Translational Activity Research Articles

UKRAINIAN EPISTOLARY HERITAGE AS A MATERIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGNERS’ WRITING SKILLS: LETTERS OF LESIA UKRAINKA

The paper deals with writing as a type of speech activity in terms of linguodidactics. The purpose of the study is to highlight Lesya Ukrainka’s epistolary heritage as a material for developing the writing skills of foreigners learning Ukrainian. The choice of material is due to a number of factors, including the outstanding figure of Lesya Ukrainka, her powerful epistolary talent, multilingualism, the artist’s cultural and translation activities. The free access to the letters on the website of the publication, where spelling and punctuation are presented per the norms of modern spelling, makes it possible to use these texts in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language. Although the use of Lesya Ukrainka’s texts as teaching material for foreign language students already has a good tradition, her epistolary heritage is only beginning to attract the interest of teachers of Ukrainian as a foreign language. The paper focuses on theoretical and practical recommendations for developing writing skills in a foreign audience. The paper highlights the place of writing Ukrainian letters in the methodology of teaching the language as a foreign language. It outlines the materials and tasks for foreigners to develop their skills in writing friendly and business letters in Ukrainian. The paper emphasizes the importance of the preparatory stage, which includes a set of tasks for working on the forms of the vocative case, formulas of address, greetings, farewells, expressions of gratitude, etc. Special attention is paid to the structure of a letter in the Ukrainian language. It has been proved that working with Lesya Ukrainka’s letters can effectively develop writing skills. The article presents language materials and a list of tasks for different levels of Ukrainian language proficiency that students can do based on Lesya Ukrainka’s letters. Such tasks will help foreigners develop their writing skills, improve their knowledge of the Ukrainian language, and contribute to the formation of socio-cultural competence. Key words: Ukrainian as a foreign language, writing as a type of speech activity, epistolary, letter, Lesya Ukrainka.

Revisiting translation as a method in language teaching and learning

Abstract This article begins by defining translation and discussing its use in language education. It then presents a case study of an EFL listening and speaking course taught at a Chinese university that incorporates communicative translation activities, including vocabulary exercises, group presentations, and role-playing. The article concludes by reflecting on the experience of teaching the course and the lessons learnt. It aims to foster a deeper understanding of the relationship between translation and language teaching/learning and to suggest practical applications of this understanding for teachers in diverse educational settings.

The transcriptome of acute dehydration in myeloid leukemic cells.

Human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60/S4) exposed to hyperosmotic stress with sucrose undergo dehydration and cell shrinkage. Interphase chromatin and mitotic chromosomes congeal, exhibiting altered phase separation (demixing) of chromatin proteins. To investigate changes in the transcriptome, we exposed HL-60/S4 cells to hyperosmotic sucrose stress (~600 milliOsmolar) for 30 and 60 minutes. We employed RNA-Seq of polyA mRNA to identify genes with increased or decreased transcript levels relative to untreated control cells (i.e., differential gene expression). These genes were examined for over-representation of Gene Ontology (GO) terms. In stressed cells, multiple GO terms associated with transcription, translation, mitochondrial function and proteosome activity, as well as "replication-dependent histones", were over-represented among genes with increased transcript levels; whereas, genes with decreased transcript levels were over-represented with transcription repressors. The transcriptome profiles of hyperosmotically-stressed cells suggest acquisition of cellular rebuilding, a futile homeostatic response, as these cells are ultimately doomed to a dehydrated death.

PGC-1α/LDHA signaling facilitates glycolysis initiation to regulate mechanically induced bone remodeling under inflammatory microenvironment

