Security Objectives Research Articles

Acoustic measurements of wind farm noise inside homes and comparison with the ISO 9613 standard

To achieve the energy transition objectives, many wind farms are installed to produce electricity by exploiting wind energy. The production of electricity through wind farms is widespread in the world. One of the problems complained about by people who live near wind farms is the noise emitted by the rotation of the blades. This work reports acoustic measurements inside homes near wind farms. The acoustic measurements were performed for different wind speeds and directions. Furthermore, to verify the effectiveness of the simulation method of the propagation of the noise generated by wind farms, the measured values of the sound levels were compared with those obtained from the numerical simulations using the provisions of the ISO 9613 standard, and the wind turbines are considered point-like sound sources. The comparison between the measurements carried out in the field with the theoretical simulations has highlighted that the calculated levels are lower than the measured ones, this means that in the acoustic impact forecasting procedures, the noise emitted by the wind farms is underestimated and is one of the reasons why the Wind farms in operation are a source of complaints from the populations living nearby.

동산양도담보목적물의 부합과 부당이득

The issue of the target judgment boils down to whether, when the subject matter of the movable transfer security is attached to the other matter of he movable transfer security, the transfer security creditor who has lost ownership can claim the return of unjust enrichment against the owner or the transfer security creditor. There is a lot of controversy in academic theories and precedents regarding the position of the target judgment. This is because the position of the target judgment based on fairness and validity is causing considerable conflict with the existing legal principles regarding the return of unjust enrichment. Therefore, in this paper, how to understand the legal nature of the movable transfer security right, and then, if the object of the movable transfer security right is attached, how will be determined who is obligated to return the unjust enrichment. The purpose of this study was to examine the legal principle of return of unfair profits for the right to claim compensation, and the subject of actual gains according to compliance, in respect of the legislative purpose of the return of unfair profits system, which is to adjust unfair movement of goods based on the notions of justice and fairness. The ruling appears to have reached a conclusion considering the aspects of equity and substance. However, despite the fact that the concept is not easy to grasp due to its abstractness and ambiguity, it has been brought to the fore and established in the past on unfair enrichment. It may be said that this conclusion is difficult to accept, as it creates a contradiction or conflict in legal principles. In particular, if the debtor becomes incapacitated before or after the object of transfer security is satisfied, it is considered difficult to accept the conclusion of the subject judgment in that it may lead to unreasonable results in the interests of each transfer security creditor and the debtor. Taking the above points into consideration, it seems reasonable to consider that the entity to which the actual profits belong is the transfer secured creditor, as in the original trial. In any case, I would like to conclude this article with the hope that there will be more reasonable precedents and discussions related to this.

경제, 사이버, 안보의 이중 사안 연계

Linkage politics has been less discussed at the domestic level than at the international level, overlooking how the international environment affect the domestic process of linking issues. The article suggests two analytical concepts of double-issues linkage and reversed one. The former illuminates various modes of how more than two issues can be linked, while the latter illustrates how a certain mode of issue-linkage can be reversed, such that means and ends are inverted. This research analyzes cases related to hardware, software and data nexus, where economic, cybersecurity and national security issues are considered conjointly. Such cases are, but not limited to, incidents of Colonial Pipeline (2021), port cranes of ZPMC (2023), 5G of Huawei (2018~), SolarWinds (2020), and a variety of data security breaches. The United States governments have introduced a mutitude of national strategies and policies to address those issues, not only linking economic, cybersecurity, and national security concerns, but also reversing the linking in the way that serves national security objectives over those of other issue areas. This study advances our understanding of how domestic issuelinkages, which may become the basis of international strategy, are formed under a particular international environment, namely, the US-China strategic competition.

Internal Control System of the Enterprise as Instrument for Ensuring Economic Security

The Russian economy today faces serious problems due to external sanctions, which are aimed at weakening it in every possible way. This leads to the emergence of new and aggravation of existing problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of enterprises. Activities to manage the processes of protecting the economic interests of enterprises in these conditions need to be intensified. The functioning of the enterprise’s internal control system plays a significant role in this. Purpose of the study: to analyze the functioning of the enterprise’s internal control system in the context of solving the problems of ensuring its economic security. Research methods: analysis of the dynamics of risks and threats to the economic security of enterprises, functional analysis, methods of structural and comparative analysis, the study is based on the ideas of integrating enterprise management, which implies the integration of its various subsystems, in particular, internal control systems and ensuring economic security. The article substantiates the need to introduce and develop internal control at an enterprise and examines the importance of the internal control system as a factor in increasing the economic security of an enterprise. The main objectives of the economic security of an enterprise in this context are identified as: timely identification and prevention of adverse events in the activities of the enterprise; ensuring compliance with current legislation; asset protection; control of the reliability of the reporting provided; carrying out analysis of the processes of economic activity of the enterprise. These tasks correlate with the tasks of the enterprise’s internal control system.

Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings in the Mediterranean Climate via a Decision Support Tool

Addressing Europe’s decarbonisation challenge involves widespread deployment of nearly zero-energy buildings, deep energy renovations and renewable energy integration in the building sector. Enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings necessitates tailored solutions and strategic planning involving Local Public Administration. This work focuses on advancing insights into the application of the PrioritEE Decision Support Tool in Portuguese public buildings, highlighting the energy and financial savings and carbon dioxide emission reduction potential. Using detailed building characterisation data from energy performance certificates, we applied the tool across 22 public buildings of diverse typologies in three distinct regions of Portugal, representing various public entities. Results demonstrate the tool’s adaptability, enabling a comprehensive assessment of energy performance and facilitating the exploration of customised energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions. The research emphasises the critical role of user-friendly tools in aiding policymakers and local administration technicians in meeting national renovation targets and contributing to the broader energy transition objectives.

Copyright as an Object of Fiduciary Guarantee from the Perspective of Law Number 42 Year 1999 on Fiduciary Guarantee

Law Number 28 Year 2014 on Copyright brings legal reform, especially for holders of rights to Intellectual Property Rights, especially Copyright. Although juridically normative copyright can be used as an object of fiduciary guarantee, it does not necessarily make banks easily provide loans. Because, the arrangement in the Copyright Act, requires further elaboration of implementing regulations related to guarantees for the Bank (as a creditor) to obtain certainty of return of funds that have been loaned to the debtor. The research used is normative juridical legal research that focuses on the review or study of positive law. The research approach is a method or way to conduct a study so that researchers get information from various aspects to find the issues they are looking for answers to. In accordance with the type of research that is normative juridical, then the research approach used in this study is the Legislation Approach, Conceptual Approach, Conceptual Approach and Case Approach. The result of his research is that Copyright as an object of fiduciary security is in accordance with Law No. 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees where Copyright can be encumbered by collateral in the form of fiduciary, but not on the object encumbered by the Copyright, but the economic value attached to the copyright. In addition, the Copyright must first be registered with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights before it can be pledged. This is important because it is proof that the fiduciary is the holder of the Copyright. However, some provisions in the Fiduciary Guarantee Act are difficult to apply to fiduciary guarantees in the form of copyright.

Indonesia's Defense Policy In Addressing Space Threats In Perspective Of Defense Management

Indonesia's Defense Policy In Addressing Space Threats In Perspective Of Defense Management

Liability of the Debtor as a Result of the Transfer of the Security Object of the Trust without the Consent of the Creditor in the Consumer Financing Agreement on PT Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk, Banda Aceh

Liability of the Debtor as a Result of the Transfer of the Security Object of the Trust without the Consent of the Creditor in the Consumer Financing Agreement on PT Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk, Banda Aceh

Consequence-based security for microreactors

Assuring physical security for Micro Modular Reactors (MMRs) will be key to their licensing. Economic constraints however require changes in how the security objectives are achieved for MMRs. A promising new approach is the so-called performance based (PB) approach wherein the regulator formally sets general security objectives and leaves it to the licensee to set their own specific acceptance criteria to meet those objectives.To implement the PB approach for MMRs, one performs a consequence-based analysis (CBA) whose objective is to study hypothetical malicious attacks on the facility, assuming that intruders take control of the facility and perform any technically possible action within a limited time before an offsite security force can respond. The scenario leading to the most severe radiological consequences is selected and studied to estimate the limiting impact on public health. The CBA estimates the total amount of radionuclides that would be released to the atmosphere in this hypothetical scenario to determine the total radiation dose to which the public would be exposed. The predicted radiation exposure dose is then compared to the regulatory dose limit for the site.This paper describes application of the CBA to four different MMRs technologies.

