Epithelial Research Articles

PHF10 inhibits gastric epithelium differentiation and induces gastric cancer carcinogenesis.

Gastric cancer (GC) is characterized with differentiation disorders, the precise mechanisms of which remain unknown. Our previous study showed that PHF10 exhibits oncogenic properties in GC, with its histological presentation indicating a potential role in the modulation of differentiation disorders in GC. This study reveals a significant upregulation of PHF10 in GC tissues, showing a negative correlation with differentiation level. PHF10 was found to impede the differentiation of GC cells while promoting their stemness properties. This was attributed to the formation of a positive feedback loop between PHF10 and E2F1, resulting in dysregulated expression levels in GC. Additionally, PHF10 was found to mediate the transcriptional repression of the target gene DUSP5 in GC cells through the assembly of the SWI/SNF complex, leading to an elevation in pERK1/2 levels. In GC tissues, a negative association was noted between the expression of E2F1 or PHF10 and DUSP5, whereas a positive correlation was observed between the expression of E2F1 or PHF10 and pERK1/2. Additional rescue experiments confirmed that the inhibitory effect on differentiation of GC cells by PHF10 is dependent on the DUSP5-pERK1/2 axis. The signaling cascade involving E2F1-PHF10-DUSP5-pERK1/2 was identified as an important player in regulating differentiation and stemness in GC cells. PHF10 emerges as a promising target for differentiation induction therapy in GC.

Study and Comparison of the ph of the External Auditory Canal in Patients with Otitis Externa and Healthy Individuals

Abstract Context: Otitis externa is the infection of epithelial lining of the external auditory canal (EAC). Cerumen has an acidic potential of hydrogen (pH) which accounts for its bactericidal and fungicidal property. The acidity of the EAC decreases due to high humidity, bathing, swimming, and frequent ear cleansing, which can lead to otitis externa. Aims: To study and compare the pH of EAC in patients with otitis externa and healthy individuals. Settings and Design: Tertiary care center and prospective, observational, and comparative study. Methods: This study includes 60 subjects with 30 diagnosed with otitis externa in diseased group and 30 in nondiseased group. pH of the EAC was evaluated by placing pH strips in outer one-third of EAC for 1 min. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent sample t-test was calculated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0, IBM Corporation, USA for MS Windows. Results: Of the 60 subjects, 24 out of 30 subjects in diseased group had pH more than 5.6 and no subjects had pH more than 5.6 in nondiseased group. The average pH in diseased group was 8.73 ± 1.57 and nondiseased group was 5.13 ± 0.43. Conclusion: A change toward alkalinity of EAC is an important factor for the pathogenesis of otitis externa. Treatment of otitis externa should include acidification of the EAC with treatment with antibiotics and antifungals.

Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Extract: In-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo Approaches.

Objective: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), has traditionally been used for various renal diseases including urolithiasis. Considering the therapeutic and nutritional values, the present study was designed to investigate the antiurolithiatic potential of M. oleifera leaves through in-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo approaches. Methods: Methanolic aqueous extract of M. oleifera. leaves (MoL.Cr) was prepared and screened for phytoconstituents through FTIR and HPLC analysis, while antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH assay. Crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth assays were carried out to ascertain the in-vitro inhibitory effects of MoL.Cr. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the interactions between phytoconstituents and targeted proteins (Glycolate oxidase, Albumin and Tamm-Horsfall). Whereas, ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model (1% ammonium chloride +0.75% ethylene glycol) was used for in-vivo study. Presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides and flavonoids was confirmed by FTIR and HPLC analysis. Results: MoL.Cr significantly inhibited the CaOx crystal nucleation, aggregation as well as growth and normalized urinary and serum parameters. Histological studies showed that MoL.Cr significantly restored hyperoxaluria-induced irregular epithelial lining, interstitial inflammation and dilated proximal tubules. Conclusions: Thus, M. oleifera demonstrated marked stone inhibiting potential which can be due to its antioxidant, lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents and anti-crystallization effects.

