черт знает (the Devil knows) give rise to uncertainties and ambiguities, but often also expresses anger, displeasure, resignation or even rage. This type of differentiated relationship between the idiom and the component theonym and demonym can also be applied to the similar idioms used in Serbian.

Роль несобственно лексикографической ситуации в развитии функциональной теории лексикографии (на примере специализированных словарей в ситуации обучения военному английскому языку)

The research aims to identify the features of the military sublanguage in the system of the English language from the perspective of the functional theory of lexicography and determine the role of a user learning military English and a non-lexicographic situation created by him when compiling dictionaries. The paper reveals the tasks of theoretical lexicography under a non-lexicographic situation (the study of military English and military translation) and dwells on the needs of a specialized dictionary user that arise in such a situation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first to determine the influence of a specific user type and a non-lexicographic situation he creates (the study of military English and military translation) on the process of compiling a military translation dictionary, including e-dictionaries. As a result, it was substantiated that the functional theory of lexicography should be developed through the analysis of corpora-related situations (including non-lexicographic situations linked to teaching a foreign language for specific purposes). The author proves the need to create e-dictionaries for military translation, whose corpora will be based on the texts that take into account students’ communication-oriented and cognitive-oriented needs.

ANALYSIS OF WORD SEARCH ALGORITHMS IN THE DICTIONARIES OF MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS FOR ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES

The paper is devoted to the development of an organizational model of the machine translation system of artificial languages. The main goal is the analysis of word search algorithms in the dictionary, which are significant elements of the developed machine translation system at the stage of improvement of new dictionaries created on the basis of already existing dictionaries. In the course of the work was developed a model of the machine translation system, created dictionaries based on texts and based on already existing dictionaries using augmentation methods such as back translation and crossover; improved dictionary based on algorithms of n-grams, Knuth-Morris-Pratt and word search in the text (such as binary search, tree search, root decomposition search). In addition, the work implements the possibility of using the prepared dictionary for translation. The obtained results can improve existing systems of machine translation of the text of artificial languages. Namely, to reduce the operating time by approximately 20 times when switching from the balanced tree algorithm to other logarithmic algorithms. The practical significance of this work is the analysis and improvement of text augmentation algorithms using algorithms of binary search, hashes, search tree, and root decomposition.

The Relationship Between Dowry And Education: The Practice Of Giving Dowry In Padang Sidempuan

The research problem is the influence of women's education on marriage dowries in the city of Padang Sidimpuan. Giving dowry is mandatory in marriage while education is experience in studying in formal educational institutions so giving dowry based on education is a practice in society in giving marriage dowries. Articles 30 and 33 state that the determination of the dowry must be made by both parties and must be made in cash, but in a state of debt at the time after the contract, it does not cancel the marriage. The research methodology used is qualitative field research, namely research conducted by collecting primary and secondary data on the phenomenon that is happening directly. this research which becomes the primary data is data obtained directly from the research subject. Primary data is the influence of education in determining the dowry and public opinion on the matter in Padang Sidimpuan. Primary legal materials are the Al-Qur’an and Hadist, Book translation dictionary. Furthermore, data collections techniques were carried out by interview, observation, and documentation. The result of this study are, firstly Education is indeed the determinant of dowry in marriages in the city of Padang Sidempuan, this is supported by several factors such as the request of the prospective wife, and secondly, the dowry given is a form of honoring the wife.

О специфике и принципах построения Лезгинско-Русского словаря нового поколения

The article highlights the results of the development of principles for the presentation of vocabulary material in the new Lezginsky-Russian dictionary. This dictionary is an academic type dictionary and is part of a series of second-generation translation and explanatory dictionaries. The dictionary serves as a reference book about the meanings, grammatical features, communicative possibilities of the words of the modern Lezgian language. This is a fundamentally new experience of collecting and systematizing the vocabulary of the Lezgian language, associated with solving the issues of designing dictionary entries and developing word meanings. The new edition of the dictionary differs significantly from the previous one both in the volume and structure of each dictionary entry, which is supplemented with new lexemes, meanings and expressions that have enriched the Lezgian language over the past decades. The development of theoretical issues of Lezgian (Dagestan) lexicography is important for its further development.

LEGAL TERMINOLOGY TRANSLATION IN THE TRAINING OF LAW STUDENTS: DIFFICULTIES

The article presents certain difficulties in translating legal terms in training future lawyers. The translation of legal terminology is a comprehensive process that involves knowledge of grammar, common and legal vocabulary, words and phrases of Latin origin, and others. Definitions of «legal terminology», «legal term» and «legal translation» are highlighted. It is stated that legal translation requires a translator’s awareness of the laws, culture, history, national traditions of the source language and the target language in order to reproduce the source information of the target language adequately and fully. The importance of translation dictionaries of legal terminology is emphasized. It is highlighted that information in the third edition of «Documents of the Consultative Council of European Judges» is available in English and Ukrainian. The educational tutorial “Comparative Judicial Law” in the Ukrainian language, which contains information for a full understanding of the judicial system for translating terms has been analyzed. The difficulties of rendering words of Latin origin, passive voice, and clichés are analyzed on the basis of the court case «Francisco Cunanan Pamintuan, Petitioner v. Department of the Navy». It should be remembered that Latin words and phrases are often not translated. The court-presented examples may be used without modification, however, it is advisable to explain or translate them when using them in foreign language classes. One has revealed the methods of translation of legal terms-realities, which are non-equivalent lexical units, as it is difficult to reflect the national identity of a certain country and to find an equivalent that conveys stylistic and semantic nuances in the text of the source language. It has been made clear how important it is to understand the laws, customs, and culture of both one’s own country and the native speaker’s country. It is emphasized that lawyers who work with foreign clients or help Ukrainians who have partners abroad must understand linguistic problems and know legal terms in the process of communication. It is noted that a promising area for the education of law students is the compilation of explanatory and translation dictionaries, which will also help to further lexicography.