Стратегические ориентиры социально-экономического роста качества жизни и обеспечения качества питания населения

Abstract. The purpose is to form strategic guidelines for socio-economic growth of the quality of life and ensuring the quality of nutrition of the population. Methodology and methods. In the course of the study, both general and universal methods were used (sociological survey, ranking, systematization, classification and interpretation, analysis and synthesis), including the method of comparison in the development and justification of the relationship of life quality indicators with the quality of nutrition and the tasks of ensuring food security of Russia. Results. The article considers the evolution of approaches to the level and quality of life where the role and importance of a person in sustainable socio-economic development comes to the fore. The analysis of the approaches used by the international community to assess the quality of life made it possible to correlate indicators and indicators to the category of nutrition quality, as well as to build a relationship with the criteria and objectives of food security in Russia, enshrined in the Doctrine. The authors conducted a sociological survey among the urban and rural working-age population of the Sverdlovsk region to identify factors that form the conditions of the quality of life and the quality of nutrition. The scientific novelty consists in identifying and constructing a classification of the relationship between the criteria of the quality of life and the quality of nutrition with the tasks of food security in Russia. And also in the formation of an evidence base for the dependence of structural indicators of the level and quality of life in the hierarchy of values of a household and an individual.

A Spatial Multicriteria Analysis for a Regional Assessment of Eligible Areas for Sustainable Agrivoltaic Systems in Italy

Agrivoltaics’ share of renewable generation is relevant for countries to achieve their energy transition targets. Agrivoltaics is the dual and synergistic use of the land by agricultural crop production and photovoltaic (PV) systems. For their development around a country, a fundamental step is to determine which areas are suitable. This research work has developed a methodological framework for a reliable agrivoltaic land eligibility analysis at regional scale based on a spatial multicriteria analysis (i.e., GIS/MCDM-AHP). The challenging step has been to select a set of relevant criteria, also based on experts’ knowledge, able to capture the factors that can affect both the solar PV potential and agriculture-oriented factors. On the basis of these criteria, properly weighted, a 30 m-resolution land eligibility map for agrivoltaic systems has been generated for the NUTS-2 regions of Italy. We have found that Italy has an eligible area of 10.7 million hectares and a capacity potential of 6435 GW, assuming an installed power density of 0.6 MW/ha. Thus, a land coverage of only 1.24% of this area would allow to reach the national 80 GW target of new renewable capacity to achieve the country’s decarbonisation and energy transition objectives by 2030. The potential of installed capacity results at GW scale for the main land categories of arable land and permanent crops if they are just covered by only 5% with agrivoltaic systems. Thus, the impact of agrivoltaic systems development on land occupation can be considered marginal especially in relation to benefits generated for both the energy and agricultural sectors. Such a method is essentially targeted to regional authorities for planning the sustainable development of agrivoltaic systems at the local level.

A Holistic Review of Machine Learning Adversarial Attacks in IoT Networks

With the rapid advancements and notable achievements across various application domains, Machine Learning (ML) has become a vital element within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Among these use cases is IoT security, where numerous systems are deployed to identify or thwart attacks, including intrusion detection systems (IDSs), malware detection systems (MDSs), and device identification systems (DISs). Machine Learning-based (ML-based) IoT security systems can fulfill several security objectives, including detecting attacks, authenticating users before they gain access to the system, and categorizing suspicious activities. Nevertheless, ML faces numerous challenges, such as those resulting from the emergence of adversarial attacks crafted to mislead classifiers. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the body of knowledge about adversarial attacks and defense mechanisms, with a particular focus on three prominent IoT security systems: IDSs, MDSs, and DISs. The paper starts by establishing a taxonomy of adversarial attacks within the context of IoT. Then, various methodologies employed in the generation of adversarial attacks are described and classified within a two-dimensional framework. Additionally, we describe existing countermeasures for enhancing IoT security against adversarial attacks. Finally, we explore the most recent literature on the vulnerability of three ML-based IoT security systems to adversarial attacks.