The mechanosensitivity of inflammation can alter cellular mechanotransduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the metabolic mechanism of inflammation under mechanical force to guide tissue remodeling better. Herein, we found that inflammation hindered bone remodeling under mechanical force, accompanied by a simultaneous enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis. The control of metabolism direction through GNE-140 and Visomitin revealed that enhanced glycolysis might act as a compensatory mechanism to resist OXPHOS-induced osteoclastogenesis by promoting osteogenesis. The inhibited osteogenesis induced by inflammatory mechanical stimuli was concomitant with a reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). PGC-1α knockdown impeded osteogenesis under mechanical force and facilitated osteoclastogenesis by enhancing OXPHOS. Conversely, PGC-1α overexpression attenuated the impairment of bone remodeling by inflammatory mechanical signals through promoting glycolysis. This process benefited from the PGC-1α regulation on the transcriptional and translational activity of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and the tight control of the extracellular acidic environment. Additionally, the increased binding between PGC-1α and LDHA proteins might contribute to the glycolysis promotion within the inflammatory mechanical environment. Notably, LDHA suppression effectively eliminated the bone repair effect mediated by PGC-1α overexpression within inflammatory mechanical environments. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a novel molecular mechanism illustrating how inflammation orchestrated glucose metabolism through glycolysis and OXPHOS to affect mechanically induced bone remodeling.

HuR facilitates miR-93-5p-induced activation of MAP3K2 translation via MAP3K2 3′UTR ARE2 in hepatocellular carcinoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can positively regulate gene expression through an unconventional RNA activation mechanism involving direct targeting 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Our prior study found miR-93-5p activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via its 3′UTR. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we identified two candidate AU-rich element (ARE) motifs (ARE1 and ARE2) adjacent to the miR-93-5p binding site located within the MAP3K2 3′UTR using AREsite2. Luciferase reporter and translation assays validated that only ARE2 participated in MAP3K2 activation. Integrative analysis revealed that human antigen R (HuR), an ARE2-associated RNA-binding protein (RBP), physically and functionally interacted with the MAP3K2 3′UTR. Consequently, an HuR-ARE2 complex was shown to facilitate miR-93-5p-mediated upregulation of MAP3K2 expression. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and studies of HCC cells and specimens highlighted an oncogenic role for HuR and positive HuR-MAP3K2 expression correlation. HuR is also an enhancing factor in the positive feedback circuit comprising miR-93-5p, MAP3K2, and c-Jun demonstrated in our prior study. The newly identified HuR-ARE2 involvement enriches the mechanism of miR-93-5p-driven MAP3K2 activation and suggests new therapeutic strategies warranted for exploration in HCC.

EIF4A1 enhances LARP1-mediated translational repression during mTORC1 inhibition.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4A-a DEAD-box RNA-binding protein-plays an essential role in translation initiation. Recent reports have suggested helicase-dependent and helicase-independent functions for eIF4A, but the multifaceted roles of eIF4A have not been fully explored. Here we show that eIF4A1 enhances translational repression during the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), an essential kinase complex controlling cell proliferation. RNA pulldown followed by sequencing revealed that eIF4A1 preferentially binds to mRNAs containing terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs, whose translation is rapidly repressed upon mTORC1 inhibition. This selective interaction depends on a La-related RNA-binding protein, LARP1. Ribosome profiling revealed that deletion of EIF4A1 attenuated the translational repression of TOP mRNAs upon mTORC1 inactivation. Moreover, eIF4A1 increases the interaction between TOP mRNAs and LARP1 and, thus, ensures stronger translational repression upon mTORC1 inhibition. Our data show the multimodality of eIF4A1 in modulating protein synthesis through an inhibitory binding partner and provide a unique example of the repressive role of a universal translational activator.

Structured and disordered regions of Ataxin-2 contribute differently to the specificity and efficiency of mRNP granule formation.

Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) is a gene implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia type II (SCA2), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinsonism. The encoded protein is a therapeutic target for ALS and related conditions. ATXN2 (or Atx2 in insects) can function in translational activation, translational repression, mRNA stability and in the assembly of mRNP-granules, a process mediated by intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Previous work has shown that the LSm (Like-Sm) domain of Atx2, which can help stimulate mRNA translation, antagonizes mRNP-granule assembly. Here we advance these findings through a series of experiments on Drosophila and human Ataxin-2 proteins. Results of Targets of RNA Binding Proteins Identified by Editing (TRIBE), co-localization and immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that a polyA-binding protein (PABP) interacting, PAM2 motif of Ataxin-2 may be a major determinant of the mRNA and protein content of Ataxin-2 mRNP granules. Experiments with transgenic Drosophila indicate that while the Atx2-LSm domain may protect against neurodegeneration, structured PAM2- and unstructured IDR- interactions both support Atx2-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, the data lead to a proposal for how Ataxin-2 interactions are remodelled during translational control and how structured and non-structured interactions contribute differently to the specificity and efficiency of RNP granule condensation as well as to neurodegeneration.