REGARDING THE PROBLEM OF PSEUDO-ENGLICISMS ON THE BACKGROUND OF LANGUAGE FOREIGNIZATION

The article reveals the problem of unmotivated English borrowings, in particular, their subgroups, which, given the etymology, are treated as pseudo-anglicisms. The lexico-semantic context of pseudo-anglicisms – anglo-latinism donat and anglo-greekism hype – is revealed against the socio-cultural background of the language-source and specific Ukrainian equivalents are proposed as an actualization of Ukrainian linguistic thinking. Taking into account the different degree of lexico-semantic assimilation, the anglicisms (or pseudo-anglicisms) involved in the analysis are grouped into three categories: barbarization, assimilated borrowing, persononomination: Barbarization is a borrowing with an existing and unattracted equivalent in translation dictionaries, as well as with a new specific equivalent, its search and approbation (64.6%): аб’юз – насильство, аутфіт – стрій, афіліація – належність (abuse – violence, outfit – clothing, affiliation – belonging). Assimilated borrowing – the possibility of replenishing the synonymous series through shades in meaning and the nomination of a new concept in the receiving language (16.2%): офшор – безподаткова територія, тренд – напрям, мода, тенденція, футбол – копаний м’яч (offshore – tax-free territory; trend – direction, fashion, tendency; football – kicked ball). Persononomination – is a newly created term by an author in the English language (and at the same time new realia in the receiving language), i.e., persononomena (19.2%). Such lexemes have their specific authors and the author’s motivation for naming: блог – щоденник, журнал, гендер – соціостать, лайфхак – навід, порада, підказка (blog – diary, magazine; gender – social class; life hack – hint, advice, tip). The percentage ratio, in particular the largest number of borrowings at the level of barbarization (64.6%), assimilated borrowings to a lesser extent (16.2%) and only 19.2% of persononomena due to the lack of corresponding concept or realia in the receiving language, testifies about a very low level of attracting the resources of the receiving language and the unconditional admiration of Ukrainians for someone else’s unmotivated vocabulary. Any borrowings in the language should be interpreted through the prism of the national principle, which consists in the constant actualization of one’s own capabilities, which open up to the Ukrainian language a continuous path to renewal and enrichment.

From semantic weight to legal ontology via classification of concepts in legal texts

ABSTRACT A difficulty with legal vocabulary is that concepts in different legal systems map imperfectly to each other, particularly from common law systems where classification is often unclear or convoluted to codified civil systems. Even within the English language domain there are numerous legal systems where concepts differ, e.g. between Scotland and England. This causes significant problems for students’, especially foreign language students’, reading comprehension and developing understanding of legal lexis where translation dictionaries, while they may be efficient, are imperfect. This article sets out a classification approach to reading and English language legal concept deep understanding rooted in theories from education and cognitive linguistics, in particular Categories and Prototypes, Schema theory, and Legitimation Code Theory (LCT). I have used the approach successfully for some years with international students studying law in Scotland, assisting their reading of textbooks and especially journal articles while building domain knowledge. The application of the strategy is presented in the context of research on the adoption of reading strategies which finds that adoption is influenced by awareness of the complexity of the concepts in the text, complexity of the strategy, and by how much particular strategies are seen as a valid method in legal study.

Linguistic features of communication in Ukrainian

The establishment of the language in the country should occur under conditions providing relevant linguistic support for this process, as well as proper legal support, for which unique instructional techniques for communication should be used. In Ukraine, in-depth contrastive studies of contact languages are used to successfully implement this process. Contrastive vocabulary dictionaries are created. Interpretive and translation dictionaries are being improved, including both general language and specialized ones. Along with this, special dictionaries are also being expanded due to units illustrating the grammatical properties of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the academic paper is to systematize information regarding studying issues in the scientific literature related to the linguistic features of the communication process in the Ukrainian language, as well as to clarify their most significant practical aspects. Analytical-bibliographical, systemic-structural, comparative, logical- linguistic methods, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction were used in the course of the research to study scientific literature on issues related to the Ukrainian language’s linguistic features. At the same time, a questionnaire was used to practically clarify certain aspects of communication in Ukrainian from the perspective of its linguistic characteristics. Based on the research results, the theoretical fundamentals, concepts and main trends in the linguistic field were studied, as well as the survey results on the linguistic aspects of the communication process in the Ukrainian language were discussed.