Transition Metal Centers Research Articles

Precise Synthesis of Dual‐Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts through Pre‐Coordination‐Directed in Situ Confinement for CO2 Reduction

AbstractDual‐single‐atom catalysts (DSACs) are the next paradigm shift in single‐atom catalysts because of the enhanced performance brought about by the synergistic effects between adjacent bimetallic pairs. However, there are few methods for synthesizing DSACs with precise bimetallic structures. Herein, a pre‐coordination strategy is proposed to precisely synthesize a library of DSACs. This strategy ensures the selective and effective coordination of two metals via phthalocyanines with specific coordination sites, such as −F− and −OH−. Subsequently, in situ confinement inhibits the migration of metal pairs during high‐temperature pyrolysis, and obtains the DSACs with precisely constructed metal pairs. Despite changing synthetic parameters, including transition metal centers, metal pairs, and spatial geometry, the products exhibit similar atomic metal pairs dispersion properties, demonstrating the universality of the strategy. The pre‐coordination strategy synthesized DSACs shows significant CO2 reduction reaction performance in both flow‐cell and practical rechargeable Zn‐CO2 batteries. This work not only provides new insights into the precise synthesis of DSACs, but also offers guidelines for the accelerated discovery of efficient catalysts.

Bismuth Bound to Transition Metals: Visible-Light-Induced Olefin Coordination, Reductive Elimination, and Oxidative Addition.

A series of dibenzobismepinyl (C14H10Bi) substituted transition metal complexes of the type [(C14H10Bi)M(CO)x(L)] (M = Mn, Co, Fe) was prepared in salt elimination reactions from a halobismepine and sodium metallates. Irradiation of these complexes with visible light has been investigated, aiming at the elimination of one carbonyl ligand and the concomitant coordination of the bismepine's olefin moiety to the transition metal center. The resulting complexes of the type [{κ2C,κ1Bi-(C14H10)Bi}M(CO)x-1(L)] (M = Co, Fe) have been isolated and fully characterized. When two dibenzobismepinyl units are positioned in the coordination sphere of an iron carbonyl complex fragment, reductive elimination / oxidative addition events of the dibismuthane (C14H10Bi)2 have been shown to be relevant. The analytical techniques applied in this work include (heteronuclear) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and (TD)-DFT calculations.

Transition-Metal-Related Quantum Emitters in Wurtzite AlN and GaN.

Transition-metal centers exhibit a paramagnetic ground state in wide-bandgap semiconductors and are promising for nanophotonics and quantum information processing. Specifically, there is a growing interest in discovering prominent paramagnetic spin defects that can be manipulated using optical methods. Here, we investigate the electronic structure and magneto-optical properties of Cr and Mn substitutional centers in wurtzite AlN and GaN. We use state-of-the-art hybrid density functional theory calculations to determine level structure, stability, optical signatures, and magnetic properties of these centers. The excitation energies are calculated using the constrained occupation approach and rigorously verified with the complete active space configuration interaction approach. Our simulations of the photoluminescence spectra indicate that in AlN and in GaN are responsible for the observed narrow quantum emission near 1.2 eV. We compute the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters and outline an optical spin polarization protocol for and . Our results demonstrate that these centers are promising candidates for spin qubits.

Band Structure Engineering in 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks.

The design of 2D metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs) takes advantage of the combination of the diverse electronic properties of simple organic ligands with different transition metal (TM) centers. The strong directional nature of the coordinative bonds is the basis for the structural stability and the periodic arrangement of the TM cores in these architectures. Here, direct and clear evidence that 2D MOFs exhibit intriguing energy-dispersive electronic bands with a hybrid character and distinct magnetic properties in the metal cores, resulting from the interactions between the TM electronic levels and the organic ligand π-molecular orbitals, is reported. Importantly, a method to effectively tune both the electronic structure of 2D MOFs and the magnetic properties of the metal cores by exploiting the electronic structure of distinct TMs is presented. Consequently, the ionization potential characteristic of selected TMs, particularly the relative energy position and symmetry of the 3d states, can be used to strategically engineer bands within specific metal-organic frameworks. These findings not only provide a rationale for band structure engineering in 2D MOFs but also offer promising opportunities for advanced material design.