Pengikatan Objek Jaminan Pada Akad Rahn Tasjily Tanah Di Pegadaian Syariah

The research aims to further analyze the implementation of rahn tasjily land pledge agreements in Sharia pawnshops, especially regarding the collateralization of the security object in rahn tasjily land pledge agreements. The analytical method used was normative juridical legal research through the statute approach (Government Regulation in Lieu of Law or Perppu) and the conceptual approach. The analysis results indicate that implementing rahn tasjily land pledge agreements at Sharia pawnshops begins with the submission of financing applications, a business feasibility analysis, and the collateralization process. The collateralization of the security object in rahn tasjily land pledge agreements involves imposing a mortgage right, with the process limited to the SKMHT stage. There is a contradiction between the SKMHT mentioned in the DSN-MUI fatwa on rahn tasjily pledge as collateral for financing settlement and the Mortgage Law, which states that SKMHT is only the authority to impose mortgage rights. SKMHT is not considered as collateral because it lacks guaranteeing power. Therefore, there is no binding security in rahn tasjily land pledge agreements at Sharia pawnshops.

Accretion and obscuration in merger-dominated luminous red quasars

ABSTRACT We present an analysis of the X-ray properties of 10 luminous, dust-reddened quasars from the FIRST-2MASS (F2M) survey based on new and archival Chandra observations. These systems are interpreted to be young, transitional objects predicted by merger-driven models of quasar/galaxy co-evolution. The sources have been well studied from the optical through mid-infrared, have Eddington ratios above 0.1, and possess high-resolution imaging, most of which shows disturbed morphologies indicative of a recent or ongoing merger. When combined with previous X-ray studies of five other F2M red quasars, we find that the sources, especially those hosted by mergers, have moderate-to-high column densities (NH ≃ 1022.5–23.5 cm−2) and Eddington ratios high enough to enable radiation pressure to blow out the obscuring material. We confirm previous findings that red quasars have dust-to-gas ratios that are significantly lower than the value for the Milky Way’s interstellar medium, especially when hosted by a merger. The dust-to-gas ratio for two red quasars that lack evidence for merging morphology is consistent with the Milky Way and they do not meet the radiative feedback conditions for blow-out. These findings support the picture of quasar/galaxy co-evolution in which a merger results in feeding of and feedback from an AGN. We compare the F2M red quasars to other obscured and reddened quasar populations in the literature, finding that, although morphological information is lacking, nearly all such samples meet blow-out conditions and exhibit outflow signatures suggestive of winds and feedback.

To alert or alleviate? A natural experiment on the effect of anti-phishing laws on corporate IT and security investments

In the United States, between 2005 and 2017, 23 states enacted anti-phishing laws to prosecute those suspected of phishing. As the primary targets of phishing attacks, firms' interpretations and reactions toward these laws are worth investigating. Utilizing a unique dataset in a natural experimental setting, this study employed the difference-in-differences method to contrast firms' investment decisions related to IT and cybersecurity in states in which such laws had been enacted and those in states without such laws, both before and after their enactment. We found that firms with different operational experiences react to the enactment of the anti-phishing laws in different ways. We further demonstrate the moderating roles of the industry risk landscape and IT capability. Specifically, firms with high-IT increased investments in both IT and cybersecurity while the risk landscape stimulated investments in cybersecurity only. This suggests that the risk landscape facilitates sensitivity to the immediate risk signaled by enactment of the laws, and IT capability further enables the alignment between IT investments and security objectives. This study also discusses the policy implications of our findings.

Legal Regulation of Invasive Alien Species from the Perspective of Ecological Safety

The invasion of alien species has had a serious impact on China's ecological security, socio-economic development, and public health. Effectively preventing the invasion of alien species legally is a major challenge facing China. However, China still faces difficulties in the legal regulation of invasive species. This paper proposes the establishment of legislative objectives for ecological security, the creation of a catalog of alien species, the expansion of inspection and quarantine scope, and the optimization of risk assessment institutions by summarizing the experiences of relevant legal systems at home and abroad.