Histological and Histochemical Detection for the Gastric gland in Neonatal Wild Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) in Iraq

The aim of this study to determine the histological structure of stomach in neonatal wild rabbit in Iraqi. Ten neonatal wild rabbit are collected from the Wasit city markets which divide into two group, first group include five animals in 5day, second group include 5 animals in 10 day. Animals were deeply anesthetized with intramuscular injections of ketamine and xylazine, then slaughter were done. uptake 10 tissue specimens from stomach then cut into 3 parts cardiac, fundus, and pyloric, routine histological procedure to prepare histological slides. This study showed the stomach wall in neonatal was consist of tunics; mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis & serosa. Mucosa surface lining by simple columnar (S.C) epithelium .it showed increase in thickness tunics of wall stomach with the progressive of age. Three types of stomach glands appears in wall of stomach and raise with the old progress. As bifurcated tubular spiral short gland in the first and third glands zone while in second glands zone they appear as simple bifurcated tubular long straight over most of their length and spiral at base portion, The cardiac glands zone revealed as composed of the prominent cells mucous secreting cells and few number of oxyntic cells which not obviously raise in numbers with age progress. The fundic glands consist of various kinds of cells but the two major cells are oxyntic & peptic cells which very mild raise in numbers with the old. Pylorus glands appear consist of mucous secreting cells which are the prominent cells with less numerals of oxyntic cells which not obviously raise in number with old progress.

Helicobacter pylori VacA-induced mitochondrial damage in the gastric pit cells of the antrum and therapeutic rescue

Exploring host cell specificity, pathogenicity, and molecular mechanisms of the vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), secreted by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is crucial for developing novel treatment strategies. VacA affects subcellular events, particularly mitochondria, at a cell-type-specific level. However, the lack of reliable models that mimic VacA-induced subcellular damages and enable novel drug screening linked to the human stomach clinically limits our understanding of the mitochondrial networks in vivo. Here, human antrum gastric organoids (hAGOs) and tissue samples from Hp-infected patients were used to show the toxic effects of VacA-induced mitochondrial damage mainly in mucus-producing gastric pit cells by employing transcriptional, translational, and functional analyses. In VacA-intoxicated or Hp-infected hAGOs, robust mitochondrial fragmentation in gastric pit cells reduced ATP production during respiration, and loss of mucosal barrier integrity was first demonstrated experimentally. Using hAGOs, clinically relevant small molecules were screened for efficacy, and MLN8054, an Aurora kinase A inhibitor, reversed VacA-induced mitochondrial damage and loss of gastric epithelium integrity. MLN8054 was effective in VacA-treated and Hp-infected hAGOs and mice, highlighting hAGOs as a promising drug-screening model. These findings suggest that mitochondrial quality control may serve as a promising therapeutic target for Hp VacA-mediated toxicity and disease progression.

Study of Brunner's Glands Using Histology and Histochemistry in Various Age Groups of Cats, Dogs, and Goats

The purpose of this research is to clarify what Brunner's glands are and how they are distributed in the duodenum of three different dietaryly diverse animals: cats, dogs, and goats. Each species had a total of 20 individuals, which were then divided into four groups of five animals each. The animals were categorized according to their age, which spans from one day to sixty days. After collecting samples from several locations in the duodenum and preserving them with formalin, they were later analyzed histologically. The sections were stained with various dyes, including hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Periodic acid Schiff, Alcian blue PH 2.5, and a mixture of the two stains. All of the species included in the study exhibited an abundance of vacuolated columnar cells in their epithelium-lining villi at the one-day mark. Short and uneven, with intervals in between, were the villi. Except in canines, where the crypts were plainly apparent, the bases of the villi did not have crypts in the lamina propria, but they did contain clusters of immature cells. Also, the muscularis mucosa did not remain constant from one age group to the next. Furthermore, with the exception of goats, a Brunner's gland vanished from the submucosa in as little as one day. It wasn't until the animal was twenty days old, though, that this happened. The muscularis mucosa did not have a completely matured circular layer, but the mucosa contained thin cylindrical villi. During histogenesis, Brunner's glands and the crypts both grew. The villi changed into their mature form in forty days, the crypts were visibly expanding, and the muscularis mucosa formed a circular layer with more Brunner's glands in the submucosa. The mucosa developed mature villi resembling leaves after sixty days. An advanced circular muscular layer covered the muscularis mucosa, and the crypts were more along in their development. Goats have a mix of gland types, in contrast to canines and cats whose duodenal glands are mucous-based. Within the submucosa, the glands were composed of closely packed acini. Positive reactions were detected in dogs and cats only with Periodic acid Schiff, but in goats, they were seen with Alcian blue, Periodic acid Schiff, and a mix of the two. The villi's morphology, crypt count, and gland count were all greatly affected by the age and diet of the subject. Furthermore, this study used a number of morphometrical analyses to show how the lining changed with time.