Participatory translation and anti‐racism in NGO development work: A method of co‐producing translations with community members

AbstractMotivationThis article argues that the NGO sector should prioritize translation as an anti‐racist practice because failing to tackle colonial language hierarchies replicates historic power structures. Aligned with the locally led approach to development, the article responds to calls for more research into the role of translation in shaping development outcomes, and answers direct appeals from NGO practitioners for translation glossaries in different languages to improve communication between development actors.PurposeWe introduce a new participatory method for co‐producing translations of terms that community members deem important for their visions of “development” and social change. We contend that participatory translation fosters an anti‐racist approach to knowledge production by centring communities in the construction of meaning, which may encompass language and concepts outside the international development lexicon.Approach and methodsThe study was based on the principles of community‐based participatory research, and an Advisory Board of community members was instrumental in its design. The draft of the glossary was produced in two three‐day participatory workshops in Lilongwe and Zomba, Malawi. These were attended by 36 people representing potential user groups of the glossary.FindingsThe workshop participants created 385 translations of development terms, including 70 translations that are not listed in the Oxford Chichewa–English Dictionary. They also engaged in critically reflective discussions that challenged dominant discourses of development. We argue that participatory translation is a tool to transcend the language barrier in a way that simultaneously subverts conventional power hierarchies and offers access to different ways of understanding the world.Policy implicationsNGOs in different linguistic and geographical contexts could adopt participatory translation activities in the early stages of forming relationships with communities and local partners to build trust and common understanding. In line with an anti‐racist approach, this would help to combat systemic linguistic exclusion, which exacerbates other forms of disadvantage.

Distinct calcium sources regulate temporal profiles of NMDAR and mGluR-mediated protein synthesis.

Calcium signaling is integral for neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. We demonstrate that the calcium response generated by different sources modulates neuronal activity-mediated protein synthesis, another process essential for synaptic plasticity. Stimulation of NMDARs generates a protein synthesis response involving three phases-increased translation inhibition, followed by a decrease in translation inhibition, and increased translation activation. We show that these phases are linked to NMDAR-mediated calcium response. Calcium influx through NMDARs elicits increased translation inhibition, which is necessary for the successive phases. Calcium through L-VGCCs acts as a switch from translation inhibition to the activation phase. NMDAR-mediated translation activation requires the contribution of L-VGCCs, RyRs, and SOCE. Furthermore, we show that IP3-mediated calcium release and SOCE are essential for mGluR-mediated translation up-regulation. Finally, we signify the relevance of our findings in the context of Alzheimer's disease. Using neurons derived from human fAD iPSCs and transgenic AD mice, we demonstrate the dysregulation of NMDAR-mediated calcium and translation response. Our study highlights the complex interplay between calcium signaling and protein synthesis, and its implications in neurodegeneration.

FTO blocks RNA translational activity via the loss of N6-methyladenosine methylation at 5' UTR regulated by RBM5 in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation has been widely regarded in numerous biological functions including CR. Nonetheless, the molecular process of m6A methylation behind CR in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has no apparent significance. We identified in this study that the expression of FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (FTO) was downregulated in CR NSCLC tissues and cells in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, RIP-seq indicated that loss of FTO contributed to the elevated m6A methylation at 5'-untranslated region of RNAs which were closely connected with tumor resistance and malignancy, and FTO exerted to exclude the recruitment of eIF3A to these target genes in CR NSCLC. Moreover, FTO-enriched transcripts displayed a reduced translational capability in CR NSCLC compared to the regular NSCLC cells. Finally, we also identified RNA binding motif protein 5 (RBM5) that could specially interact with FTO in regular NSCLC compared to CR NSCLC. Deficiency of RBM5 resulted in the abnormal recognition of transcripts by FTO, and led to the translation silencing of genes associated with CR such as ATP7A, ERCC1, CD99, CDKN3, XRCC5, and NOL3. Taken together, our data characterized FTO as a novel translation regulator and revealed the molecular mechanism on gene translation through the synergistic effects with RBM5 and m6A methylation in CR NSCLC cells.