Implementation of K-Means Clustering in Food Security by Regency in East Java Province in 2022

Food is the main need that society must fulfill. If food security is disrupted, it will have a negative impact on the nation's life. The agricultural sector has an important role in West Java Province. This province has a large area of agricultural land, so it has high potential to produce abundant agricultural production. However, knowing the adequate number of farmers is very important. Therefore, the implementation of K-Means Clustering can make a significant contribution to the East Java Provincial Agriculture Service in grouping farmers by district. To achieve optimal results, determining the best K value needs to be considered carefully. K-Means Cluster Analysis is a method of non-hierarchical Cluster Analysis that groups data into one or more groups. Data with the same characteristics is grouped into one cluster and data with different characteristics is grouped into another cluster. The data used in this research are land area and rice production in the Regency of East Java Province in 2022. Based on the results of research with the object of Food Security, it can be concluded that, the results of the analysis of the application of manual data mining calculations in Excel Software using the K-Means Clustering method, resulted in two types of clustering in the form of C0, namely the Highest Land Area and Production group with 4 districts: Jember Regency, Ngawi Regency, Bojonegoro Regency and Lamongan Regency, for C1 clustering, namely the Lowest Land Area and Production group with 25 districts in East Java Province

Motion-Based Visual Encoding Can Improve Performance on Perceptual Tasks with Dynamic Time Series.

Dynamic data visualizations can convey large amounts of information over time, such as using motion to depict changes in data values for multiple entities. Such dynamic displays put a demand on our visual processing capacities, yet our perception of motion is limited. Several techniques have been shown to improve the processing of dynamic displays. Staging the animation to sequentially show steps in a transition and tracing object movement by displaying trajectory histories can improve processing by reducing the cognitive load. In this paper, We examine the effectiveness of staging and tracing in dynamic displays. We showed participants animated line charts depicting the movements of lines and asked them to identify the line with the highest mean and variance. We manipulated the animation to display the lines with or without staging, tracing and history, and compared the results to a static chart as a control. Results showed that tracing and staging are preferred by participants, and improve their performance in mean and variance tasks respectively. They also preferred display time 3 times shorter when staging is used. Also, encoding animation speed with mean and variance in congruent tasks is associated with higher accuracy. These findings help inform real-world best practices for building dynamic displays.

Introduction: Cyber-conflict – Moving from speculation to investigation

Investigating cyber conflict is enormously difficult. The domain is complex, quality data are sparse, international affairs are shrouded in secrecy, and despite its seeming ubiquity, cyber power has only recently entered the battlefield. In the face of these challenges, we must rise to meet the challenges of cybersecurity research by deploying creative methods that collect verifiable and probatory data, and which allow for predictive models of cyber behavior. Against this backdrop, our special issue offers a vision of cybersecurity research that embraces a culture of rigorous inquiry based on theoretically robust, and policy relevant investigation. We highlight two key features. First, research at the intersection of cybersecurity and political science must incorporate the human dimension of cyber conflict. A human security approach to cybersecurity places people as the primary objects of security and recognizes that individual-level analyses can shed light on macro-level trends. Second, cyber research must adopt rigorous, empirical methods. We embrace a broad tent of empirical data collection techniques – spanning qualitative and quantitative, experimental, and observational research. What is integral is that all scholarship abides by the highest standards of replicability and falsifiability. The articles contained in this special issue collectively form a proof of concept that expands the horizons of cybersecurity research from a substantive viewpoint (adding a human dimension to the prevalent military/strategic analyses), and from a methodological perspective (propounding the importance of empirical scrutiny). Together, these 10 pieces of scholarship collectively affirm that there is now a critical mass of substantively diverse and empirically rigorous research in the field of cybersecurity, and that we as a community are capable of making bold, theoretically grounded, and empirically tested claims that verify how cyber power is or is not altering the nature of peace, conflict and international relations.

Strategic route for impending green hydrogen energy in Oman

Since energy and its sustainability are key global issues, extensive research is currently underway to advance the emerging energy sector. Hydrogen is anticipated to assume a substantial role as a worldwide energy carrier in forthcoming energy frameworks. Oman has set an ambitious target to annually produce one million tons of green hydrogen by 2040, aspiring to become one of the leading global producers and exporters of green hydrogen. These hydrogen scenarios are integral components of the broader global energy scenarios, primarily focused on achieving decarbonization. Green hydrogen serves as a pivotal element in Oman’s pursuit of de-carbonization, as well as its economic and energy security objectives. This paper aims to accentuate the challenges associated with hydrogen development, particularly in the context of green hydrogen production, by examining both present and future advancements. It provides a comprehensive overview of the consumption, applications, and economic considerations of green hydrogen based on expert organizations’ projections. Additionally, the paper addresses key considerations pertaining to the utilization and transportation of hydrogen as compared to electricity.