Non-pancreatic retroperitoneal pseudocyst: a rare case report

A retroperitoneal pseudocyst is usually pancreatic in origin. Non-pancreatic retroperitoneal pseudocyst has a very low incidence, primarily benign and usually asymptomatic. The absence of epithelial lining in the cyst wall characterizes the pseudocyst. The absence of epithelial lining in the cyst wall characterizes the pseudocyst. Here, we report a case of a 53-year-old male patient who presented to OPD with mass per abdomen and lower abdomen pain. The computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a retroperitoneal cyst abutting the right psoas muscle. The patient underwent an open excision of a retroperitoneal cyst. Histopathological examination of the specimen showed a non-pancreatic retroperitoneal pseudocyst. It is a rare case; very few cases have been reported in the literature. One such case is reported here.

Trophic Transfer of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in the Tomato-Helicoverpa armigera Food Chain: Effects on Phyllosphere Microbiota, Insect Oxidative Stress, and Gut Microbiome.

Understanding the trophic transfer and ecological cascade effects of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides in terrestrial food chains is crucial for assessing their nanotoxicity and environmental risks. Herein, the trophic transfer of La2O3 (nLa2O3) and CuO (nCuO) nanoparticles from tomato leaves to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars and their subsequent effects on caterpillar growth and intestinal health were investigated. We found that 50 mg/L foliar nLa2O3 and nCuO were transferred from tomato leaves to H. armigera, with particulate trophic transfer factors of 1.47 and 0.99, respectively. While nCuO exposure reduced larval weight gain more (34.7%) than nLa2O3 (11.3%), owing to higher oxidative stress (e.g., MDA and H2O2) and more serious intestinal pathological damage (i.e., crumpled columnar cell and disintegrated goblet cell) by nCuO. Moreover, nCuO exposure led to a more compact antagonism between the phyllosphere and gut microbiomes compared to nLa2O3. Specifically, nCuO exposure resulted in a greater increase in pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Mycobacterium, Bacillus, and Ralstonia) and a more significant decrease in probiotics (e.g., Streptomyces and Arthrobacter) than nLa2O3, ultimately destroying larval intestinal immunity. Altogether, our findings systematically revealed the cascade effect of metal oxide nanomaterials on higher trophic consumers through alteration in the phyllosphere and insect gut microbiome interaction, thus providing insights into nanotoxicity and environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials applied in agroecosystems.

A type 2 immune circuit and arachidonic acid metabolism role in anti-nematode infection: evidence from transcriptome and targeted metabolome data in goat

The gastrointestinal nematode infection poses a covert threat to both humans and domestic animals worldwide, eliciting a type 2 immune response within the small intestine. Intestinal tuft cells detect the nematode and activated group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Tuft cell−derived leukotrienes (one of the metabolites of arachidonic acid) were found to drive rapid anti-helminth immunity, but it is still poorly understood whether the tuft cell−mediated type 2 immune circuit and arachidonic acid metabolism modulate anti-parasitic immunity in the gastric epithelium. This study was designed to evaluate the immunological responses of goats inoculated with or without H. contortus. Results showed that H. contortus infection induced a systemic type 2 immune response, characterised by lymphocyte proliferation and greater eosinophils both in peripheral blood and abomasal mucosa, as well as increased type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Infection of H. contortus altered the transcriptome of the abomasum epithelium, especially tuft cell−mediated circuit-key genes. The infection also influenced the abomasal microbiota, arachidonic acid metabolism and related lipid metabolites, accompanying with great increases in the secretion of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. These findings demonstrate the role of tuft cells mediated circuit in sensing H. contortus infection and immune activation, reveal the candidate function of arachidonic acid involved in anti-helminth immunity, and suggest novel strategies for the control of parasitic diseases in livestock and humans.

