Technology Transition Research Articles

Community structure and function during periods of high performance and system upset in a full-scale mixed microalgal wastewater resource recovery facility

Microalgae have the potential to exceed current nutrient recovery limits from wastewater, enabling water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) to achieve increasingly stringent effluent permits. The use of photobioreactors (PBRs) and the separation of hydraulic retention and solids residence time (HRT/SRT) further enables increased biomass in a reduced physical footprint while allowing operational parameters (e.g., SRT) to select for desired functional communities. However, as algal technology transitions to full-scale, there is a need to understand the effect of operational and environmental parameters on complex microbial dynamics among mixotrophic microalgae, bacterial groups, and pests (i.e., grazers and pathogens) and to implement robust process controls for stable long-term performance. Here, we examine a full-scale, intensive WRRF utilizing mixed microalgae for tertiary treatment in the US (EcoRecover, Clearas Water Recovery Inc.) during a nine-month monitoring campaign. We investigated the temporal variations in microbial community structure (18S and 16S rRNA genes), which revealed that stable system performance of the EcoRecover system was marked by a low-diversity microalgal community (DINVSIMPSON = 2.01) dominated by Scenedesmus sp. (MRA = 55 %-80 %) that achieved strict nutrient removal (effluent TP < 0.04 mg·L-1) and steady biomass concentration (TSSmonthly avg. = 400–700 mg·L−1). Operational variables including pH, alkalinity, and influent ammonium (NH4+), correlated positively (p < 0.05, method = Spearman) with algal community during stable performance. Further, the use of these parameters as operational controls along with N/P loading and SRT allowed for system recovery following upset events. Importantly, the presence or absence of bacterial nitrification did not directly impact algal system performance and overall nutrient recovery, but partial nitrification (potentially resulting from NO2− accumulation) inhibited algal growth and should be considered during long-term operation. The microalgal communities were also adversely affected by zooplankton grazers (ciliates, rotifers) and fungal parasites (Aphelidium), particularly during periods of upset when algal cultures were experiencing culture turnover or stress conditions (e.g., nitrogen limitation, elevated temperature). Overall, the active management of system operation in order to maintain healthy algal cultures and high biomass productivity can result in significant periods (>4 months) of stable system performance that achieve robust nutrient recovery, even in winter months in northern latitudes (WI, USA).

Reimagining unbound road pavement technology: Integrating testing, design, construction and performance in the post-digital era

The Industry 4.0 revolution signifies a pivotal transition in pavement technology, emphasising the integration of digital and physical systems to revamp traditional, empirical-based pavement design, construction, and maintenance practices. This shift promises enhanced efficiency, sustainability, and a move towards integrated practices, highlighted by adopting “Digital Twin” technology. Unlike traditional Building Information Modeling (BIM), Digital Twin technology offers a real-time, dynamic representation of physical infrastructure, enabling improved asset management through distributed sensing and predictive performance analytics. Leveraging findings from the Australian Research Council (ARC)’s Industry Transformation Research Hub for Smart Next Generation Transport Pavements (SPARC Hub), this paper focuses on the integration of pavement testing, design, construction, condition assessment and asset management into the lifecycle of unbound road pavements. The paper outlines how such technological integration streamlines decision-making processes and significantly boosts the functionality and longevity of pavement infrastructures. Despite facing challenges like cost, data security, and the need for specialised skills, the potential for digital technologies to improve pavement durability, efficiency, and sustainability is significant. Future research directions are identified to overcome implementation barriers, explore untapped technological potentials, and assess the sustainability benefits of digital approaches in pavement engineering, aiming to forge more resilient, efficient, and sustainable road networks for future generations.

Satisfaction of academics with leadership, creativity, innovation and organisational performance at a university 5.0 work environment

Just like in industries, university and other higher educational institutions are facing novel working contexts arising from their present technological transitions. As a result, known factors that influence organisational success require new assessments to establish how they have been affected by the disruptions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) explore the satisfaction of academics with leadership, creativity, innovation and organisational performance at university 5.0 work environments (2) assess the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational performance within the university 5.0 context and (3) assess the relationship between innovation and organisational performance within the university 5.0 context. To attain the stated objectives, 200 academics from a university that is a leader in the adoption of education 5.0 transitions completed a questionnaire and the data was analysed. The study found that the academics were satisfied with the leadership, creativity, innovation and organisational performance associated with the university 5.0 contexts. It appears that the adoption of university 5.0 practices was favourable for creativity, innovation and performance. Future studies may have to follow comparative designs that factor in the relevance of sector specific mediators in the realisation of innovativeness, creativity and productivity of university 5.0.