Phenyl Radical Activates Molecular Hydrogen Through Protium and Deuterium Tunneling.

Activating dihydrogen, H2, is a challenging endeavor typically achieved using transition metal centers. Pure main group compounds capable of this are rare and have emerged in recent decades. These systems rely on synergistic donor-acceptor interactions with H2's antibonding σ* and bonding σ orbital. An alternative (hydrocarbon) radical-mediated activation is problematic, because the H-H bond is stronger (104.2kcalmol-1) than most C-H bonds. Here, we explore using the phenyl radical to tackle this, forming benzene with a C-H bond energy (112.9 kcal mol-1) that provides a thermodynamic driving force. We mainly observe a benzene-HI complex upon photolysis of iodobenzene in an H2-doped neon matrix at 4.4 K despite a barrier of 7.6kcalmol-1, while phenyl radical forms in case of the heavier D2 isotopologue. When D2 molecules are allowed to diffuse, mono-deuterated benzene accumulates within hours. Computations using path integral-based instanton theory highlight that primarily the transferred hydrogen atom is moving during the reaction which greatly increases the tunneling probability. In excellent agreement with the experimental results, we predict significant tunneling rate constants for both isotopologues, H2 and D2, featuring a strong kinetic isotope effect of up to four orders of magnitude at the lowest temperatures.

Single Atom Catalyst for Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrochemistry.

Various life forms suffer from the negative effects of nitrate when it accumulates in water bodies, which is a major concern in the present day. The removal of nitrate from water bodies is a critical challenge, and the most effective method to achieve that is to change it into ammonia. Ammonia is a clean energy source and a vital input for the fertilizer industry. The Haber-Bosch process, which dominates the industrial production of ammonia, requires a lot of energy. A more sustainable way to produce ammonia is to use nitrate-contaminated water and reduce it to ammonia through electrocatalysis. This review is constituted of amalgamated articles featuring unique conditions that affect the productivity and activity of the transition metal single atom catalyst (TNMSAC) for the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NRA) reaction. It explores factors such as nitrate ion adsorption, the characteristics of the central electroactive transition metal, the type of coordinating atoms, the impact of potential on stability, and the interplay among single atoms on the selectivity and yield of ammonia gas. In addition, this review also covers advanced concepts such as dual-atom catalysts, dual single atom catalysts, and single atom alloys. The review will provide valuable guidance for enhanced comprehension and strategic designing of TNMSAC for the electrocatalytic conversion of NRA, which will contribute to achieving a green ammonia economy.

Precise Synthesis of Dual-Single-Atom Electrocatalysts through Pre-Coordination-Directed in Situ Confinement for CO2 Reduction.

Dual-single-atom catalysts (DSACs) are the next paradigm shift in single-atom catalysts because of the enhanced performance brought about by the synergistic effects between adjacent bimetallic pairs. However, there are few methods for synthesizing DSACs with precise bimetallic structures. Herein, a pre-coordination strategy is proposed to precisely synthesize a library of DSACs. This strategy ensures the selective and effective coordination of two metals via phthalocyanines with specific coordination sites, such as -F- and -OH-. Subsequently, in situ confinement inhibits the migration of metal pairs during high-temperature pyrolysis, and obtains the DSACs with precisely constructed metal pairs. Despite changing synthetic parameters, including transition metal centers, metal pairs, and spatial geometry, the products exhibit similar atomic metal pairs dispersion properties, demonstrating the universality of the strategy. The pre-coordination strategy synthesized DSACs shows significant CO2 reduction reaction performance in both flow-cell and practical rechargeable Zn-CO2 batteries. This work not only provides new insights into the precise synthesis of DSACs, but also offers guidelines for the accelerated discovery of efficient catalysts.