Immunoexpression of metallothionein, Ki‐67 and PCNA in dermoid and epidermoid cysts of the oral cavity

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the immunoexpression of metallothionein and cell proliferation markers (Ki‐67 and PCNA) in a series of cases comprising four dermoid cysts and six epidermoid cysts of the oral cavity.Materials and MethodsThe percentages of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining in the basal and suprabasal layers of the cysts' epithelial lining were assessed.ResultsThis study included six males and four females, with a mean age of 33.1 years. The floor of the mouth was affected in 40% of the cases. The expression of metallothionein, Ki‐67, and PCNA was observed in all cases examined. For both lesions, the basal layer exhibited higher cytoplasmic and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of metallothionein. Dermoid cysts exhibited higher expression of Ki‐67 and PCNA compared to epidermoid cysts in both basal and suprabasal layers, with a more pronounced expression in the suprabasal layers.ConclusionsOur results indicate that metallothionein is present in the epithelial lining of both dermoid and epidermoid cysts of the oral cavity. The cell proliferation indices observed in both conditions reflect their benign nature and slow growth.

REVITALIZING CERVICAL HEALTH: A CASE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF APAMARGA KSHARA PRATISARANA WITH TRIPHALA KWATH PRAKSHALANA AND JATYADI TAIL PICHU

Cervical ectropion or erosion is a prevalent gynaecological condition characterised by replacing the natural squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium on the ectocervix. In Ayurveda, this condition is correlated with Karnini Yonivyapad, which results from local dosha disturbance in the reproductive tract. Acharyas have rec-ommended that Bahira Parimarjana Chikitsa address this dosha imbalance using a therapeutic approach focus-ing on external cleansing and treatment. The pathogenesis of Karnini Yonivyapad suggests that Kaphahara Chikitsa, involving Kshara as a local application, is effective due to its properties of being Katu, Ushna, Tik-shna, Pachana, Vilayana, Shodhana, Ropana, Shoshana, Stambhana, Lekhana, and Kaphanashaka. While con-ventional treatments may alleviate symptoms, they often fail to address the underlying issue. This study demon-strates that a combined therapy approach can effectively cure cervical erosion by utilising Apamarga Kshara Pratisarana with Triphala Kwath Prakshalana and Jatyadi Tail Pichu.

Mucoperiosteal and lacrimal sac flap anastomosis with ligating clips in revision dacryocystorhinostomy.

Although endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR) has been performed successfully in primary and revision cases, there has yet to be a consensus on the best surgical approach. Excessive granulation, adhesion, and fibrosis, the main causes of unsuccessful EDCR, should be expected more frequently in revision surgery. Anastomosis by ligating the nasal mucoperiosteum and lacrimal sac flaps with clips can minimise the surface of exposed bone, therefore, the possibility of stenosis and failure of the dacryocystorhinostomy. In 12 revision EDSR patients, ligating clips ensured an anatomical overlap of the mucoperiosteum and sac flap, providing a wider rhinostomy opening and straight epithelial lining.

Peri-Ampullary Tumour; An Unusual Cause of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Periampullary tumors are cancers that arise in the region of the around the ampulla of Vater, where the bile duct and pancreatic duct converge and empty into the small intestine. This region is very critical for digestive enzyme and bile secretions. This may be associated with slow disease progression, age related changes delayed onset of symptoms and lack of screening and diagnostic facilities. These tumours can be challenging to diagnose and manage due to their proximity to several vital structures. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may be a rare clinical presentation following tumoral ulceration, erosion into blood vessels or nearby structures or secondary complications like pancreatitis or portal hypertension. Identifying the anatomical origin of these malignancies is usually a herculean task. This will require prompt oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and imaging to determine the source and appropriate management. This is especially true given the region's transitional character, closeness to various structures, and overlapping features among them. We present periampullary tumour an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a resource limited setting. A52 year old Nigerian male was admitted at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto for evaluation following a 3 months history of progressive weight loss, generalized body weakness and a burning and occasionally colicky, persistent, non-radiating epigastric pain, loss of appetite, easy fatiguability, occasional dizziness and recurrent non-projectile post-prandial non-billous vomiting. Though he had no hematemesis, he had history of passage of malaena. The patient was fully conscious on admission, pale, wasted with a markedly tender epigstric region. He was tachycardic with a minimal elevation in blood pressure level of 138/94mmHg. He had an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.0. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed which showed a polypoid fungating mass at the1st extending to the 2nd part of the duodenum. A Computerized Tomogram scan of the abdomen showed a diffuse circumferential duodenal wall thickening of 1st and 2nd parts (more in 2nd part) with reduction in luminal calibre of duodenum and mildly dilated pancreatic, common bile, common hepatic ducts. Multiple biopsies were taken for histology which showed moderately differentiated aadenocarcinoma. Surface epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells which can be seen in the top right of the image below with an invasive tumour, seen infiltrating the lamina propria in the lower left. He went on to have an exploratory laparotomy with triple bypass involving a side to side gastrojejunal anastomosis and cholecystojejunostomy and entero-enterotomy folowing which he went on to receive chemotherapy. As of the time of this write up the patient has recuperated well following his treatment.