Digitising Interpretation: Transforming Tafsir Al-Mishbah in the Context of the Living Quran

This research aims to explore the relationship between digitizing interpretation, texts, messages, and societal practices through the transformation, reception, and deconstruction of Tafsir Al-Mishbah. The issue of digitizing interpretation is often viewed solely through the lens of technological transition and historical narrative, overlooking its societal implications. This study seeks to delve into the interplay among these elements by examining the digitization process, features of the digital application, and societal reception of Tafsir Al-Mishbah. It outlines three problem formulations: the digitalization process, features in the digital application, and reception within the digitization phenomenon. To address these formulations, a qualitative netnographic research method was employed. Data were collected through observation and documentation, primarily from video recordings on the Quraish Shihab YouTube channel, which provides insights into the digitization process and various versions of Tafsir Al-Mishbah. The research concludes that digitalization serves as a means to transform Tafsir Al-Mishbah, enabling independent Qur’an study while maintaining ties with authoritative figures. It bridges innovations with limitations present in printed editions, catering to the public's needs. Furthermore, the digitization of Tafsir Al-Mishbah is closely tied to Quraish Shihab's interpretation of divine promises, as referenced in QS. al-Qamar [54]: 17, 22, 32, and 40. This study highlights the often-overlooked aspects of digitalization, showcasing its relationship with innovation, ideology, and public reception. It underscores that the transformation of religious texts, including the Qur’an and Tafsir, contributes to the discourse on the living Qur’an and living Tafsir.

Diamond with Sp2-Sp3 composite phase for thermometry at Millikelvin temperatures

Temperature is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities. The ability to measure temperatures approaching absolute zero has driven numerous advances in low-temperature physics and quantum physics. Currently, millikelvin temperatures and below are measured through the characterization of a certain thermal state of the system as there is no traditional thermometer capable of measuring temperatures at such low levels. In this study, we develop a kind of diamond with sp2-sp3 composite phase to tackle this problem. The synthesized composite phase diamond (CPD) exhibits a negative temperature coefficient, providing an excellent fit across a broad temperature range, and reaching a temperature measurement limit of 1 mK. Additionally, the CPD demonstrates low magnetic field sensitivity and excellent thermal stability, and can be fabricated into probes down to 1 micron in diameter, making it a promising candidate for the manufacture of next-generation cryogenic temperature sensors. This development is significant for the low-temperature physics researches, and can help facilitate the transition of quantum computing, quantum simulation, and other related technologies from research to practical applications.

Unlocking technology acceptance among South African employees: A psychological perspective

Orientation: The study delves into technological acceptance within South African organisations, identifying psychological factors influencing employees’ willingness to adopt technology. Barriers to technology adoption are explored, emphasising the universal relevance of identified psychological constructs.Research purpose: To understand the psychological barriers influencing successful technological adoption in South African organisations.Motivations for the study: High failure rates in tech-implementation projects are linked to employee resistance, revealing a crucial gap in understanding psychological dynamics. Recognising human factors as pivotal to technological success, there is a need to transcend technical aspects, exploring individual experiences during organisational transitions.Research approach/design and method: Using a qualitative approach with non-random snowball sampling, 17 South African employees were interviewed in a semi-structured manner. Thematic analysis revealed specific categories of psychological barriers.Main findings: Identified barriers proved to be the antithesis of positive psychological constructs, including lack of psychological safety, lack of organisational trust, lack of psychological availability, negative emotions, low self-efficacy and low frustration tolerance. The presence of these barriers, hindering participants’ willingness to adopt new technologies.Practical/managerial implications: Organisations are advised to prioritise fostering a culture of psychological safety and trust, transparent communication and positive emotional experiences during technology adoption at the individual level. Training programmes enhancing self-efficacy and promoting mindfulness practices can mitigate barriers.Contribution/value-add: This research stresses the significance of the role of psychological factors in inhibiting an employee’s technological acceptance, providing practical guidance for industrial psychologists, HR professionals and change managers. The need to consider individual experiences during technological transitions, has universal implications across diverse workplaces.