Photoinduced Nickel-Catalyzed Homolytic C(sp3)-N Bond Activation of Isonitriles for Selective Carbo- and Hydro-Cyanation of Alkynes.

The exploration of strong chemical bonds as synthetic handles offers new disconnection strategies for the synthesis of functionalized molecules via transition metal catalysis. However, the slow oxidative addition rate of these covalent bonds to a transition metal center hampers their synthetic utility. Here, we report a C(sp3)-N bond activation strategy that bypasses thermodynamically challenging 2e- or 1e- oxidative addition via a distinct pathway in nickel catalysis. This strategy leverages a previously unknown activation pathway of photoinduced inner-sphere charge transfer of low-valent nickel(isonitriles), triggering a C(sp3)-N bond cleavage distal to the metal-ligand interaction to deliver nickel(cyanide) and versatile alkyl radicals. Utilizing this catalytic strategy, the selective intermolecular 1,2-carbocyanation reaction of alkynes with alkyl isonitriles as both alkylating and cyanating agents can be achieved, delivering a wide array of trisubstituted alkenyl nitriles with excellent atom-economy, regio-, and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. Furthermore, Markovnikov-selective hydrocyanation of aliphatic alkynes can be accomplished through the synergistic action of a photocatalyst utilizing isonitriles as the cyanation agents. Mechanistic investigations support the photogeneration of low-valent Ni(isonitrile) complexes that undergo photochemical homolysis of the C(sp3)-N bond to engage catalytic cyanation with alkynes.

Tuning the Electronic Properties of Azophosphines as Ligands and Their Application in Base-Free Transfer Hydrogenation Catalysis.

The design and tuning of new ligands is crucial for unlocking new reactivity at transition metal centers. Azophosphines have recently emerged as a new class of 1,3-P,N ligands in ruthenium piano-stool complexes. This work shows that the azophosphine synthesis can tolerate N-aryl substituents with strongly electron-donating and electron-withdrawing para-R groups and that the nature of this R group can affect the spectroscopic and structural properties of the azophosphines, as measured by NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and DFT studies. Azophosphines are shown to be relatively weak phosphine donors, as shown by analysis of the 1 J P-Se coupling constants of the corresponding azophosphine selenides, but the donor properties can be fine tuned within this area of chemical space. Monodentate and bidentate Ru-azophosphine complexes were prepared, and their first use as a catalyst was probed. The Ru-azophosphine complexes were found to promote the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol without the requirement of a harsh base additive, and the bidentate complex was more active than the monodentate analogue.

Co and F co-doping to augmenting the electrochemical performance of P2-type sodium lithium manganese oxide for sodium ion battery

P2-type sodium lithium manganese oxide is recognized as one of the most promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application has been hindered by poor cycling performance and limited rate capacity. In this study, we successfully co-doped cobalt (Co) and fluorine (F) into P2-type sodium lithium manganese oxide, resulting in the enhanced material CoF-NLM, which significantly improves its electrochemical performance. The CoF-NLM material exhibits several advantageous characteristics: (i) a notable increase in lattice constant and lattice cell volume, which facilitates the intercalation and deintercalation of sodium ions within its bulk structure; (ii) an enhanced surface morphology that promotes better contact between the electrode and the electrolyte; and (iii) an increased Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio, which enhances the number of active transition metal centers available for electrochemical reactions. As a result, the CoF-NLM sample demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, boasting a specific capacity of 135.51 mAh/g at a current density of 8 mA g−1 and maintaining an impressive 92.69 % capacity retention after 100 cycles. This study conclusively demonstrates that ion doping is a highly effective strategy for enhancing the electrochemical performance of cathode electrode materials in SIBs; paving the way for the development of high-energy, high-power SIBs that can meet the demands of next-generation energy storage applications.