Corrigendum to: Healing Right Way randomised control trial enhancing rehabilitation services for Aboriginal people with brain injury in Western Australia: translation principles and activities.

Corrigendum to: Healing Right Way randomised control trial enhancing rehabilitation services for Aboriginal people with brain injury in Western Australia: translation principles and activities.

The physical and evolutionary energy landscapes of devolved protein sequences corresponding to pseudogenes

Protein evolution is guided by structural, functional, and dynamical constraints ensuring organismal viability. Pseudogenes are genomic sequences identified in many eukaryotes that lack translational activity due to sequence degradation and thus over time have undergone "devolution." Previously pseudogenized genes sometimes regain their protein-coding function, suggesting they may still encode robust folding energy landscapes despite multiple mutations. We study both the physical folding landscapes of protein sequences corresponding to human pseudogenes using the Associative Memory, Water Mediated, Structure and Energy Model, and the evolutionary energy landscapes obtained using direct coupling analysis (DCA) on their parent protein families. We found that generally mutations that have occurred in pseudogene sequences have disrupted their native global network of stabilizing residue interactions, making it harder for them to fold if they were translated. In some cases, however, energetic frustration has apparently decreased when the functional constraints were removed. We analyzed this unexpected situation for Cyclophilin A, Profilin-1, and Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier 2 Protein. Our analysis reveals that when such mutations in the pseudogene ultimately stabilize folding, at the same time, they likely alter the pseudogenes' former biological activity, as estimated by DCA. We localize most of these stabilizing mutations generally to normally frustrated regions required for binding to other partners.

The state of play for contact training and coaching in women's rugby

AbstractThis article aims to review and comment upon the current “state of play” for research around contact and tackle training in women's rugby, covering tackle injury risk, match contact demands, players' experiences of contact coaching and contact skill preparation. In women's rugby, the tackle is the most common match technical‐physical contest, accounting for around two‐thirds of all injuries and carrying the greatest injury burden. Players' experience and technical abilities are key determinants of tackle safety and performance. Despite this, there is limited research available that connects insight into women's rugby contact demands with the how and why of effective tackle and contact training and coaching in context. This review suggests that adapting and adopting progressive tackle skill training frameworks and gender‐responsive coaching practices can aid tackle skill learning in women's rugby. Creative transdisciplinary research and more effective translation and implementation activities that take place within the vibrant and growing context of women's rugby can enhance science and safety whilst working as a medium for social change.

Loss of Conserved rRNA Modifications in the Peptidyl Transferase Center Leads to Diminished Protein Synthesis and Cell Growth in Budding Yeast.

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are extensively modified during the transcription and subsequent maturation. Three types of modifications, 2'-O-methylation of ribose moiety, pseudouridylation, and base modifications, are introduced either by a snoRNA-driven mechanism or by stand-alone enzymes. Modified nucleotides are clustered at the functionally important sites, including peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Therefore, it has been hypothesised that the modified nucleotides play an important role in ensuring the functionality of the ribosome. In this study, we demonstrate that seven 25S rRNA modifications, including four evolutionarily conserved modifications, in the proximity of PTC can be simultaneously depleted without loss of cell viability. Yeast mutants lacking three snoRNA genes (snR34, snR52, and snR65) and/or expressing enzymatically inactive variants of spb1(D52A/E679K) and nop2(C424A/C478A) were constructed. The results show that rRNA modifications in PTC contribute collectively to efficient translation in eukaryotic cells. The deficiency of seven modified nucleotides in 25S rRNA resulted in reduced cell growth, cold sensitivity, decreased translation levels, and hyperaccurate translation, as indicated by the reduced missense and nonsense suppression. The modification m5C2870 is crucial in the absence of the other six modified nucleotides. Thus, the pattern of rRNA-modified nucleotides around the PTC is essential for optimal ribosomal translational activity and translational fidelity.