Cable news advertising: Applying formal analysis to uncover current trends in self-promotional marketing

The emergence of 24/7 cable news channels within the US revolutionized news consumption, offering viewers accessibility beyond fixed broadcast schedules. While the phenomenon began with CNN, competitors quickly emerged, targeting different political ideologies and mirroring the heightened polarization that has altered American society. Cable news channels must market themselves effectively to their audiences through distinctive product differentiation strategies. Understanding these approaches provides insights into information dissemination, political communication, and audience engagement dynamics. This paper aims to conduct a formal media analysis of current self-promotional advertisements across the big three cable news networks within the US to derive insights into contemporary differentiation strategies crucial for monitoring the industry’s technological transition. As the rest of the world has begun to wrestle with increased polarization, this analysis will be relevant to anticipating how non-US news sources use ideology and values to position themselves within highly competitive markets.

Utilizing CO2 as a strategy to scale up direct air capture may face fewer short-term barriers than directly storing CO2

Direct air capture (DAC) is increasingly recognized as a necessary puzzle piece to achieve the Paris climate targets. However, the current high cost and energy intensity of DAC act as a barrier. Short-term strategies for initial deployment, technology improvement, and cost reduction are needed to enable large-scale deployment. We assess and compare two near-term pathways leading to the same installed DAC capacity and thus yielding the same cost reductions: its combination with CO2 storage as direct air carbon capture and storage, or its deployment for CO2 utilization as direct air carbon capture and utilization e.g. for synthetic fuels, chemicals, and materials; we characterize these as Direct and Spillover pathways. Drawing on the Multi-level Perspective on Technological Transition as a heuristic, we examine both technical and immaterial factors needed to scale up DAC under the two pathways, in order to assess the pathways’ relative advantages and to identify possible short-term bottlenecks. We find neither pathway to be clearly better: the Direct pathway offers technical advantages but faces regulatory barriers that need to be resolved before deployment, while the Spillover pathway offers market and governance advantages but faces challenges related to hydrogen production and increasing resource needs as it scales up. There may be reasons for policymakers to therefore pursue both approaches in a dynamic manner. This could involve prioritizing the Spillover pathway in the short term due to possibly fewer short-term regulatory barriers and its ability to produce net-zero emission products for existing and accessible markets. Once short-term governance obstacles have been addressed, however, the Direct pathway may allow for more efficient scaling of DAC capacity and cost reductions, especially if by then the needed infrastructure and institutions are in place.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СПОСОБІВ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ 3D-ПРИНТЕРІВ ДЛЯ КОМБІНОВАНОГО FDM-ДРУКУ З МОДИФІКАЦІЄЮ ПОЛІМЕРНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

Current manufacturing trends today include additive technologies. The scope of use of industrial technological equipment for 3D-printing is expanding. Printing methods are being improved. New polymer and composite materials with reinforcement are being used. The quality, accuracy and strength of products improves. To assess the effectiveness of the implementation of technological processes in industrial equipment, the OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency) criterion is used. For industrial 3D printing installations, the OEE indicator includes three component performance criteria: the criterion for realizing the design potential of the target technology workflow; criterion for technological assurance of product strength and quality; criterion for organizational and logistical exclusion of unproductive costs. The work has created a complete set of ways to increase the efficiency of equipment for combined FDM technologies by reducing the cost of operational time for technological and auxiliary transitions, as well as for preparatory actions for modifying polymer materials. Based on this variety of methods, the design of a multifunctional 3D printer for combined FDM technology has been proposed. The technical specifications for the printer provide for: increasing the productivity of 3D printing; ensuring adhesive strength of the connection between the initial layers of polymer material and the desktop; ensuring cohesive strength between layers of polymer material; expansion of technological printing capabilities using additional composite materials. This problem is solved by installing devices on a 3D printer that provide: modification of polymer materials by a pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field; execution of executive robotic movements in the work cycle; computer control of all subsystems of a combined printing 3D printer using a single control program. The use of the described methods for increasing the efficiency of using 3D printers for combined FDM printing is possible in the production process of a repair and maintenance enterprise, as a set of all functions that ensure the achievement of the operating goal.