Constructing active lattice oxygen in high covalent perovskites for boosting catalytic activity

Transition-metal (TM) active centers are solely considered to probe the intrinsic origin of catalytic activity, but the interaction between metal and oxygen has been overlooked. Herein, an effective approach is demonstrated to adjust the degree of TM–O covalency, enhancing the intrinsic catalytic activity via Cu substitution and acid etching. In-situ spectroscopic investigations and theoretical calculations reveal that improved catalytic performances are attributed to enhanced TM–O covalency. Owing to the strong hybridization between TM 3d and O 2p orbitals, the intramolecular electrons are transported from oxygen to TM cations, promoting asymmetric electron redistribution and inducing oxygen holes (electrophilic O(2−δ)−) generation. Ligand oxygen holes as preactive oxygen centers achieved the initial activation of reactant molecules and lattice oxygen activation, ultimately boosting the heterogeneous catalytic activity. The findings highlight a new method to design highly covalent perovskite oxides with sufficient ligand oxygen holes to trigger lattice oxygen activation in the catalytic fields.

Transition metal centers with anharmonic elastic interactions in one-dimensional spin-crossover solids

An exact examination of a one-dimensional (1D) anharmonic elastic model describing the thermodynamic properties of spin-crossover (SCO) solids is presented. This elastic model incorporates both intra-chain and mean field inter-chain interactions, providing a more understanding of 1D SCO materials. Numerical findings for a linear chain of spins unveil intriguing features, such as a two-step-like transition. Extending the model to interacting chains leads to an additional term in the effective ligand field of the system’s Hamiltonian, thereby enhancing its predictive power by accounting for more elastic constants of interactions. This augmentation reinforces the model’s validity in capturing the spin-crossover phenomenon. Numerical results in this extended framework elucidate clearer two-step-like spin crossover transitions, with the HS_LS fraction of spins approaching maximum values at equilibrium temperature Teq.

Unraveling the Active Sites on Mesoporous CuFe2O4@N-Carbon Catalysts with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies and M-N-C Content for Boosted Nitrogen Reduction Toward Electrosynthesis of Ammonia.

Transition metal centers dispersed over nitrogen-doped carbon (M-NC) supports have been widely explored for electrocatalytic reactions; however, sparsely reported for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). Particularly, the single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown reasonable ammonia yield rate and faradaic efficiency (FE), but their complex synthesis and low durability for long-term electrocatalysis runs restrict their use on a larger scale. Importantly, the catalytic active sites in metal nanostructured-based M-NC catalysts toward enhanced N2 adsorption and activation are still not clear as they are highly challenging to reveal. A few studies have predicted that the surface oxygen vacancies (Ovac) favor an enhanced ENRR performance. Herein, a strategy using tailored M-NC content and Ovac in a single catalyst for enhanced ammonia electrosynthesis is devised. A mesoporous bimetallic spinel oxide (CuFe2O4) supported over N-doped carbon (CuFe2O4@NC) derived from Prussian blue analog (PBA) via controlled pyrolysis possess is found to show boosted ENRR activity. Moreover, operando NH3 formation over the catalyst is observed using four electrode set up. This approach enables rapid evaluation ofelectrocatalytic efficacy and avoids false positive results. The rotating disc electrode results reveal that mass transport in acidic media and surface absorption in alkline media primarily regulate ENRR over CuFe2O4@NC electrocatalyst.

Intramolecularly O,N,O-Coordinated Tin(II) Salts: Syntheses, Structures, Cyclization, and Transition Metal Complexation.