Создание культурно-переводческого продукта для международной коммуникации

International communication is conditioned by modern features of social and cultural context of different regional cultures in the world. The focus of the study is to apply a culture-oriented approach to translation in order for international translators to create their own cultural and translation product for effective English-language communication. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to create on a cultural basis an advanced method of designing a cultural and translation product for the adequate transfer of linguocultural units meaning, consideration of translation text hermeneutics for international communication. The research aims at describing the technology of cultural translation to create a cultural and translation product. The paper presents a three-stage system of work on its creation, features of culture-oriented translation in international communication. The research materials are the results of the Interpreters’ Club translation and research activities at the Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University. Research methods are culture-oriented and organizational-activity approaches to analyze translation activities. The author presents the main results of the research in the form of the developed three stages method. She draws conclusions on the meaningful conduct of intellectual translation activities and outlines the need for special training for translators and interpreters to create their own cultural and translation product for efficient professional international communication

Stable Isotope Probing-nanoFTIR for Quantitation of Cellular Metabolism and Observation of Growth-Dependent Spectral Features.

This study utilizes nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (nanoFTIR) to perform stable isotope probing (SIP) on individual bacteria cells cultured in the presence of 13C-labelled glucose. SIP-nanoFTIR simultaneously quantifies single-cell metabolism through infrared spectroscopy and acquires cellular morphological information via atomic force microscopy. The redshift of the amide I peak corresponds to the isotopic enrichment of newly synthesized proteins. These observations of single-cell translational activity are comparable to those of conventional methods, examining bulk cell numbers. Observing cells cultured under conditions of limited carbon, SIP- nanoFTIR is used to identify environmentally-induced changes in metabolic heterogeneity and cellular morphology. Individuals outcompeting their neighboring cells will likely play a disproportionately large role in shaping population dynamics during adverse conditions or environmental fluctuations. Additionally, SIP-nanoFTIR enables the spectroscopic differentiation of specific cellular growth phases. During cellular replication, subcellular isotope distribution becomes more homogenous, which is reflected in the spectroscopic features dependent on the extent of 13C-13C mode coupling or to specific isotopic symmetries within protein secondary structures. As SIP-nanoFTIR captures single-cell metabolism, environmentally-induced cellular processes, and subcellular isotope localization, this technique offers widespread applications across a variety of disciplines including microbial ecology, biophysics, biopharmaceuticals, medicinal science, and cancer research.

A novel reporter for helicase activity in translation uncovers DDX3X interactions.

DDX3X regulates the translation of a subset of human transcripts containing complex 5' untranslated regions (5' UTRs). In this study, we developed the helicase activity reporter for translation (HART), which uses DDX3X-sensitive 5' UTRs to measure DDX3X-mediated translational activity in cells. To directly measure RNA structure in DDX3X-dependent mRNAs, we used SHAPE-MaP to determine the secondary structures present in DDX3X-sensitive 5' UTRs and then used HART to investigate how sequence alterations influence DDX3X sensitivity. Additionally, we identified residues 38-44 as potential mediators of DDX3X's interaction with the translational machinery. HART revealed that both DDX3X's association with the translational machinery and its helicase activity are required for its function in promoting the translation of DDX3X-sensitive 5' UTRs. These findings suggest DDX3X plays a crucial role in regulating translation through its interaction with the translational machinery during ribosome scanning and establish the HART reporter as a robust, lentivirally encoded, colorimetric measurement of DDX3X-dependent translation in cells.