The Main Directions of State Policy in Ensuring Technological Sovereignty

An analysis of the reforms in the scientific and technological complex and higher education system in Russia shows that the tasks assigned have been successfully achieved. However, in current conditions, the need for a new state-led scientific and technical strategy is evident. The main goals are to achieve technological sovereignty and transition the economy into a full cycle of innovation. The goal of this article is to identify new objectives and priorities for scientific and technological advancement to ensure technological sovereignty. Descriptive, comparative, and taxonomical methods are employed in the analysis. The paper identifies the main areas of government policy aimed at achieving technological sovereignty in Russia, and this constitutes the main finding. Additionally, it is essential to develop new objectives and strategies for scientific and technological growth. In fact, the new scientific and technological policy should include the following issues: organizing scientific research, developing innovative territories, integrating science and education, conducting scientific diplomacy, providing resource and legislative support, and measuring the effectiveness of the scientific-technological complex.

Анализ остаточной намагниченности наружных колец подшипников буксового узла колесной пары при их размагничивании на установке УМДП-01

Objective: to compare the readings of the residual magnetization of the outer ring of the bearing with its different orientation with respect to the magnetizing field on the example of the UMDP-01 installation. To show in practice the inefficiency of using the technology of demagnetization of the outer rings of the bearings of axle boxes when they are located in a horizontal plane. Methods: comparison of the obtained values of the residual magnetization by direct measurements during demagnetization of the outer rings in the horizontal and vertical planes with respect to the magnetic field. In practice, the same conditions for magnetization and demagnetization of the same outer ring were observed by passing a pulsed current through the solenoid and the contact rod in the magnetization mode and gradually reducing the alternating current in the solenoid for the demagnetization mode. Results: the experiment showed that the values of the residual magnetization of the outer ring during the full cycle of its demagnetization in the horizontal plane on the UMDP-01 installation are higher than when it is demagnetized in the vertical plane. The vertical placement of the ring in the center of the solenoid allowed it to be demagnetized from the first time in position A with an incomplete demagnetization cycle. Practical significance: the article shows that the technology of demagnetization of bearing rings in the horizontal plane, as required by the operating manual 9402.00.000 RE, often leads to a violation of the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of permissible values of residual magnetization. Demagnetization of the outer rings in the vertical plane will lead to full satisfaction of the requirements of regulatory documents, increase the productivity of magnetic powder control in general by reducing the demagnetization cycle and simplifying technological transitions associated with the complexity of installing the object of control in the horizontal plane.

Role of microbial electrolysis desalination cell in sustainable water and energy management: Performance assessment of platinum and nickel foam cathodes and simulating integration with reverse osmosis systems

This research introduces the microbial integrated cell (MIC), a bioelectrochemical system that combines microbial electrolysis and desalination for sustainable energy and water purification. Efficiency evaluations of nickel foam and Pt/CC cathodes for hydrogen production and desalination showed nickel foam achieving a 91% desalination efficiency, closely following Pt/CC's 99%, with hydrogen generation rates of 0.96 m3H2/m3/d for Pt/CC cathodes and 0.72 m3H2/m3/d for nickel foam. Despite marginally lower performance, the cost advantages of nickel foam suggest its feasibility for large-scale deployment. Further exploration into MIC integration with reverse osmosis (RO) system aims to enhance the sustainability of the combined system. Simulation outcomes indicate that MIC-RO integration can significantly reduce energy consumption and brine concentration discharged into the sea, highlighting its potential to improve desalination plants' efficiency and environmental impact. This research facilitates the transition of these green technologies to practical applications, optimizing efficiency and environmental benefits.

Transitions in Video Laryngoscope Technology to Improve First-Pass Success.

Prehospital intubation is a high-risk, relatively low frequency procedure. Provider experience plays a key role in first-pass success rates, especially in the setting of a difficult airway. While strong foundational knowledge is necessary to equip providers with an adequate understanding of intubation procedures and the skill set needed to manage a difficult airway, effective equipment may provide an extra boost in first-pass success for novice airway providers. First-pass success is correlated with decreased adverse events and should be maximized in the prehospital setting. After evaluating overall first-pass success of 66% to 83% from 2016 to 2020, AHN LifeFlight enacted changes in education, training, and video laryngoscopy equipment to successfully increase first-pass success to over 90%.