We report the syntheses of tin(II) salts of the types [L1SnX]SnX3 [L1=2,6-{(i-PrO)2(O)P}2C5H3N: 1, X=Cl; 2, X=Br], [L2SnCl]SnCl3 [L2=2-{(i-PrO)Ph(O)P}-6-{(i-PrO)2(O)P}C5H3N: 3], [L3SnX]SnX3 [L3=2,6-{MeO(O)C}2C5H3N: 4, X=Cl; 5, X=Br], [L4SnX]SnX3 [L4=2,6-{Et2N(O)C}2C5H3N: 6, X=Cl; 7, X=Br]. These compounds were obtained by addition of SnX2 to the corresponding ligand inducing autoionization of the respective tin(II) halide. The thermal stability of 1, 3, and 4 was elucidated, giving, under ester cleavage and cyclisation, the tin(II) derivatives 8-12. The reaction of [L1SnCl]SnCl3 (1) with W(CO)4(thf)2 afforded the tungsten tetracarbonyl complex [{L1SnCl}{SnCl3}W(CO)4] (13), representing the first example in which a tin(II) stannate anion and a tin(II) stannylium cation simultaneously coordinate to a transition metal centre. The compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and in part by elemental analyses, IR and NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. DFT calculations accompany the experimental work.

Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications.

Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of a Synthetic End-On Cobalt(II) Alkyl Persulfide Complex as a Model Platform for Thiolate Persulfidation.

Persulfides (RSS-) are ubiquitous source of sulfides (S2-) in biology, and interactions between RSS- and bioinorganic metal centers play critical roles in biological hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biogenesis, signaling, and catabolism. Here, we report the use of contact-ion stabilized [Na(15-crown-5)][tBuSS] (1) as a simple synthon to access rare metal alkyl persulfide complexes and to investigate the reactivity of RSS- with transition metal centers to provide insights into metal thiolate persulfidation, including the fundamental difference between alkyl persulfides and alkyl thiolates. Reaction of 1 with [CoII(TPA)(OTf)]+ afforded the η1-alkyl persulfide complex [CoII(TPA)(SStBu)]+ (2), which was characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. RSS- coordination to the Lewis acidic Co2+ center provided additional stability to the S-S bond, as evidenced by a significant increase in the Raman stretching frequency for 2 (vS-S = 522 cm-1, ΔvS-S = 66 cm-1). The effect of persulfidation on metal center redox potentials was further elucidated using cyclic voltammetry, in which the Co2+ → Co3+ oxidation potential of 2 (Ep,a = +89 mV vs SCE) is lowered by nearly 700 mV when compared to the corresponding thiolate complex [CoII(TPA)(StBu)]+ (3) (Ep,a = +818 mV vs SCE), despite persulfidation being generally seen as an oxidative post-translational modification. The reactivity of 2 toward reducing agents including PPh3, BH4-, and biologically relevant thiol reductant DTT led to different S2- output pathways, including formation of a dinuclear 2Co-2SH complex [CoII2(TPA)2(μ2-SH)2]2+(4).

Emergence of Band Structure in a Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework upon Hierarchical Self-Assembly.

Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D-MOFs) represent a category of atomically thin materials that combine the structural tunability of molecular systems with the crystalline structure characteristic of solids. The strong bonding between the organic linkers and transition metal centers is expected to result in delocalized electronic states. However, it remains largely unknown how the band structure in 2D-MOFs emerges through the coupling of electronic states in the building blocks. Here, we demonstrate the on-surface synthesis of a 2D-MOF exhibiting prominent π-conjugation. Through a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we provide direct evidence of band structure formation upon hierarchical self-assembly, going from metal-organic complexes to a conjugated two-dimensional framework. Additionally, we identify the robustly dispersive nature of the emerging hybrid states, irrespective of the metallic support type, highlighting the tunability of the band structure through charge transfer from the substrate. Our findings encourage the exploration of band-structure engineering in 2D-MOFs for potential applications in electronics and photonics.