Caecal villi? A comparative histological and morphometric study of caecal and jejunal mucosa in adult rabbits

BackgroundRabbits are herbivores with a distinctive digestive strategy that differs significantly from other caecal fermenters (e.g., horses, guinea pigs) and ruminants. In view of this, the current study aimed to highlight distinctive histological and morphometric features of the caecal mucosa in adult rabbits that accentuate its major role in digestion. The caecal and jejunal samples were harvested from five 1-year-old domestic rabbits and processed by regular paraffin-embedding histological technique followed by Goldner’s trichrome staining. A comprehensive morphological and morphometrical analysis of the jejunal mucosa vs. caecal mucosa was performed.ResultsMicroscopically, as in the case of the jejunal mucosa, the caecal mucosa presents long and often branched finger-like villi covered by a simple columnar epithelium mostly made of enterocytes with a prominent microvillous brush border. Besides, the caecal villi include a lacteal along with the villous muscle. Statistically, except for villus length, all the parameters assessed in the caecal mucosa, including villus width, villus count, thickness of the brush border and enterocyte/goblet cells ratio, revealed a high grade of similarities with the jejunal villi.ConclusionsAccording to the obtained results, the caecal mucosa in adult domestic rabbits includes unique features, namely caecal villi, structures infrequently presented in the large intestine of other adult mammals. Those structures once more emphasize the major role of the caecum not only in fermentation but also subliminally in local absorption. To our knowledge, this is the first reliable microanatomical and morphometric report of caecal villi in adult domestic rabbits.

ABRACL upregulated by transcription factor CBX4 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a predominant health concern in many countries. Actin-binding Rho activating C-terminal-like (ABRACL) belongs to a new family of low molecular weight proteins and has been implicated in cancers. This study was implemented to elucidate the role and mechanism of ABRACL in GC. mRNA and protein expression of ABRACL and CBX4 in human gastric epithelium cell line GES-1 and GC cell lines were assessed with RT-qPCR and western blot. The transfection efficacy of sh-ABRACL, oe-CBX4, and sh-CBX4 was examined with RT-qPCR and western blot. AGS cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8, colony formation assay, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. With western blot analysis, flow cytometry, and caspase-3 assay kits, the expressions of MMP2 and MMP9, cell apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity were estimated. Western blot was adopted to estimate the contents of apoptosis-related proteins. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were applied to verify the interaction between ABRACL and CBX4. The expression of ABRACL and CBX4 was increased in GC tissues and cells. After interfering with ABRACL, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells were inhibited while apoptosis was promoted. We also discovered that CBX4 could bind to ABRACL and transcriptionally regulate ABRACL expression in AGS cells. Rescue experiments revealed that CBX4 overexpression partially reversed the regulatory effects of ABRACL silencing on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of GC cells. Collectively, ABRACL transcriptionally upregulated by CBX4 promoted the malignant progression of GC.

Ectopic thyroid adenoma diagnosed in a Senegal seabream (Diplodus bellottii, Steindachner 1882): Towards an accurate diagnosis.

Thyroid tissue in teleosts is located mainly in the pharyngeal region, usually reaching other adjacent anatomical locations. Herein, a nodular lesion located in the left operculum of a Senegal seabream (Diplodus bellottii) was surgically excised and sent for microscopical evaluation. Microscopically, the lesion presented irregular borders and consisted in columnar epithelial cells arranged in a tubulopapillary pattern, surrounding a central lumen filled with acellular, acidophilic and homogeneous, material ('colloid'). To determine the lesion's histogenesis, immunohistochemistry was performed employing antibodies for AE1/AE3, CK7, thyroglobulin and vimentin. The neoplastic cells presented low mitotic index and positive immunolabelling for CK7 and thyroglobulin. Therefore, a diagnosis of ectopic thyroid adenoma was made. Herein, the successful employment of antibodies classically used in mammals for accurate diagnosis of thyroid disorders is described. Proliferation of thyroid tissue in fish may reflect environmental and physiological imbalances, making the study and correct diagnosis of these tumours in this species important.