Influence of Workplace Technology on Job Skill in selected Food and Beverage Firms in Lagos, Nigeria

This study investigated the influence of workplace technology on job skills among employees of the food and beverage industry in Lagos, Nigeria, using the Labour Process Theory. Data were collected through questionnaire administered to 447 respondents who are working at two food and beverage companies in Lagos and in-depth interviews with 38 Units' Heads. Burawoy's classification of technological levels into low, medium, and high was adopted. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and One-way ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed with content analysis. The results indicated that workplace technology had different influence on job skills across the three technological level units and was statistically significant in Firm A. Technological transition led to decreased job skills, particularly when moving from low-speed line to high-speed line and Information and Technology-support equipment. The evolution of food and beverage analyzers from manual to semi-automation and full-automation also decreased job skills. Workplace technology had negative influence on job skills in both Firm A and Firm B. Therefore, capacity-building programs should be implemented by enterprise owners to help workers adapt to the emerging challenges posed by workplace technology shaping the activities of firms. Organisations’ management should ensure adequate human capital development for employees to adapt to the emerging technological trend and make proper use of the equipment adopted by organizations. Overall, developing one's skills is a solution to prevent technology from causing a decline in skills because people possessing creativity, inventiveness, imagination, innovation, and ambidexterity are not affected by technological advancements in the post-Fordist era.

Traceable localization enables accurate integration of quantum emitters and photonic structures with high yield.

In a popular integration process for quantum information technologies, localization microscopy of quantum emitters guides lithographic placement of photonic structures. However, a complex coupling of microscopy and lithography errors degrades registration accuracy, severely limiting device performance and process yield. We introduce a methodology to solve this widespread but poorly understood problem. A new foundation of traceable localization enables rapid characterization of lithographic standards and comprehensive calibration of cryogenic microscopes, revealing and correcting latent systematic effects. Of particular concern, we discover that scale factor deviation and complex optical distortion couple to dominate registration errors. These novel results parameterize a process model for integrating quantum dots and bullseye resonators, predicting higher yield by orders of magnitude, depending on the Purcell factor threshold as a quantum performance metric. Our foundational methodology is a key enabler of the lab-to-fab transition of quantum information technologies and has broader implications to cryogenic and correlative microscopy.

Establishment of Universiti Muhammadiyah Malaysia (UMAM) in the perspective of communication for development through education modernization

Muhammadiyah is considered a radical conservative movement among the Malaysian Muslim community. The education system in Malaysia is generally exclusive. The majority of Malaysian society is resistant to the Muhammadiyah sect except in certain states. This research used the theory from Servaes and Malikhao, the modernization paradigm that influenced academia from 1945 to 1965 was supported by the transition of socio-political technology and culture from advanced societies to traditional societies. Development is explained as economic growth. The main idea in the modernization perspective shows that development is interpreted as first, planned, and overlapping. The results showed ideologically, the principle of progressive Muhammadiyah in establishing Universiti Muhammadiyah Malaysia (UMAM) cannot be separated from the role of the 47th Muktamar Muhammadiyah in Makassar. The congress was aimed at strengthening Muhammadiyah's Islamic vision, namely progressive Islam. Muhammadiyah launched an internationalization program, especially in the field of education, one of its implementations was by developing excellent educational centers abroad. Furthermore, Malaysia is considered the first step as a representative city center that excels in education and internationalization. Muhammadiyah is a movement that cares about Muslims so that they are not degraded by the progress of other nations, so public schools were founded and eventually became universities. This research concluded that the establishment of UMAM was a place to prove that Muhammadiyah is a progressive da'wah movement and builds society towards enlightenment. UMAM presents a superior lecture system with international standards through the use of technology. However, life is still based on Islamic values.

Promoting Digital Literacy: The Uptake of OER by Members of Faculty in Teaching and Research for a Technological Transition in Institutions of Higher Learning

In this era of technology, Open Education Resources (OER) are seen as opportunities to give access to high-quality educational and informative materials internationally. The sharing of knowledge and information resources is the primary goal of higher education institutions. Thus, the ladder of education as a means of achieving social and economic mobility is removed using OER. Libraries across the world are rethinking their programs and operations to better fit the needs of the modern world. Successful library services in Africa depend on providing everyone with information and knowledge. The majority of OER initiatives centre on the formal education sector, which includes polytechnics, universities, and colleges. In Kenya’s higher education institutions, not much is being done to promote OER. Understanding and keeping up with the changing nature of the knowledge landscape is essential for effective change management in the library profession. Despite the severe financial situations faced by many institutions, there is a growing need for teaching resources and support systems. Through a review of faculty members’ uptake of OER in teaching and research, this study aims to advance digital literacy in Kenyan higher education institutions. The survey design was used, and data was collected using questionnaires. The population was 655 members of faculty. The findings have implications for universities and libraries on curriculum development and updating the existing one. The observation will influence universities, stakeholders and other regulatory bodies to establish policies supporting the adoption of OER and create effective frameworks for OER uptake for teaching and research by faculty members at universities in Kenya.