Comparative transcriptomics analysis reveals defense mechanisms of Manihot esculenta Crantz against Sri Lanka Cassava MosaicVirus

BackgroundCassava mosaic disease (CMD), caused by Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) infection, has been identified as a major pernicious disease in Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) plantations. It is widespread in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand, which is one of the main cassava supplier countries. With the aim of restricting the spread of SLCMV, we explored the gene expression of a tolerant cassava cultivar vs. a susceptible cassava cultivar from the perspective of transcriptional regulation and the mechanisms underlying plant immunity and adaptation.ResultsTranscriptomic analysis of SLCMV-infected tolerant (Kasetsart 50 [KU 50]) and susceptible (Rayong 11 [R 11]) cultivars at three infection stages—that is, at 21 days post-inoculation (dpi) (early/asymptomatic), 32 dpi (middle/recovery), and 67 dpi (late infection/late recovery)—identified 55,699 expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SLCMV-infected KU 50 and R 11 cultivars at (i) 21 dpi to 32 dpi (the early to middle stage), and (ii) 32 dpi to 67 dpi (the middle stage to late stage) were then identified and validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). DEGs among different infection stages represent genes that respond to and regulate the viral infection during specific stages. The transcriptomic comparison between the tolerant and susceptible cultivars highlighted the role of gene expression regulation in tolerant and susceptible phenotypes.ConclusionsThis study identified genes involved in epigenetic modification, transcription and transcription factor activities, plant defense and oxidative stress response, gene expression, hormone- and metabolite-related pathways, and translation and translational initiation activities, particularly in KU 50 which represented the tolerant cultivar in this study.

CHALLENGES AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN TRANSLATING LEGAL AND TECHNICAL TEXTS IN THE FOOD PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

Translating scientific and technical literature in the field of engineering and technology for the food industry is both challenging and intriguing, much like any translation work in scientific and technical domains. This area has distinct characteristics that set it apart. Practical experience with food product features and their verbal representation through taster's perception of a property involves individual professional experience and knowledge of analysis methodology, alongside unique complex compromise. This compromise stems from terms used in sensory analysis suggests that each combination of mental attitudes shaped by characteristics of the tasters, such as theanatomical structure and condition of each individual's oral cavity. Consequently, a single term may vary in its connotation each time it is used, reflecting different understandings. The practical outcomes of translation work focusing on profile structure analysis are documented in a multilingual glossary of pertinent terms. Examples of translation activities are provided, illustrating the application of professional terms from the meat industry, covering both products and specialized technological equipment. To ensure effective information retrieval from scientific and technical sources in countries with established beet-sugar production, a glossary of terms related to beet-sugar production was compiled. This glossary encompasses 444 terminological phonemes in Ukrainian, with corresponding terms in English, German, French, and three Slavic languages. The glossary includes fundamental terminology and groups terminological phonemes by stages in the beet-sugar production process, with each group covering related processes, equipment, materials, and products. Additionally, the article discusses the organizational and practical aspects of translating regulatory texts as part of harmonizing with European Union standards (EN), specifically those governing safety and hygiene rules for food industry equipment. This section underscores the significance of precise translation to ensure compliance with these standards and maintain industry safety.

Dynamic protein composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomes in response to multiple stress conditions reflects alterations in translation activity

Ribosomes, intercellular macromolecules responsible for translation in the cell, are composed of RNAs and proteins. While rRNA makes the scaffold of the ribosome and directs the catalytic steps of protein synthesis, ribosomal proteins play a role in the assembly of the subunits and are essential for the proper structure and function of the ribosome. To date researchers identified heterogeneous ribosomes in different developmental and growth stages. We hypothesized that under stress conditions the heterogeneity of the ribosomes may provide means to prepare the cells for quick recovery. Therefore the aim of the study was the identification of heterogeneity of ribosomal proteins within the ribosomes in response to eleven stress conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by means of a liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and translation activity tests. Out of the total of 74 distinct ribosomal proteins identified in the study 14 small ribosomal subunit (RPS) and 8 large ribosomal subunit (RPL) proteins displayed statistically significant differential abundances within the ribosomes under stress. Additionally, significant alterations in the ratios of 7 ribosomal paralog proteins were observed. Accordingly, the translational activity of yeast ribosomes was altered after UV exposure, during sugar starvation, cold shock, high salt, anaerobic conditions, and amino acid starvation.