Analysis of corneal remodeling post-myopic photorefractive keratectomy with the WaveLight® EX500 excimer laser

Refractive error is becoming a significant public health issue. Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) is a corneal surface surgical technique that removes the corneal epithelium before stromal photoablation by ultraviolet radiation from the Excimer laser. We designed a retrospective study to characterize corneal remodeling after myopic Photorefractive Keratectomy and assess the accuracy of laser-predicted ablation depth (AD). This study took place in 15–20 National Ophthalmology Hospital, Paris, France. 150 eyes with preoperative manifest spherical equivalent between − 10.00D and − 0.25D and cylinder < 3D, treated with the WaveLight® EX500 laser between 01/2019 and 01/2023, were followed for at least three months. The main outcome measurements were postoperative changes in epithelial (ET) and stromal (ST) thicknesses measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and mean simulated keratometry (SimK) assessed with corneal topography. The central ET significantly decreased at M1, increased over the preoperative value from M1 to M6, and stabilized after M6. The increase in central ET after M1 was associated with an increase in mean SimK (r = 0.34). The achieved AD was 7.9 ± 8.0 µm greater than the laser-predicted AD. Stromal over-ablation was significantly and independently associated with myopia > 6D preoperative mean SimK > 44D and transepithelial procedures.

EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO INHIBITION OF Candida albicans BIOFILM

Background: Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection in the oral cavity. This infection is caused by the fungus Candida albicans. The most important virulent attribute of this fungus is its ability to form biofilms, which can adhere to mucosa, epithelial lining, organs, prostheses or dentures. The formed biofilm is resistant to antifungal drugs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract on the inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation in vitro. Methods: This type of research is experimental study using post tests with control group design. Fungus used in this study was Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. Inhibition test of C. albicans biofilm formation was carried out using the polystyrene microplate assay method. Concentration of extracts used in this study were 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13% and 1.57%. Inhibitory activity of biofilm was measured using a crystal violet (CV) assay. Results: The results showed that MIC of Moringa leaf extract against the fungus C. albicans was at a concentration of 6.25%. Moringa leaf extract starting at a concentration of 3.13% already has had ability to inhibit formation of C. albicans biofilm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Moringa leaf extract can inhibit formation of Candida albicans biofilm, so it can be developed as an alternative herbal ingredient to prevent oral candidiasis.EFFECT OF MORINGA (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT ON IN VITRO INHIBITION OF Candida albicans BIOFILM

Immature B cell homing shapes human lymphoid tissue structure and function.

Shortly after the emergence of newly formed human B cells from bone marrow as transitional cells, they diverge along two developmental pathways that can be distinguished by the level of IgM they express and migratory biases. Here, we propose that differential tissue homing of immature B cell subsets contributes to human lymphoid tissue structure and function.

328. NORMAN RUPERT BARRETT (1903 – 1979)

Abstract Norman Rupert Barrett (1903 – 1979) was an Adelaide born thoracic surgeon. Barrett is most well-known for his contribution to ‘Barrett’s Oesophagus’. He was born into the Barrett Brothers malt producing family. He left Australia at the age of 10 and travelled throughout Europe and arrived in England in the wake of World War I. Following the Great War, Barrett sat his surgical examinations. Ironically, while the 21st century boasts well rounded surgeons and safe working hours, Barrett was at one point chastised for leaving the hospital grounds for a short walk while on call. The origin of the term ‘Barrett’s Oesophagus’ may not be quite as you imagine. Barrett initially describes the oesophagus being lined with columnar epithelium but attributes this to a congenitally shortened oesophagus leading to part of the stomach entering the chest. Later on, it was described by Allison and Johnstone that this was, in fact, the oesophagus and proposed ulcers in this region better termed ‘Barrett’s ulcers’. Only several years later was this pathology accepted by Barrett. Now ‘Barret’s Oesophagus’ is well known to us as the term used to describe the adaptive metaplastic change of the squamous epithelium of the oesophagus to columnar epithelium from the stomach; it is the pathological waymark for endoscopists in the development of Oesophageal Cancer.