Cultural Predictors of Facial Ethnicity Preference in the Miskitu and Mestizos of Rural Nicaragua

Both basic visual experience and cultural associations with race and ethnicity may contribute to the extent observers do or do not favor some facial ethnicity cues over others. Given that visual media contain a highly biased selection of faces, with Whiteness both over-represented and strongly privileged in film and television, communities for whom visual media are relatively novel may experience an additional, pervasive source of attitudes to facial ethnicity markers. In the current research, we compared individuals of Mestizo and Miskitu identities living in communities on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua with, and without, regular access to television on their relative preference for facial stimuli manipulated to look more or less White (Black vs White, Black vs Mestizo, Mestizo vs White). Results showed that all communities showed an overall preference for images with lighter skin, although changes in facial shape did not affect preferences. Those who had attended more years of education preferred whiter faces than those with less education, and those who watched more television preferred whiter faces more only where color (rather than shape) had been manipulated. Results are discussed in terms of the broader relations around ethnicity, status, and technological transition in this area.

Impact of 5G on Internet of Things and its Challenges

In this era of rapid technological growth, the Internet of Things (IOT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. We see the IOT as billions of smart, connected things (a sort of ―universal global neural network in the cloud) that will encompass every aspect of our lives, and its foundation is the intelligence that embedded processing provides. The IOT is comprised of smart machines interacting and communicating with other machines, objects, environments and infrastructures. As a result, huge volumes of data are being generated, and that data is being processed into useful actions that can ―command and control things to make our lives much easier and safer—and to reduce our impact on the environment. The creativity of this new era is boundless, with amazing potential to improve our lives. The following thesis is an extensive reference to the possibilities, utility, applications and the evolution of the Internet of Things. The rollout of commercial 5G cellular networks has commenced, marking a significant milestone in the adoption of 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT). This adoption is propelled by various factors, such as rising consumer and enterprise demands, coupled with the availability of cost-effective devices. Notably, substantial investments by operators in 5G technology, spectrum allocation, and infrastructure development, alongside the establishment of global standards, are key drivers fuelling growth and generating heightened market interest in the IoT. The substantial investments made by operators in 5G technology, spectrum allocation, and infrastructure, coupled with the adoption of global standards, play a pivotal role in stimulating growth and generating heightened market interest in the Internet of Things (IoT). The ongoing evolution of 5G mobile cellular networks, derived from existing 4G frameworks, underscores their adaptability to diverse use cases, both present and future-oriented. With a forward- looking approach, 5G infrastructure is poised to address current demands like smart energy applications while proactively accommodating forthcoming innovations such as autonomous vehicles. In navigating this technological transition, mobile operators face the challenge of ensuring that their networks remain adept at supporting a spectrum of present and future use cases. Strategic investment management is imperative for operators to seamlessly transition their networks to 5G while upholding the continuity of service for their customers Key Words: Scalability, safety, security, rapid growth, interoperability, devices, interconnections, 5G with Internet of things, healthcare, smart city

Review of hydrogen-based propulsion systems in the maritime sector

The maritime industry is undergoing a technology transition that aims to increase the use of low-emission fuels. There is a significant trend visible of new ships being ordered with alternative fuel propulsion. In the future shipping’s fuel market will be more diverse and it will rely on multiple energy sources. One of the very promising ways to meet the International Maritime Organisation’s decarbonization requirements is to operate ships with sustainable hydrogen propulsion. One of the possible options to limit greenhouse gases emissions is the production of low-carbon ‘green’ hydrogen by water electrolysis using low-carbon electricity. This hydrogen can then be used directly in fuel cells to produce electricity or in the internal combustion engines, without having a carbon impact and pollutant emissions. Hydrogen can also be converted into its derivatives. This paper presents a review of recent studies of ships’ hydrogen propulsion systems, different aspects of production, transportation, storage, and using liquid/gaseous H2 and its derivatives as a fuel in the shipping industry. H2 propulsion in maritime transport is still in the experimental phase. In most cases, these experiments serve as a kind of platform for evaluating the applicability of different technological solutions. This article presents existing ships’ hydrogen and its derivates propulsion systems, projects, and existing conceptual studies.