Metal alkoxides: A new type of reversible anode materials for stable and high-rate lithium-ion batteries

Metal-organic compounds have attracted significant attention for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. However, their practical application is severely hindered by the poor structural stability and sluggish Li+ reaction kinetics. Herein, we proposed a new type of metal–organic compound, metal alkoxides, for high-performance LIBs. A series of metal-alkoxide/graphene composites with different transition metal centers and alkoxide anions are prepared to investigate the structural stability, Li-storage ability, and Li+ diffusion kinetics. The results reveal that the metal centers and alkoxide anions have significant influence on the structural stability, molar mass, and electronic structures, which are highly related to the Li-storage performance. Among them, Co-EG/rGO (EG represents the ethylene glycol anion) delivers the best performance involving high specific capacity (975 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), excellent rate capability (400.8 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and stable cycling performance (86.8 % capacity retention after 600 cycles) due to its stable structure, smaller molar mass, and favorable electronic structure. Moreover, the Li-storage mechanism and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) evolution of the Co-EG/rGO electrode are studied in detail through multiple ex-situ/in-situ characterizations. This work provides a new type of metal alkoxide anode material for high-rate and long-life LIBs toward practical energy applications.

Theoretical Study of Reversible Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formate Catalyzed by Ru(II)–PN5P, Fe(II)–PN5P, and Mn(I)–PN5P Complexes: The Effect of the Transition Metal Center

In 2022, Beller and coworkers achieved the reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid using a Mn(I)–PN5P complex with excellent activity and reusability of the catalyst . To understand the detailed mechanism for the reversible hydrogen release–storage process, especially the effects of the transition metal center in this process, we employed DFT calculations according to which Ru(II) and Fe(II) are considered as two alternatives to the Mn(I) center. Our computational results showed that the production of formic acid from CO2 hydrogenation is not thermodynamically favorable. The reversible hydrogen release–storage process actually occurs between CO2/H2 and formate rather than formic acid. Moreover, Mn(I) might not be a unique active metal for the reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formate; Ru(II) would be a better option.

Ab initio investigation of the geometrical behavior in solution and electronic structure of the anion complexes [bis(1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate)M], for M = Bi(III), Sb(III), and Zn(II).

1,3-Dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate (dmit) ligands are known for their conductive and optical properties. Dmit compounds have been assessed for use in sensor devices, information storage, spintronics, and optical material applications. Associations with various metallic centers endow dmit complexes with magnetic, optical, conductive, and antioxidant properties. Optical doping can facilitate the fabrication of magnetic conductor materials from ground-state nonmagnetic cations. While most studied complexes involve transition-metal centers due to their diverse chemistry, compounds with representative elements are less explored in the literature. This study investigated the structural and electronic properties of bisdmit complexes with representative Bi(III), Sb(III), and Zn(II) cations. AIMD calculations revealed two new geometries for Bi(III) and Zn(II) complexes, diverging from the isolated geometry typically used in quantum chemical calculations. The coordination of acetonitrile molecules to the cationic centers of the complexes resulted in unstable structures, while the dimerization of the complexes was stable. SA-CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations were applied to the structures of the isolated complexes and stable dimers, confirming the multireference character of the electronic structure of the three systems and the multiconfigurational character of the Bi(III) complex. The electronic spectra simulated by the STEOM-DLPNO-CCSD calculations accurately reproduced the experimental UV‒Vis spectra indicating the participation of the isolated Bi(III) dmit complex and its dimeric form in solution. AIMD calculations of the dmit salts were conducted using the GFN2-xTB method with 60 explicit acetonitrile molecules as the solvent at 300K for a total simulation time of 50.0ps, with printing intervals of 0.5fs. The final geometries were optimized employing the PBEh-3c compound method, incorporating implicit conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) solvation for acetonitrile. Local energy decomposition (LED) analysis at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/Def2-TZVP level of theory was utilized to investigate the stability of the complex geometries identified by AIMD. The electronic structures of the complexes were assessed using the SA-CASSCF/NEVPT2/Def2-TZVP method to confirm the multiconfigurational and multireference nature of their electronic structures. Electronic spectra were analyzed using the STEOM-DLPNO-CCSD/Def2-TZVP method, with CPCM used to simulate an acetonitrile medium.